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Topic: Reflection loss

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	Reflection Coefficient for Light (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The reflectivity of light from a surface depends upon the angle of incidence and upon the plane of polarization of the light.
		For purposes such as the calculation of reflection losses from optical instruments, it is usually sufficient to have the reflectivity at normal incidence.
		This normal incidence reflectivity is dependent upon the indices of refraction of the two media.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/phyopt/reflco.html (161 words)

	Optical waveguide device for loss absorption and fabrication method thereof - Patent 6160945
		The optical waveguide device for loss absorption as claimed in claim 1, wherein the absorption layer is formed of a material selected from the group consisting of a carboxyl functional group, a hydroxyl functional group, a primary amin functional group, and a secondary amin functional group.
		The optical waveguide device for loss absorption as claimed in claim 5, wherein the absorption layer is formed of a material selected from the group consisting of a carboxy functional group, a hydroxyl functional group, a primary amin functional group, and a secondary amin functional group.
		In particular, in a planar waveguide, pigtailing reflection loss is reduced by polishing or cutting cross-sections of both an optical waveguide device and an optical fiber array block at a predetermined angle.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6160945.html (2103 words)

	Return loss - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In telecommunication, return loss is the ratio, at the junction of a transmission line and a terminating impedance or other discontinuity, of the amplitude of the reflected wave to the amplitude of the incident wave.
		The return loss value describes the reduction in the amplitude of the reflected energy, as compared to the forward energy.
		Note 2: Return loss is a measure of the dissimilarity between impedances in metallic transmitan ina mali ito shit kayo lahat dyan sa wikepeadia between refractive indices in dielectric media, e.g.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Return_loss (204 words)

	Nondestructive Monitoring of Setting and Hardening of Portland Cement Mortar with Sonic Methods
		The reflections are received by the transducer and used for the calculation of the reflection loss.
		To determine the hydration behaviour of the mortar mixtures the reflection loss and three alternate material parameters were measured: compressive strength, dynamic shear modulus and degree of hydration.
		The development of the reflection loss throughout the setting and hardening of the three mortar mixtures was measured as described previously.
	www.iti.northwestern.edu /publications/shah/voigt_shah_ndt_berlin_2003.html (2338 words)

	OpenSky7 Research: Dipole Math ... Plus
		Specular reflections may be imagined as rays of sounds bouncing off room surfaces where the angle of incidence of the sound on the surface equals to angle of departure from the surface.
		In the horizontal plane, the dipole pattern may be approximated as the cosine of the angle from the loudspeaker to the listener relative to the front of the loudspeaker.
		The degree of loss may be determined from the absorption coefficient, referred to as "a", for that surface.
	homepage.mac.com /tzagar/mathStuff.html (1011 words)

	Polymicro Technologies > Technical Support > Glossary
		It is used to cause reflection of the core light while preventing surface contact from scattering or the generation of frustrated internal reflection.
		The first term is the reflection of light polarized in the plane of incidence, and the second the reflection for the other plane of polarization.
		For a single air-glass interface, non-polarized light and a glass of index 1.523, the Fresnel loss (reflection) is 4.3% at 0° rising rapidly to 10% at 60° and 40% at 80°.
	www.polymicro.com /techsupport/techsupport_glossary.htm (4635 words)

	Harmonization of Shielding-Effectiveness Standards for Enclosures
		Reflection from a shield results when the impedance of the wave in free space is different from the impedance of the electromagnetic wave in the barrier.
		The absorption loss does not depend on the wave impedance of the impinging field, and thus it is not directly related to near- or far-field conditions of the system.
		The basic measurement principle is the determination of the reflection or absorption properties of the material from which the enclosure is fabricated.
	www.ce-mag.com /archive/01/Spring/Ogunsola.html (3205 words)

	SWR by any other name...
		Thus, the reflection coefficient at the transmitter is 0.14.
		Transmission loss Transmission loss is a term used to describe just how much the signal power is reduced by a given mismatch, zero being the perfect figure for a return loss of `dB, or a standing wave ratio of 1:1 or a reflection coefficient of 0.0.
		Therefore, the transmission loss caused by the mismatch at the antenna is 0.36dB.
	mrtmag.com /mag/radio_swr_name (1325 words)

	Connector Loss Tests
		A mismatch loss occurs when the numerical aperture of the transmitting fiber (t) is larger than that of the receiving fiber (r).
		Cladding diameter mismatch is similar to core diameter mismatch loss except the cladding of the transmitting fiber differs in diameter from the cladding of the receiving fiber.
		Fresnel reflection loss or end separation loss is caused by the difference in the refractive indices of the two fibers and the air that fills the gap between the two fibers.
	www.fiber-optics.info /articles/connectorloss.htm (1685 words)

	Scientific American: How do mirrors reflect photons?
		In the case of a silver mirror, this reflection occurs at the interface of glass to silver, essentially because the optical properties of the metal are very different from those of glass.
		This reflection loss does not matter for a mirror used in the bathroom, but such metallic mirrors are usually not suitable for use in lasers.
		The photons of the light reflected from a metal (or a dielectric mirror) are identical to the incident ones, apart from the changed propagation direction.
	www.sciam.com /print_version.cfm?articleID=00054D50-1685-1514-968583414B7F0138 (814 words)

	Fiber Optics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The transmission loss verses wavelength curve is shown in Figure 3 for silica fibers.
		Reflection is the specular (mirror-like) return of light from the interface.
		Reflection - The reflected wave at an interface is returned as shown in Figure 8.
	campus.umr.edu /smartengineering/mands/sensors/fiberoptics/text.html (1559 words)

	Microwave option paper 97-98 (DJJ questions)
		As the reference plane is moved towards the generator the modulus of the complex reflection coefficient stays the same (assuming the line is lossless), but the phase angle is reduced by 360 degrees for each half-wavelength of displacement of the reference plane from the load.
		The expression for the transformed admittance y'L in terms of the transformed complex reflection coefficient gamma' at P is y'L = (1+gamma')/(1-gamma') A SMITH chart plot gives the point P at 0.17(5) wavelengths towards the load, where the real part (conductance) of the transformed normalised admittance is 1 and the residual normalised susceptance as +0.48.
		In the problem, the round trip loss is 12 dB and so the return wave amplitude is 1/3.98 times the amplitude of the incident wave, since the magnitude of the reflection at the short is unity.
	www.ee.surrey.ac.uk /Personal/D.Jefferies/solns9798.html (2588 words)

	kSARIA :: Mil / Aero Fiber Optics ::
		Back reflection, optical return loss: Light reflected from the cleaved or polished end of a fiber caused by the difference of refractive indices of air and glass.
		The loss of power that results from lateral displacement from optimum alignment between two fibers or between a fiber and an active device.
		Microbends cause loss of light and consequently increase the attenuation of the fiber.
	www.ksaria.com /Glossary.aspx (1783 words)

	United States Patent Application: 0020034198 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		This mirror also requires high reflectance for two input waves and high transmittance for output waves, but, as in the former case, the mirror is difficult to realize, and thus it is difficult to perform efficient wavelength conversion.
		Therefore, the occurrence of optical loss that occurs in a conventional resonator is prevented in the first resonator 13 and the second resonator 14, and thus a reduction in loss results in high resonator finesse, so that the conversion efficiency in sum-frequency mixing improves.
		Even if a loss occurs in the resonator 13 or 14, an increase in the resonator loss is prevented as a whole, and therefore the resonator can be operated for a long time with higher stability.
	appft1.uspto.gov /netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=/netahtml/PTO/search-adv.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PG01&p=1&S1=20020034198&OS=20020034198&RS= (8310 words)

	Fiber Optics Glossary
		Light reflected from the cleaved or polished end of a fiber caused by the difference of refractive indices of air and glass.
		Fresnel reflection, back reflection, optical return loss: Light reflected from the cleaved or polished end of a fiber caused by the difference of refractive indices of air and glass.
		Insertion loss: The loss caused by the insertion of a component such as a splice or connector in an optical fiber.
	www.theconnectivityfirm.com /fiber.html (2047 words)

	Journal Details
		The wave reflection method measures the reflection loss of shear waves at an interface between a steel plate and the mortar.
		The comparison of the dynamic shear moduli determined by torsional resonant frequency, ultrasonic shear wave velocity and shear wave reflection loss suggests that the wave reflection measurements are qualitatively governed by the dynamic shear modulus of the mortar.
		Finally, the reflection loss data of all three tested mortars were found to be uniquely related to the gel-space ratio of the cement paste phase of the mortars.
	www.concrete.org /PUBS/JOURNALS/OLJDetails.asp?Home=MJ&ID=13486 (220 words)

	Tektronix MBD: Applications > Making Measurements with an OTDR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		As with the reflective events, the location of the fusion event in relation to a known event should be determined using a two-point measurement in order to attain the most accurate distance measurement.
		The splice loss is the difference in amplitude between the two cursors (reported in dB near the active distance cursor) minus the loss due to the fiber loss over the distance between the two cursors.
		If the scattering coefficient is not known but a reflection exists in a similar fiber for which the return loss is known, the proper scattering coefficient can be attained by performing a return-loss measurement on the known reflection and adjusting the scattering coefficient until the measurement agrees with the known return-loss.
	www.tek.com /Measurement/App_Notes/otdr (1947 words)

	ESSCO - Radomes and Antennas - Noise Temperature of ESSCO Metal Space Frame Radomes
		ESSCOLAM membranes used in Microwave and 20/30 GHz applications have dielectric "resistive" losses that are between 0.01 and 0.04 dB with the rest of the typical 0.1 to 0.5 dB membrane portion of the total transmission loss caused by the membrane's frequency dependent reflection coefficient.
		The largest part of the membrane transmission loss occurs because of the small reflection coefficient of the radome membrane - even where it is electrically thin -- and this reflection coefficient reflects some of the incident radiation away from the antenna system.
		This reflected power is incident signal power that is lost by reflection from the outside surface of the radome and it does not add thermal noise to the system temperature but can be considered as a reduction in main beam gain.
	www.l-3com.com /ESSCO/resources/noisetemperature.html (779 words)

	SWR, Return Loss, and Reflection Coefficient
		Since incident and reflected power concepts are valid at DC it could be said that 20 mW arrives at the 100 ohm resistor which absorbs 17.8 mW and reflects the remaining 2.2 mW.
		Obviously, a lower resistance reflects an inverted wave.) Also, notice that the voltage across the 100 ohm resistor (1.33 volts) is equal to the voltage that would appear across a 50 ohm resistor (1 volt) added to the reflected voltage (0.33 volts).
		For example, the voltage reflection coefficient is the fraction of the incident voltage that is reflected.
	www.wenzel.com /documents/swr.html (2166 words)

	Trilithic, Inc. RF Filter Glossary
		The transmission loss due to the resistance of the reactive and resistive elements in a filter.
		The loss of the filter, in decibels, measured at center frequency or at the minimum loss point of the passband relative to a thru line (0 dB).
		The variations in amplitude (transmission loss) in the passband of the filter, superimposed upon the fundamental shape of the passband.
	www.trilithic.com /rf_and_microwave_components/rf_filter_glossary.html (1141 words)

	Impedance
		Failing to do so is known as impedance mismatch and results in signal loss and reflections.
		The existence of reflections allows the use of a Time-domain reflectometer to locate mismatches in a transmission system.
		For example, a conventional radio frequency antenna for carrying broadcast television in North America was standardized to 300 ohms, using balanced, unshielded, flat wiring.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/i/im/impedance.html (700 words)

	reflection loss formula - Elmers Forum at eHam.net
		Let's suppose that 10 percent of your signal is reflected, that means that 90 percent is transmitted (or heats the antenna and surroundings).
		Return loss is useful to characterize the efficiency of power transfer into a load, and as a tool to describe how a system behaves as it deviates from maximum power transfer, or from resonance.
		The return loss is a measure of how many DB down the the reflected wave is from the incident wave.
	www.eham.net /forums/Elmers/94034 (938 words)

	Eyelash Loss -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Loss in finance or insurance is the reduction in financial value after an event occurs.
		''Note:'' Bridging loss is expressed as the ratio, in dB, of the signal power delivered, prior to bridging, to a given point in a system downstream from the bridging point, to the signal power delivered to the given point after bridging.
		The loss resulting from the insertion of a device in a transmission line, expressed as the reciprocal of the ratio of the signal power delivered to that part of the line following the device to the signal power delivered to that same part before insertion.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/50/eyelash-loss.html (872 words)

	Technical Tutorial : Noise Temperature of ESSCO Metal Space Frame Radomes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		ESSCOLAM membranes used in Microwave and 20/30 GHz applications have dielectric "resistive" losses that are between 0.01 and 0.04 dB with the rest of the typical 0.1 to 0.5 dB membrane portion of the total transmission loss caused by the membrane's frequency dependent reflection coefficient.
		The largest part of the membrane transmission loss occurs because of the small reflection coefficient of the radome membrane - even where it is electrically thin -- and this reflection coefficient reflects some of the incident radiation away from the antenna system.
		This reflected power is incident signal power that is lost by reflection from the outside surface of the radome and it does not add thermal noise to the system temperature but can be considered as a reduction in main beam gain.
	www.esscoradomes.com /html/tutorial_noise.html (772 words)

	[No title]
		In 1936 the T-optic [lens coating] was introduced, which eliminated light loss by reflection at the glass surface and raised the brightness by nearly half.
		They asked for patent protection for the combination of four reflecting prisms in a certain arrangement; and the usage of this image reversing prism combination for the production of single telescopes, and double telecopes where the objective distance was larger than the distance of the oculars and eyes.
		This is in addition to the advantage of being handy, which was achieved by the image erecting reflecting prisms, but the handiness was not patentable, after the patent office proved that it already belonged to the Porro telescope and was achieved by the same means.
	www.europa.com /~telscope/trschomr.txt (3182 words)

	HFAN-02.0.2: Laser Diode to Single-Mode Fiber Coupling Efficiency: Part 1 - Butt Coupling - Maxim/Dallas
		For this fiber, the numerical aperture (equivalent to the acceptance angle in units of radians) is 0.14, the core index of refraction is 1.650, the cladding index of refraction is 1.644, the core diameter is 8.2µm, and the cladding diameter is 125µm.
		represent the amplitude reflection coefficients (i.e., the ratios of the reflected to the incident amplitudes) for the transverse electric and transverse magnetic polarizations of the incident light relative to the plane of the boundary.
		These include losses due to: (1) imperfect cleaving of the optical fiber, (2) misalignment of the optical fiber, (3) laser output aperture dimensions larger than the fiber core (mismatch loss), and (4) intentional angling of the face of the optical fiber to reduce back reflections into the laser diode.
	www.maxim-ic.com /appnotes.cfm?an_pk=1816 (2775 words)

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