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Topic: Refinement

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	Refinement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In formal methods, refinement is the verifiable transformation of an abstract (high-level) formal specification into a concrete (low-level) executable program.
		Operation refinement converts a specification of an operation on a system into an implementable program (e.g., a procedure).
		Retrenchment is an alternative technique when formal refinement is not possible.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Refinement (276 words)

	Refinement
		Refinement is thus an additive process, where rules accumulate, each adding specificity in a narrower context.
		The opposite of refinement is generalization, in which a weaker set of rules is introduced in a broader context.
		Valid refinements are generally limited to the following techniques, that may also be applied in reverse in the course of generalization.
	gee.cs.oswego.edu /dl/ecoop-psl/spsl/node9.html (662 words)

	Refinement Operations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Hence a refinement operation can be completely specified by the set of triangles which its point insertions affect, together with the retriangulation of the domain of those triangles.
		Refinement operations obtained from a simplifying approximation process can be ``reversed'' to this notation by simply swapping the sets
		and hence the refinement operation is specified as locally as possible.
	www.cl.cam.ac.uk /Research/Rainbow/publications/pjcb/tr417/node7.html (349 words)

	Good Model-building and Refinement Practice
		The refinement of only three extra parameters resulted in a drop in both R (from 0.266 to 0.260) and Rfree (from 0.317 to 0.309; no ligand or water molecules were included at this stage).
		In the process of refining the structure of EGI [34], we detected and corrected such an error, involving a stretch of 20 residues which were out-of-register with the density by 7 residues (an insertion had not been correctly accounted for).
		Carrying out SA refinement in torsion-angle space rather than in Cartesian coordinate space reduces the number of degrees of freedom [46] from 3N (where N is the number of atoms) to something of the order of N/3.
	alpha2.bmc.uu.se /~gerard/gmrp/gmrp.html (15069 words)

	Zoltan Developer's Guide: Refinement Tree
		The refinement tree based partitioning algorithm was developed and implemented by William Mitchell of the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
		The refinement tree consists of a root node and one node for each element in the refinement history.
		The refinement tree is required to have all initial coarse grid elements, not just those that reside on the processor.
	www.cs.sandia.gov /Zoltan/dev_html/dev_reftree.html (885 words)

	bioteX -- Index: Full Refinement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Refinement continues until the parameters converge, diverge, or the maximum number of cycles is reached.
		Refinement continues within a given overall cycle until the parameters converge, diverge, or the maximum number of cycles is reached.
		The Refine cell (constrained) button is used to specify whether or not cell parameters are to be refined.
	xtal.structure.northwestern.edu /info/biotex/refine_index.html (1480 words)

	JML Reference Manual: Refinement
		However, it is not necessary that the file being refined have the same prefix as the file at the base of the refinement chain (except that the.java file, if it is in the refinement sequence, must have a name given by the Java rules for naming compilation units).
		A refining method declaration is a declaration that overrides a superclass method or refines the specification of the same method in a refinement chain.
		keyword indicates that the current specification is refining the specification inherited either from the superclass or from the previous declaration of the method in a refinement sequence.
	www.cs.iastate.edu /~leavens/JML/jmlrefman/jmlrefman_16.html (2436 words)

	Mesh Refinement
		Conformal mesh refinement does not leave hanging nodes in the mesh after refinement operations, rather conformal mesh refinement provides transition elements to the existing mesh.
		Refinement will be applied to all mesh entities associated with or within proximity of the entities.
		Figure 4 shows an example of this command where the feature at which refinement is to be performed is a curve. In this case the interval chosen was, 2. This indicated that the elements 2 intervals away from the curve would be refined.
	cubit.sandia.gov /help-beta/help/Chapter_5/Mesh_Refinement.html (1497 words)

	Descriptions of Mosflm keywords
		The refined parameters are the camera constants, and "distortion" parameters: crystal to detector distance (XTOFRA), detector Y axis scale factor (YSCAL), tilt and twist of the detector.
		The refinement is initially performed using strong reflections from the centre of the image, and then goes on to use reflections over the entire image.
		When refining using reflections from the central region of the image (CENTRS), those reflections with an observed standard deviation in the pixel values less than ISIG times a calculated standard deviation based on counting statistics are rejected as too weak (see description of CENTRS).
	www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk /harry/cgi-bin/keyword2.cgi?REFINEMENT (1245 words)

	Chemical Crystallography Oxford: Refinement
		The refinement process cannot be made to yield more information than that present in the data (though the data may include items other than the diffraction observations).
		For example, the restraint may request the refinement to verify that the diffraction data is not incompatible with a certain bond having a length of 1.39(1)A. The user should realise that just because a restraint is satisfied, he has no guarantee that no other hypothesis would fit the data just as well.
		He should be aware however that he is not performing a free refinement of both parameters, and that in the final cycle he is making the statement that he 'knows' the correct value for the unrefined parameter.
	ccp14.sims.nrc.ca /ccp/web-mirrors/crystals/guide-8.html (4806 words)

	“Refinement: 2001 into 2002” by DocHarvOtto@juno (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Interesting that one of the definitions of refine is "to reduce in vigor or intensity", a traditional mode of operation for a retirement life phase.
		And as I refine my listening skills, I found a C-span panel discussion which broached the idea that polarizationists are least able to solve problems.
		I am simply a refiner, and thus a worker, a sophist, a philosopher, a life tasker, a life phaser....
	mywebpage.netscape.com /docharvotto/refinement.htm (6277 words)

	Refinement Task Force Report
		The definition of "validity" of a refined class (that is, substitutability of classes/instances) is that methods that run on an instance of the base class must also run on an instance of the refined class; this means that it is prohibited to remove or rename attributes.
		We considered the "refines" aspect of the Schema NG proposal, which allows the schema author to build up a complex content model in which one or more base types' content models can be inserted as placeholders.
		The intent of refinement is to control the circumstances under which a tag might occur at a node where another kind of tag is expected.
	www.w3.org /TR/1999/WD-xmlschema-1-19990924/refinement-tf.html (7156 words)

	Program Development by Stepwise Refinement
		The process of successive refinement of specifications is illustrated by a short but nontrivial example, from which a number of conclusions are drawn regarding the art and the instruction of programming.
		A guideline in the process of stepwise refinement should be the principle to decompose decisions as much as possible, to untangle aspects which are only seemingly interdependent, and to defer those decisions which concern details of representation as long as possible.
		Each refinement in the description of a task may be accompanied by a refinement of the description of the data which constitute the means of communication between the subtasks.
	www.acm.org /classics/dec95 (4268 words)

	The Three R’s of Use Case Formalisms: Realization, Refinement, and Reification
		A use case may be refined through a collaboration of use cases that provide the specification for each of the elements of the entity specified by the superordinate use case.
		The essence of use case refinement is to gather all of the use cases for each modeling element contained within the system and model the collaborations among these elements, i.e.
		Although realization and refinement are well entrenched concepts of the current UML specification, the use of collaborations for use case refinements is a relatively new concept that adds considerable formalism where very little previously existed.
	www.iit.edu /~rhurlbut/xpt-tr-97-06.html (4346 words)

	Refinement verification
		Refinement verification is methodology of verifying that the functionality of an abstract system model is correctly implemented by a low-level implementation.
		By breaking a large verification problem into small, manageable parts, the refinement methodology makes it possible to verify designs that are much too large to be handled directly by model checking.
		This decomposition of the verification problem is enabled by specifying refinement maps that translate the behavior of the abstract model into the behavior of given interfaces and structures in the low-level design.
	www.cis.ksu.edu /santos/smv-doc/tutorial/node8.html (439 words)

	Ruppert's Delaunay Refinement Algorithm
		The fourth stage, and the heart of the algorithm, refines the mesh by inserting additional vertices into the mesh (using Lawson's algorithm to maintain the Delaunay property) until all constraints on minimum angle and maximum triangle area are met (Figure 9).
		A queue of encroached segments and a queue of bad triangles are initialized at the beginning of the refinement stage and maintained throughout; every vertex insertion may add new members to either queue.
		The refinement stage is illustrated in Figure 12.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /~quake/tripaper/triangle3.html (918 words)

	Ewen Denney's refinement page
		In my thesis, I address these questions by showing how to get a specification language and refinement calculus from the logic in a canonical way, and similarly for the semantics, giving a class of concrete (set-theoretic) models for which an applied refinement theory is indeed complete.
		Refinement types are a formalisation of structured specifications, and refinement terms are a formalisation of abstract programs, that is, programs with stubs for code yet to be written.
		The language of refinement terms is studied in the paper Simply-typed Underdeterminism.
	www.irisa.fr /lande/denney/refinement.html (890 words)

	Reliability of refinement
		This was verified by using the first half of the 6.4 unit shadow as an initial guess for the 3.2-length shadow; the refinement procedure then quickly succeeded in constructing a shadow with the standard boundary conditions for a 3.2-length shadow.
		Conversely, I have seen cases in which refinement seemed not to be progressing well for several steps, but eventually refinement to machine precision was successful.
		The total number of refinements, when refinement is working well, seems independent of the dimension of the problem, and is typically about 5.
	www.cs.toronto.edu /~wayne/research/thesis/msc/node15.html (1170 words)

	How to Enhance a Surface Mesh by Using Refinement Points
		If you are primarily interested in a particular area of a model, you might want to create a finer mesh in that area and a coarser mesh for the rest of the model.
		After creating a new mesh using this refinement point, the mesh will be finer in a 2-inch radius surrounding the refinement point.
		Figure 6: When a refinement point is defined at the center of the hole in the bracket model, the mesh is enhanced surrounding it.
	www.algor.com /service_support/hints_tips/mesh_refinement_points.asp (866 words)

	Action refinement
		This approach is in the line of stepwise refinement, a methodology in program development first named and described in [Wirth]: a ``program is gradually developed in a sequence of refinement steps.
		The main themes in [GG] are the definition of an operator for refinement of actions on various models of concurrency, and studying which semantic equivalence notions are preserved under action refinement.
		This paper presents refinement as a category-theoretic construction on event structures, where for every pair of events it is specified explicitly to what extent relations of causality and conflict are inherited by the event structures substituted for these events.
	theory.stanford.edu /~rvg/refinement.html (1393 words)

	MAIN User`s guide:Crystallographic refinement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Refinement is defined as optimization of all atomic model coordinates and B-factors against a kind of a map derived from experimental data.
		Maps used in refinement are defined by "-m--map", "-x--xmap", "-q--qmap", whereas the strength of the target terms is controlled via the ratio between traget and chemistry terms.
		When refining a molecular model in two or more crystal forms means that each model should interact with its own diffraction data and own unit cell.
	www-bmb.ijs.si /doc/refine/refine.html (3438 words)

	Philosophy of Refinement
		In addition, the model is refined against the amplitude of the structure factor, rather than the more statistically correct intensity of the diffracted ray.
		While the simultaneous refinement against diffraction data and stereochemical knowledge was quite radical when first introduced in PROLSQ[Hendrickson and Konnert, 1980], it has now been incorporated within all packages as the best way to compensate for the lack of high-resolution data.
		Any refinement package is limited by the fact that it can only change the values of the parameters of the model -- it can neither add nor remove parameters.
	www.uoxray.uoregon.edu /dale/papers/enzyme/node2.html (827 words)

	Refinement of animal testing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The term refinement signifies the modification of any procedures that operate from the time a laboratory animal is born until its death, so as to minimise the pain and distress experienced by the animal and enhance its well-being.
		Dogs can be given toys to play with, and be provided with a raised platform so that they are not forced to stand in their own dirt.
		More information on refinement can be found by going to the external links listed here.
	www.frame.org.uk /3rs/refinement.htm (467 words)

	Refinement
		We could have refined them to be all letters (uppercase or lowercase) and numbers, or to be natural numbers.
		In general, it is not necessary to refine all ops present in a spec.
		Only the ops that are meant to be used by an external program need to be refined to be executable, and in turn the ops that are used inside their executable definitions.
	www.specware.org /documentation/4.1/tutorial/x510.html (1323 words)

	Refinement Calculus
		The refinement calculus is a formalisation of the stepwise refinement method of program construction.
		At each stage in the refinement process, the current program, or some sub-program of the current program is transformed by applying a refinement law to it.
		A more comprehensive list of refinement laws and there application to several interesting case studies may be found in Morgan's book.
	www.ecs.soton.ac.uk /~mjb/refcalc-tut/home.html (386 words)

	8. Strategies for Macromolecular Refinement
		In practice this tends to complicate the refinement because it is possible to resolve finer details of the structure; it is often necessary to model alternative conformations, and in a few cases even anisotropic refinement is justified.
		In the case of a tight unimodal distribution of conformations, restrained anisotropic refinement may provide as good a description as a detailed manual interpretation of the disorder in terms of two or more components, and is much simpler to perform.
		Typical warning signs for disorder are large (and pronounced anisotropic) apparent thermal motion (in such cases the program may suggest that an atom should be split and estimate the coordinates for the two new atoms), residual features in the difference electron density and violations of the restraints on the geometrical and displacement parameters.
	www.msg.ucsf.edu /local/programs/shelxl/ch_08.html (4054 words)

	Generic refinement
		All the adaptive refinement criteria are derived from this class.
		Several refinement criteria can be used at the same time.
		The minimum number of refinement levels (default is 0).
	gfs.sourceforge.net /reference/gfs-simple-refinement.html (183 words)

	Level5 Group
		The fusion and tracking community has developed refined mathematical algorithms from which to track targets based on sensed positional measurement information [1].
		The Ominbus model [4], shown in Figure 3, is an extension of the OODA control loop (sometimes referred to as the Boyd control loop) as shown in Figure 4.
		Both levels of Situation Awareness are critical in the design and process of achieving Level 5 User Refinement capabilities in systems where the supervisory control by a HIL needs to facilitate decision making.
	members.tripod.com /erikblasch/Level5Group.htm (1415 words)

	Refinement
		The intuition behind refinement is that the new description newD will have the slots defined in NewBody plus a ``copy'' of all the slots in the Body of the constituent D except those redefined in NewBody--we say the new slot definition overrides the constituent's slot definition.
		However, refinement appearing on the root of a description do require the constituent to be already defined.
		A correct and an incorrect order of refinement are shown on Examples 2.2 and 2.3.
	www.iiia.csic.es /~enric/noos/Overview/node11.html (422 words)

	The Refinement Script (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		TNT is supplied with scripts for performing the most common types of refinement.
		To understand the data flow within a TNT refinement job you must understand the file naming convention and the way the different terms in the equation are implemented in the programs of TNT.
		Because the results of each cycle is usually fed into the next the output of a cycle of refinement is the same type of data -- a coordinate file and a shift vector.
	www.uoxray.uoregon.edu /tnt/manual/node17.html (129 words)

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