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Topic: Referendum in Italy

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	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Referendum
		A referendum (plural: 'referendums' or 'referenda') or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita, originally a decree of the Concilium Plebis) is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal.
		A further perceived flaw of the referendum is that in some circumstances the democratic spirit of the referendum may be flouted by the repeated submission to the referendum of a proposal until it is eventually endorsed, perhaps due to a low turn-out or public fatigue with the issue.
		In Switzerland, for example, multiple choice referendums are common; two multiple choice referendums held in Sweden, in 1957 and 1980, offered voters a choice of three options; and in 1977 a referendum held in Australia to determine a new national anthem was held in which voters were presented with four choices.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Referendum (4334 words)

	Referendum in Italy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Any citizen entitled to vote in an election to the Chamber of Deputies (that is, at least 18-year old) may participate in a referendum.
		For the referendum to be valid, at least 50%+1 voters must cast their ballot.
		If this quorum is not met, the referendum in invalid and, in practice, it is a victory for the nays.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Referendum_in_Italy (395 words)

	Sunday referendum in Italy to decide on voting system
		If the referendum were to pass, then the 25 percent of seats not won via the single seat system (the one used in the United States and Great Britain) would go to the best second-place finishers in these contests.
		A necessary condition of referenda in Italy is that, for the vote to be valid, 51 percent of the eligible population must turn out on Sunday.
		The referendum's passage was mostly due to the wave of outrage in response to numerous indictments on bribery charges of leaders of the Christian Democratic and Socialist parties.
	www.wsws.org /articles/1999/apr1999/ital-a16.shtml (911 words)

	Italy-Referendum, 1st Ld-Writethru,0617 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The referendums would throw out several provisions of the tough law, including one which prohibits egg or sperm donation from outside the couple and another which bans scientific research using embryos.
		The referendums ask voters to end all those limitations, as well as permit fertile couples with hereditary diseases to screen their embryos.
		The political world is split over the referendums, with parties generally telling their voters to decide according to their conscience.
	www.cbc.ca /cp/world/050612/w061224.html (514 words)

	Italy - Analysis of Energy R&D Programs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Italy is one of the largest producers of geothermal energy in the world with an installed geothermal capacity of 550 MW in 1997.
		Because of Italy's high reliance on imported fossil fuels and the environmental impact of burning these fuels, the Italian government is not making a significant effort to increase their use through new technology.
		Italy conducts significant research on efficient gas turbines, but most of this work is funded by the private sector.
	energytrends.pnl.gov /italy/it005.htm (5189 words)

	Italy-Referendum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The referendum results won't count unless voter turnout is at least 50 per cent-plus one of the electorate.
		Some referendum advocates had earlier estimated that turnout would have to be nearly double that on the first day to succeed by the end of the two-day vote.
		Until the current law took effect last year, Italy had a reputation as a country which pushed the limits of assisted fertility, with post-menopausal women in their 60s giving birth thanks to hormone treatment and egg donation.
	www.recorder.ca /cp/World/050613/w061303A.html (747 words)

	Pope backs call to boycott Italy referendum \| The San Diego Union-Tribune
		The referendum seeks to overturn important provisions in a law passed here last year that is the most restrictive on medically assisted fertility in Europe.
		While Benedict did not address the referendum in detail, his willingness to step into the fray seemed to show that he would continue the activist stance of his predecessor, John Paul II, on issues important to the church.
		The church and activist Catholics sense a good chance to win the referendum fight, saying they feel invigorated in a way that was not the case when intensive church lobbying failed to prevent divorce and abortion from becoming legal in the 1970s and 1980s.
	www.signonsandiego.com /uniontrib/20050531/news_1n31pope.html (413 words)

	Italy's Tyranny of Labor Protection
		But the biggest battle in the struggle between government reformers and unions seeking to preserve their high level of labor market protection is taking place in Italy, where voters are preparing to go to the polls Sunday in the most important referendum in the country's recent history.
		Sunday's referendum proposes to further extend the law to mom-and-pop enterprises of 15 employees or fewer.
		If the referendum passes, it is likely to embolden union movements across Europe to seek similar extremes of protection.
	www.cne.org /pub_pdf/2003__06_17_wsj_mingardi.htm (920 words)

	The Scientist : Italy faces embryo referendum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Italian scientists are hoping that a referendum next week on possible amendments to a controversial assisted reproduction law will allow them to resume embryo research.
		The referendum, scheduled for June 12–13, centers on some key provisions of the much disputed "Law 40," which was approved in 2003 to regulate the field of reproductive technology.
		The decision to schedule the referendum on a date when school holidays have begun and when many Italians go away for summer vacations has also been criticized.
	www.the-scientist.com /news/20050602/02 (628 words)

	Italy's Referendum on Assisted Fertility Fails
		A low voter turnout in Italy invalidated a referendum on the law regulating assisted fertility.
		Until the present law on assisted fertility came into effect last year, Italy was known as the Wild West for fertility treatment because of its permissive laws.
		Some politicians said the result of the referendum does not mean that some changes will not be made to the law.
	www.voanews.com /english/2005-06-13-voa51.cfm (578 words)

	Science & Theology News - Referendum will decide Italy’s fertility treatment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Italy is split over referendums on loosening a tough law that limits fertility treatment.
		The four referendums are on changes that would remove elements of the law, which went into effect last year.
		The referendums would abrogate the law’s provisions on embryo research, the three-embryo limit, the ban on egg or sperm donation from outside the couple and its attribution of rights to the unborn.
	www.stnews.org /rlr-415.htm (865 words)

	Support builds in Italy for referendum on EU constitution - EUbusiness - EU law, politics and finance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Support among Italian politicians for a referendum on the new European constitution appeared to be growing on Monday after two senior figures gave the idea their backing.
		The Italian constitution provides for only two circumstances in which referendums can be held: either to change the constitution or to rescind a law previously adopted by parliament.
		Italy's leading newspaper Corriere della Sera said that President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi was believed to be strongly against holding a referendum.
	www.eubusiness.com /Italy/040621142442.ndwouem2 (505 words)

	Feminist Daily News 6/16/2005: Italy: Referendum Vote Upholds Fertility Law, May Jeopardize Legal Abortion
		Italy's referendum to loosen a restrictive fertility law failed on Monday due to low voter turnout in a vote that the Pope urged Catholics to boycott.
		Not only does Monday’s referendum vote uphold what women’s rights and reproductive health groups are calling the most restrictive fertility laws in Europe, but it has also led to questions about the status of legal abortion in Italy.
		Abortion was legalized in Italy in 1978 and re-affirmed in a 1981 referendum.
	www.feminist.org /news/newsbyte/uswirestory.asp?id=9101 (523 words)

	Umberto II Last King of Italy - Biography & Achievements
		The royal coronation was shortly followed by a referendum, bogged down with controversies as it was but the fate of the Italian kings was sealed from then onwards and Umberto II was forced to abdicate, subsequently flee the country to avoid a civil war.
		Their vice-like grip over the kingship of Italy and misrule by several, so alienated the common man that the constitutional ban after Italy became a Republic, disallowing all male members of this dynastic family to live or enter Italy did not come as a surprise to many.
		The referendum was to be a direct vote in which the entire electorate was meant to choose between the Italian Monarchy and the Italian Republic to head their state.
	www.ultimateitaly.com /culture-antropology/umberto-ii.html (1296 words)

	Nuclear Energy Agency Country Profiles - Italy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Due to the historical development of nuclear technology in Italy in the pioneering period, it was not possible to develop separate organisations for the roles of architect/engineer and nuclear steam systems supplier.
		Italy and Russia signed in 2003 an agreement allocating €360m to co-operation in the field of nuclear submarine dismantling and safe handling of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste.
		Italy was among the first countries in the world to use nuclear technology for civil power generation purposes.
	www.nea.fr /html/general/profiles/italy.html (7694 words)

	Italy's Constitutional Referendum of 25-26 June - Italy / Switzerland Miscellaneous - Anarkismo
		Both of these objectives require profound changes to the Constitution, as the stability of the system demands an increase in the powers of the executive, while the principle of subsidiarity demands the introduction of federalism and regional devolution with the consequent privatization of public services.
		The October 2001 referendum shifted power from the central government to the country's regions.
		Italy: From a victory for inter-classism to a new season of class struggles A19 4:21pm
	www.anarkismo.net /newswire.php?story_id=3192 (1085 words)

	CNN.com - World - Election Watch
		Parliament: Italy's bicameral parliament is composed of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate.
		If the referendum passes, 75% (475) of the seats of the Chamber of Deputies will be chosen by first past the post (FPTP) principles as currently stands.
		The remaining 25% (155) of the seats will be awarded within each of the circoscrizioni, or regions, to those candidates in the single member districts who were not already elected but who won the highest percentage of the vote among the losers.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/election.watch/europe/italy.html (355 words)

	In Europe, Italy now a guardian of embryo rights \| csmonitor.com
		In a controversial referendum aimed at relaxing a 2004 law that tightened restrictions on fertility treatment, and bans cloning and embryo stem-cell research, most Italians appeared to heed the Vatican's call to boycott the vote.
		The law submitted to the referendum puts Italy clearly out of step with the rest of Europe, although different governments on the continent have taken very different approaches to the issues of fertility treatment and embryo research.
		Monday's referendum flop was a victory for the Vatican in the most highly charged moral and ethical debate in Italy since abortion and divorce laws were passed in the 1970s.
	www.csmonitor.com /2005/0614/p01s04-woeu.html (1321 words)

	CNN - Low voter turnout kills Italian election reform - April 19, 1999
		ROME (CNN) -- A referendum in Italy to end proportional representation in the electoral system and provide more government stability failed to draw enough voters to become binding, final results indicated early Monday.
		Many of Italy's leading politicians said a revamped electoral system would bring Italy in line with other European countries, which generally have fewer parties and a clear majority and opposition.
		The referendum followed a decade of revolutionary political change in Italy set in motion after ingrained corruption was exposed throughout Italy's body politic in the early 1990s.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/europe/9904/18/italy.elex/index.html (448 words)

	Italy: Referendum brings third major defeat for ex-premier Berlusconi
		Italy’s voters had decisively rejected the changes proposed by ex-premier Berlusconi and his right-wing coalition – the ‘House of Liberties’.
		They and other right-wingers as well as liberals were fearful of a break-up of Italy and the abandonment of a constitution laboriously thrashed out in 1948 as the country came out of the nightmare of fascism.
		Following the referendum debacle, the not-so-happy cavalier invited Umberto Bossi of the Northern League to dinner at Arcore, his home near Milan, with an eye to forming a new devolutionist force with the Northern League.
	www.socialistworld.net /eng/2006/07/07italy.html (2081 words)

	The Italy News.Net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Italy today acknowledged Russian president Vladimir Putin, challenged by EU leaders on his country's human rights record during a summit last week, struck back at his critics, saying "Mafia is not a...
		Russian President Vladimir Putin has raised hackles in Italy by saying the country has no right to lecture him on organised crime as it is itself the original home of the Mafia.
		The Italy News.Net is part of an international network of news sites, dedicated to the major regions, countries and cities of the world.
	theitalynews.net (948 words)

	Rolling the dice in Italy \| The-Tidings.com
		Because a quorum, or 50 percent plus one of all eligible voters, must be reached for a referendum's results to be valid, not taking part in a referendum is considered a legitimate and alternative way to show opposition to the referendum's proposals, the bishop told the Italian Catholic daily, Avvenire, March 16.
		But just as Italy's Parliament disagreed bitterly over the passage of last year's restrictions on artificial reproduction, the country's Catholics are experiencing a similar split.
		Over the past 20 years, almost all referendum proposals in Italy have failed to attract a quorum to the polls, so supporters of the referendum have focused much of their energy on encouraging people to vote.
	www.the-tidings.com /2005/0603/italy.htm (1082 words)

	Italy's referendum on medically assisted conception.
		Article 75 of the Italian Constitution, which sets out the conditions governing the holding of a referendum, declares that for a referendum to be valid it must have a quorum of 50%+1 of the registered electorate.
		Ruini admitted to Italy's daily newspaper Corriere della Sera in March that "many abstain in any case, [keep in mind that the referendum is held on a june weekend, after schools finish for summer], so there's already a quota of abstentions to which we'll be added"[4].
		During the referendum campaign we sent out ten questions based on the referendum to proponents of the 'yes' campaign, the 'abstain' campaign, and a number of political parties.
	www.threemonkeysonline.com /article2.php?id=255 (916 words)

	Foreign Policy Association: Resource Library: Beyond the Left/Right Divide, Italy's Fundamental Need for Reform
		As Italy debates the closest election in its history, the fundamental need to reform remains the essential priority, specifically the need for structural reform and greater deregulation that will increase Italy's competitiveness and boost economic growth.
		With one of the world's lowest birth rates, Italy is increasingly becoming a nation of pensioners, ruled by pensioners for the sake of pensioners, somewhat of a gerontocracy with little, if any, meritocracy.
		In Italy, much of the perception of politics is that the purpose of officials is not to serve the public but to take from it, and if and when necessary distribute the spoils to followers and loyalists in order to preserve and extend one's survival.
	www.fpa.org /topics_info2414/topics_info_show.htm?doc_id=366845 (1670 words)

	Agenzia Fides - EUROPE/GERMANY - “Italy’s non vote in the referendum on fertility treatment law is an example for the ...
		EUROPE/GERMANY - “Italy’s non vote in the referendum on fertility treatment law is an example for the rest of the countries in Europe” Dr Norbert Martin, Professor of Sociology and member of the Pontifical Council for the Family tells Fides
		Results so far show that the referendum failed obtain the requested 50% of eligible voters to be valid.
		The today’s news reports the principle media in Germany say the low number of voters in the referendum is a “victory for the Catholic Church in Italy” which encouraged people to use their right to respond with a non vote.
	www.fides.org /eng/news/2005/0506/13_5101.html (233 words)

	DIRELAND: Letter from Rome: IN ITALY'S CONSTITUTIONAL REFERENDUM, BERLUSCONI GETS SLAPPED
		In the waning days while he was premier, Berlusconi passed the bill challenged by the referendum.
		All three are in the formerly Austrian-owned Northeast Italy, and in all three the federalist impulse (Bossi compares Lombardy to Scotland) and anti-immigrant feeling is strong.
		Italy¹s first transgender MP has starred on all the talk shows, where audiences applaud as she tells of having financed university studies by working as a prostitute.
	direland.typepad.com /direland/2006/06/letter_from_rom.html (1289 words)

	JURIST - Paper Chase: Italy holds referendum on major constitutional reform package
		Holly Manges Jones at 4:46 PM ET [JURIST] Italians headed to the polls Sunday to begin voting on a constitutional amendment package which would give more power to the prime minister and decrease the size of parliament, in the largest set of proposed changes to the Italian constitution [text] since its inception.
		But those opposing the changes, including newly-elected [JURIST report] Italian Prime Minister Romano Prodi [official website, in Italian; BBC profile], say the proposals were introduced by the government of former Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi [BBC profile; JURIST news archive], and will give too much power to the prime minister's office.
		Specific changes would allow the prime minister to appoint and fire cabinet members without presidential approval, give him the power to dissolve parliament, and give Italy's 20 regions the authority to govern health, security and education issues locally.
	jurist.law.pitt.edu /paperchase/2006/06/italy-holds-referendum-on-major.php (385 words)

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