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Topic: Referendums in Australia

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Australian referendum, 1906

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	Referendum Information
		A referendum (plural: 'referendums' or 'referenda' [N.B. referenda implies a plurality of issues]) or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita, originally a decree of the Concilium Plebis) is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal.
		A further perceived flaw of the referendum is that in some circumstances the democratic spirit of the referendum may be flouted by the repeated submission to the referendum of a proposal until it is eventually endorsed, perhaps due to a low turn-out or public fatigue with the issue.
		Referendums are rare and only once has a referendum proposal been put to the entire electorate of the UK; this was a referendum in 1975 on continued membership of the European Economic Community.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Referendum (4159 words)

	referendum
		A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal.
		Although some advocates of direct democracy would have the referendum become the dominant institution of government, in practice, in modern times, the referendum exists solely as a complement to the system of representative democracy, in which most major decisions are taken by an elected legislature.
		For example two multiple choice referendums held in Sweden, in 1957 and 1980, offered voters a choice of three options, and in 1977 a referendum held in Australia to determine a new national anthem was held in which voters were presented with four choices.
	en.mcfly.org /referendum (2346 words)

	Politics - Understanding Australia - Radio Australia - ABC
		Australia is made up of six states: New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia; and two mainland territories: the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory.
		Australia's federal legislature consists of a House of Representatives made up of 147 members, elected on a preferential voting system, and a Senate comprised of 12 members from each State and two members from each Territory, elected by proportional representation.
		Australia is one of the few countries to adopt compulsory voting at the national and state level.
	www.radioaustralia.net.au /australia/politics (564 words)

	Referendums in Australia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In Australia, referendums are nationwide polls held to approve government-proposed changes to the Australian constitution.
		Similar to a referendum is a plebiscite which is conducted by the government to determine a matter relating to statute law rather than the constitution.
		In a referendum in April 1933, 68% of Western Australian voters voted for their state to leave the Commonwealth of Australia with the aim of returning to the British Empire as an autonomous territory.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Referendums_in_Australia (944 words)

	Referendums in Australia - When Leadership Fails
		Australia ’s politicians have always struggled to get their ideas accepted by the Australian people when they have been put to a vote in a referendum.
		In her campaign for Australia becoming a republic, intellectuals like Jessica Stewart argued that Australia needed to be de-angloed in order to become a non-racist society.
		After the referendum was defeated, the Menzies government conscripted Australians to suppress the rights of Vietnamese to be communist.
	www.convictcreations.com /history/republic.htm (1100 words)

	Referendums: The Canadian Experience in an International Context (BP-271E) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Overall, referendums are held to consult the people; to legitimize a course of action, especially in areas such as constitutional or territorial matters that go beyond the realm of daily government; or to resolve a moral or political problem that for some reason does not lend itself to normal party politics.
		Referendums were held in 1976, when the province of Andalusia was dissatisfied with the pace of its talks with the central government, and in 1986 on whether Spain should remain a member of NATO.
		The EEC referendums in Norway and Britain, the Leopold III referendum in Belgium, the divorce referendum in Italy, and the various prohibition referendums in Scandinavia and Australasia exemplified this.
	www.parl.gc.ca /information/library/PRBpubs/bp271-e.htm (12550 words)

	The TN Australia
		It is believed that the Aboriginal people migrated from some unknown point in Asia to Australia between 60,000 and 50,000 years ago, and quickly covered the entire continent, considering the variety of environments in Australia.
		Additionally, Australia was of strategic importance to Britain, and it provided a base for the Royal Navy in the eastern sea.
		Melbourne was established at Port Phillip Bay (Victoria) in 1835, and Adelaide at the Gulf of St.Vincent (South Australia) in 1836.
	library.thinkquest.org /C0124975/html/australia.html (1244 words)

	Referendum information - Search.com
		A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita, a decree of the Concilium Plebis) is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal.
		For example, in the Republic of Ireland only citizens may vote in a referendum whereas British citizens resident in the state are entitled to vote in general elections.
		Although some advocates of direct democracy would have the referendum become the dominant institution of government, in practice, in almost all cases, the referendum exists solely as a complement to the system of representative democracy, in which most major decisions are made by an elected legislature.
	webshots.search.com /reference/Referendum (3763 words)

	Direct Democracy
		Referendums could also be initiated by the government, in which case it would be for the government to decide both the wording of the question and the subject matter.
		Introducing citizen-initiated referendums into Canada’s political life would have the effect of reversing the growing sense of powerlessness and anger that permeates the country — as well as the ‘voter apathy” that results from voters Knowing their opinions are ignored.
		It provided that an initiative or a referendum could be requested by 25 percent of the voters including at least ten percent of the voters in at least three-quarters of the electoral districts.
	www3.sympatico.ca /n.rieck/docs/direct_democracy.html (3874 words)

	Constitution of Australia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The history of the Constitution of Australia began with moves towards federation in the 19th Century, which culminated in the federation of the Australian colonies to form the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.
		the approval in a referendum of the proposed amendment by a majority of electors nationwide, and a majority in a majority of the states, and the approval of a majority of electors in each state specifically impacted by the amendment.
		Referendums - amended Section 128 to allow residents of the Territories to vote in referenda, and be counted towards the national total.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Constitution_of_Australia (3782 words)

	Australian General History - History Forum
		Referendums in Australia are written into the Constitution, and a referendum in each state agreed to federation via a referendum.
		Australia has been in drought the last two and a half years, and El Nino years are always going to bring droughts to Australia in varying degrees.
		Western Australia on the other hand remained a backwater with a population of 50,000 (pretty bad for a state that is the western third of the country!) until the 1890s, when it discovered gold and the population shot up to 200,000.
	www.simaqianstudio.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=924 (8625 words)

	curriculum resources
		Enabling ________ were named in South Australia and NSW in 1895, and in Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia in 1896.
		The Referendums were to be conducted under existing colonial electoral laws, that is, using existing colonial ______________, electoral _____________ and electoral ___________.
		At the 1898 referendums, to secure the passage of the federal Constitution bill, a minimum ____________ vote of 80,000 was required for ______________________, 50,000 for ___________________ and 6,000 for ___________________.
	www.abc.net.au /civics/democracy/curric/s7.htm (885 words)

	National Archives of Australia - Fact Sheet 161 - Conscription referendums, 1916 and 1917 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The referendum was defeated with 1,087,557 in favour and 1,160,033 against.
		The referendum was defeated with 1,015,159 in favour and 1,181,747 against.
		The decisive defeat of the second referendum closed the issue of conscription for the remainder of the war.
	www.aa.gov.au /publications/fact_sheets/FS161.html (623 words)

	Western Australian Electoral Commission
		Four times referendums have failed when there have been national majorities in favour of the amendments but there has not been a majority in favour in at least four of the six states.
		Originally only electors in the states voted in referendums, but the Commonwealth Constitution was amended in 1977 to give electors in the two territories an opportunity to be included in the count for the national majority.
		The referendum was not a required part of the process for constitutional change in terms of the Western Australian Constitution until 1978.
	www.waec.wa.gov.au /state/factSheet18.htm (1016 words)

	What voters want is real reform ... maybe - theage.com.au
		The overwhelming majority of federal government terms in Australia run for twoandahalf years, and of that at least 12months are taken up with prolonged electioneering in preparation for facing the people.
		Referendums in Australia overwhelmingly fail only eight of 43 have succeeded and don't stand a chance without bipartisan support.
		While John Howard is now saying he supports four-year terms for the lower house and is considering holding a referendum on this at the next election, he and Peter Reith campaigned ferociously against the proposal in 1988 when it was introduced by the Hawke Labor government.
	www.theage.com.au /articles/2002/04/11/1018333395716.html (864 words)

	Canadian Monarchist News
		Australia fractured by class on the referendum in a way that, at first glance, seemed the reverse of Australia's past mythology (toffs who liked the Crown and mates who didn't) and was largely unanticipated in a society that thinks of itself as egalitarian.
		Australia waited more than a decade to proclaim the provisions of the Statute of Westminster ending the authority of the British Parliament to legislate for the Dominions.
		Australia did drop the Queen from the oath of citizenship, yet some Australian states have carried on with royal titles which in Canada might please few others than Conrad Black.
	www.monarchist.ca /cmn/referen.htm (2727 words)

	Referendum - QuickSeek Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The "Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe" (TCE) was rejected in France and Netherlands in popular referendums.
		The Iraq referendum was voted on by the Iraqi people in on 15 October 2005, two years after the invasion of by the United States led coaliton to oust Saddam Hussein.
		Referendums are rare and only once has a referendum proposal been put to the entire electorate of the UK; this was a referendum in 1975 on membership of the European Economic Community.
	referendum.quickseek.com (3587 words)

	Australia
		History of Immigration to Australia Guide to Australia's history overviews immigration in Australia, from the first Aborigines through the convicts, gold hunters, and refugees.
		Australia 2010: A Future for all of Us - envision what Australia will be like in 2010.
		The National Australia Day Council - "The National Australia Day Council's charter is a commitment to the development of national pride and identity and the recognition of achievement.
	www.millnthps.sa.edu.au /websites/sose/australia.htm (1417 words)

	FAQ's about Australia
		Australia no longer operates Exchange Control, and Australian residents are free to move money into and out of Australia, and save and invest overseas as they wish.
		Australia's electrical system operates on the same voltage as in Western Europe, but the plugs are different and you will need to either change them or use a socket adapter (available for about AUD9-12 each).
		Australia operates a nationwide medical insurance scheme ('Medicare') that ensures free or low cost treatment for injuries and illnesses.
	www.australianaustralia.com /page/FAQs_about_Australia/189 (3683 words)

	daylight saving - Travel Australia
		Western Australia have rejected 3 referendums in the last 31 year for the introduction of daylight saving.
		This is in contrast to some of the Eastern states, which have had it, and enjoyed it, for years.
		Referendums in Australia have a record of being defeated though and if the WA lower house has its way, there will be another one soon.
	www.travelaustralia.org.au /daylight-saving (371 words)

	Democratic Audit of Australiia
		The treaty lack safeguards to ensure Australia in not implicated in executions and could be in breach of a number of other treaties to which Australia is a signatory, aimed at ending the death penalty.
		They argue that political finance in Australia is marked by a lack of transparency and by a lack of political equality which means the major parties benefit disproportionately, and they make a number of recommendations to improve the system.
		Whilst the Government claims that such a measure is necessary to maintain electoral integrity, she suggests that evidence of fraud is anecdotal at best and is outweighed by effects on the comprehensiveness of the roll.
	democratic.audit.anu.edu.au (4493 words)

	Parliamentary Handbook: Referendums and Plebiscites
		The referendum is used in Australia as part of the formal process of amending the Commonwealth Constitution.
		The Constitution originally provided that Bills to alter the Constitution had to be approved by referendum in a majority of States and by a majority of all electors voting.
		In Australia referendums on questions that do not affect the Constitution are usually called plebiscites.
	www.aph.gov.au /library/handbook/referendums (519 words)

	Lawrence LeDuc: Pol 199Y Syllabus
		Referendums are becoming more frequently employed as instruments of direct democracy even in many countries where they are not part of the established political tradition.
		In Canada, the referendums held in Quebec on sovereignty (1980, 1995) and nationally on the Charlottetown constitutional proposals (1992) were major political events.
		This seminar developed out of a research project entitled the Comparative Referendums Project, in which we have been examining the characteristics of referendums and similar devices in thirty-six democracies.
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /~leduc/POL199Y.html (2596 words)

	The Constitutional Centre of Western Australia - Referendums
		Under Section 128, the Commonwealth Constitution can be amended only by a referendum that gains a "double majority", that is a national majority of all voters as well as a majority of electors in a majority of the States (ie, at least four of the six).
		Governments can hold advisory referendums to test whether people either support or oppose a proposed action or issue.
		They are not bound by the "result" of an advisory referendum as by a Constitutional referendum.
	www.ccentre.wa.gov.au /index.cfm?event=changingReferendums (204 words)

	The Constitution: Governor-General of Australia
		The Governor-General is the Queen's representative in Australia.
		As such, he represents the Head of State in Australia.
		A Governor-General appointed by the Queen shall be Her Majesty's representative in the Commonwealth, and shall have and may exercise in the Commonwealth during the Queen's pleasure, but subject to this Constitution, such powers and functions of the Queen as Her Majesty may be pleased to assign to him.
	www.australianpolitics.com /constitution/gg (335 words)

	The Parliament of Australia: A Bibliography: Government_and_Politics/Constitution
		"Referendum Proposals: A Reply to Professor Lumb." Institute of Public Affairs Review 38 (Spring 1984): 141-144.
		Ford, Lindsay R. "The Constitutional Referendums- For Better or For Worse?" Law Institute Journal 62 (Septemeber 1988): 840-842.
		"The 1988 Referendums and Australia's Record on Constitutional Change." Parliamentary Affairs 43 (October 1990): 497-506.
	www.indiana.edu /~librcsd/bib/australia_parliament/Government_and_Politics/Constitution/more2.html (720 words)

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