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Topic: Reflection seismology

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	Reflection seismology - Definition, explanation
		Reflection seismology is a branch of seismology that uses reflected seismic waves to produce images of the Earth's subsurface.
		Reflection seismology is extensively used in exploration for hydrocarbons (i.e., petroleum and natural gas).
		The use of reflection seismology in studies of tectonics and the Earth's crust was pioneered by groups such as the Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling (COCORP) class="external">[1.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/r/re/reflection_seismology.php (1692 words)

	Reflection coefficient - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In general, the reflection coefficient describes the amplitude of a reflected wave relative to an incident wave.
		The ratio of the amplitude of the reflected wave to the amplitude of the incident wave.
		At a discontinuity in a transmission line, the complex ratio of the electric field strength of the reflected wave to that of the incident wave.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reflection_coefficient (211 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		Reflection seismology (or seismic reflection) is a method of exploration geophysics that uses the principles of seismology to estimate the properties of the Earth's subsurface from reflected seismic waves.
		Reflection seismology is extensively used in exploration for hydrocarbons (i.e., petroleum, natural gas) and such other resources as coal, ores, minerals, and geothermal energy.
		Reflection seismology, or 'seismic' as it is more commonly referred to by the oil industry, is used to map the subsurface structure of rock formations.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Reflection_seismology (3083 words)

	Seismic Oceanography: Imaging Thermohaline Fine Structure With Reflection Seismology II - Ocean Sciences [OS]
		When reprocessed to reveal reflections from the water column, the eastern portion of one SRP section from 1998 reveals a series of rather flat, regular reflectors in a location and depth range where staircases are often observed.
		Seismic reflection data collected over the past several decades across the continental margin of western North America in support of solid earth tectonic studies reveal reflections from within the water column that may be related to internal tides and to the California undercurrent.
		Reflections can be found in the upper 2000m of the water column partly coincident with the layer of Mediterranean water that enters of the Atlantic basin at Gibraltar.
	www.agu.org /meetings/os06/os06-sessions/os06_OS14I.html (1917 words)

	Virginia Tech Geophysics History -- Reflection Seismology and Heat Flow
		There was a camaraderie within the reflection seismology group brought about by common interests and a willingness to help each another in the field, as well as in the processing and interpretation of the data.
		In 1973, John Costain and Lynn Glover collaborated on an NSF grant to use reflection seismology and geology to investigate what was beneath the rocks of the Inner Piedmont, a terrane bounded on the west by the famous Brevard Fault Zone in North Carolina.
		Reflection seismology was ideal for determining the thickness of the Coastal Plain sedimentary insulator and also for providing detailed information about the continuity of the highly porous and relatively permeable deltaic and marine sediments that cradled the aquifers.
	rglsun1.geol.vt.edu /History.html (6678 words)

	Walter Kessinger: Exploration Seismology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Until the 1980's, reflection seismic acquisition was carried out by arranging the source and receivers in a line for a shot, then advancing the equipment along a linear transit as necessary to complete the survey.
		An important subset of reflection seismology is multi-component seismology.
		The converted mode corresponding to conversion upon reflection from down-going P-wave to up-going S-wave is sometimes referred to as the C-wave, and is now known to have practical applications in exploration.
	walter.kessinger.com /work/seisx_acquisition.html (1664 words)

	HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING IN SEISMOLOGY
		Seismology would benefit from increased interdisciplinary collaboration that includes computational scientists and engineers, but the mechanisms currently available to sponsor such collaborations appear to be limited.
		Seismology has entered a new era that is characterized by (1) significant increases in the volumes of recorded seismic data, (2) explosive growth in the number and size of centralized data archives, and (3) "real-time" recording from global seismic networks.
		Strong motion seismology focuses on modeling and measuring the intense ground motions close to an earthquake source that are sufficiently large to cause damage to structures.
	www.nap.edu /html/hiperfsei/summary.html (1170 words)

	Seismic Methods: Refraction and Reflection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Refraction Seismology -Refraction experiments are based on the times of arrival of the initial ground movement generated by a source recorded at a variety of distances.
		Reflection Seismology - In reflection experiments, analysis is concentrated on energy arriving after the initial ground motion.
		In this sense, reflection seismology is a very sophisticated version of the echo sounding used in submarines, ships, and radar systems.
	gretchen.geo.rpi.edu /roecker/AppGeo96/lectures/seismic/sintro.html (603 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Reflection seismology of intracrustal and crustal targets, involving multiple airgun sources and up to 6km long hydrophone streamer array.
		This is an important adjunct to reflection seismology, particularly in regional-scale studies of tectonics.
		Many of the seismic refraction techniques may also be applied usefully to modern reflection seismic datasets, and conversely some reflection seismic techniques may be applied to refraction data.
	www.soc.soton.ac.uk /soes/research/EU/marie_curie/methods.php (383 words)

	Reflection Seismology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Seismology is the study of acoustic waves in the earth.
		Earthquake seismology is geared primarily to structure within the earth's deep interior, while controlled source seismology is limited mainly to the crust and upper mantle, though the sound waves from nuclear explosions can travel through the deeper interior.
		Reflection seismology is a subset of controlled source seismology.
	pangea.stanford.edu /~sklemp/bering_chukchi/reflection.html (293 words)

	Lehigh Seismology Facilities
		The Reflection Seismology Laboratory consists of a workstation based interactive processing system.
		In addition the Reflection Seismology Laboratory contains several Macintosh computers and PCs for word processing, graphics applications, and some components of seismic data reduction.
		In addition to the reflection data processing and interpretation we have the standard USGS wide angle reflection/refraction analysis package based on Cerveny asymptotic ray tracing, and several travel time inversion schemes.
	www.lehigh.edu /~asm3/seismology_facilities.html (476 words)

	[No title]
		Exploration of the seismology and the seismic reflection
		When they meet a geological layer, some of the waves are reflected (as with a mirror) and return towards the surface, whilst the others are refracted, continuing their way deeper.
		The first to arrive are those which moved along the surface, then come those which were reflected by the first geographical layer, then those reflected by the second, and so on.
	www.planete-energies.com /content/oil-gas/exploration/substratum/seismology.html (827 words)

	Seismic Hazard (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Seismology Travel time curves, attenuation, reflection and transmission coefficients, moveout correction and common mid-point stacking.
		Seismology: Reflection imaging, common shot gathers, common point gathers, moveout correction and stacking, reflection from non-horizontal interfaces, and refraction.
		Seismology: Reflection processing, refraction and refraction from a dipping layer.
	www.bgu.ac.il /geol/classes/geophysics/Front/notes.html (126 words)

	Geology 651 Index Page
		Reflection Seismology / Geology 651 / Spring 1998
		Required/recommended text: Sheriff, R.E. and L.P. Geldart, 1995, Exploration Seismology, Cambridge, New York, 592 p.
		Two short term papers on some aspect of seismic reflection methods will be due during the semester.
	jove.geol.niu.edu /faculty/carpenter/Geol651/index651.html (449 words)

	GEOL 757 - References (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Blundell, D.J., and Raynaud, B., 1986, Modeling of lower crust reflections observed on BIRPS profiles: in Barazangi, M., and Brown, L., Eds., Reflection seismology: a global perspective: Amer.
		Ostrander, W. J., 1984, Plane-wave reflection coefficients for gas sands at nonnormal angles of incidence: Geophysics, 49, 1637-1648.
		Tarantola, A., 1984b, Inversion of seismic reflection data in the acoustic approximation: Geophysics, 49, 1259-1266.
	www.seismo.unr.edu /ftp/pub/louie/class/757/refs.html (2033 words)

	Module Specification Template (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Students follow a course of lectures and practical work covering the theory and practice of seismic reflection methods, averaging 1 hour lecture and 2 hours practical per week.
		One day will be spent in the field performing a small seismic reflection survey and acquiring the data which may be used for later classroom exercises.
		These parallel streams of learning experience are designed to intermesh to reinforce the students grasp of the main concepts of the module.
	www.le.ac.uk /gl/teach/moddesc/moddesc04/GL3021MD2004.html (459 words)

	EOSC 353 - EOS
		Hooke's law for isotropic continua, elastic wave equation, reflection and refraction methods for imaging the Earth's internal structure, plane waves in an infinite medium and interaction with boundaries, body wave seismology, inversion of travel-time curves, generalized ray theory, crustal seismology, surface waves and earthquake source studies.
		Ray theory : amplitudes, reflection / transmission coefficients
		Reflection seismology: applications to exploration and environmental problems.
	www.eos.ubc.ca /courses/eosc353/eosc353.htm (75 words)

	American Scientist Online - Sea Change (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Marine geologists have for decades exploited this tactic, which involves recording the acoustic echoes that bounce back from the various buried layers after a loud blast is set off near the surface.
		The primary application of such reflection seismology is exploring for offshore oil and gas deposits, but academic scientists also use the method for various geological studies.
		Phillips, who is now retired, says that the use of reflection seismology to image the ocean has a long history, in fact, but not one that many people know about.
	www.americanscientist.org /template/AssetDetail/assetid/33935 (861 words)

	Cahit Çoruh
		Costain on reflection seismology related projects and problems; with Dr. Robinson on integrated interpretation of reflection, refraction seismology and potential field data; with Dr. Read on use of spectral estimation in sedimentology.
		Research includes interpretive processing of crustal seismic reflection data from the eastern United States, inversion of seismic velocity and density information from multifold seismic reflection data; inversion of seismic parameters by the Zoeppritz equations; estimation of Q-factor from multifold seismic data; noise suppression; image processing.
		Costain, J. Coruh, L. Glover, III, T. Pratt, and Jeanne Brennan, 1988, Seismicity, Seismic Reflection, Gravity and Geology of the Central Virginia Seismic Zone: Part I, Reflection Seismology: in Studies of the Pattern and Ages of Post-Metamorphic Faults in the Piedmont of Virginia and North Carolina, L. Glover, III, J.K. Costain, C.
	www.geol.vt.edu /profs/oldfiles/cc.html.org (1205 words)

	CASP
		Notice that the various reflections and transmissions of energy in the snapshots are also captured by seismic data.
		So despite the fact that advanced waves are valid solutions to the wave equations, they are generally ignored in most seismology studies, at least in part, because of their counterintuitive nature.
		One of the key features of the diagrammatica that we have been developing in recent years is that these advanced waves are included in our constructions of the scattering diagrams of seismic events.
	casp.systekproof.com (1088 words)

	JOHNSON
		The seismic profiles cover roughly 70% of the area of the Great Salt Lake and, as such, constitute perhaps the most detailed and areally extensive network of data from an intracontinental extensional terrane in the western U.S. These geophysical and geological data are the focus of ongoing research and have spawned two NSF-supported investigations.
		This is the subject of a paper by Kurt Constenius, a PhD student in Reflection Seismology, that is in press for publication in the GSA Bulletin.
		Initial analysis of the normal-incidence to wide-angle data shows that P-wave reflections from the Moho are well recorded at near- normal incidence, but that reflection amplitudes decrease as shot- to-receiver offsets become larger.
	www.geo.arizona.edu /geophysics/faculty/johnson/Johnson.html (1203 words)

	Asilomar Symposium
		This is followed by a series of papers ("Upper crust, lower crust, upper mantle") that show the state-of-the-art in imaging and interpreting the shallow crystalline basement, the lower crust and the mantle part of the lithosphere.
		In contrast, the last ten years have seen an increasing emphasis on applying the technique to image at higher resolution in the crystalline upper crust (often in commercially important hard-rock mining areas) and to image to greater depths into the upper mantle, even arguably to the point of observing the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary.
		Reflection seismologists are becoming ever more bold in extending surface mapping into crustal cross-sections using their inferences from reflection profiles, and earth scientists in general are becoming ever more accepting that these reflection-constrained cross-sections represent a truth about the earth's crust.
	www.iaspei.org /meetings/asilomar96.html (2432 words)

	GST Timelines --
		Later in history, the first successful seismic reflection exploration for an oil well was accomplished using the same reflector from the contact between the Sylvan shale and Viola Limestone.
		Other reflection discoveries were made and the GRC reflection crews were ready to take their place in history.
		The seismic reflection method was first applied in Oklahoma City by a group of OU alumni and previous OU faculty.
	gst.seg.org /TL/2001/05/TidBits.shtml (3178 words)

	A Uniqueness Theorem for a Lossy Inverse Problem in Reflection Seismology
		A nonlinear inverse problem is studied for recovering a stratified acoustic medium with attenuation (loss) from the medium's response to a point-source input introduced into the pressure field at the medium's surface.
		The primary focus is on applications in reflection seismology and oil exploration, where the medium is a model of the subsurface of the earth.
		The point-source response is the vertical component of the particle velocity at the earth's surface.
	epubs.siam.org /sam-bin/dbq/article/24115 (232 words)

	Teaching - Harold J. Tobin, New Mexico Tech Earth & Environmental Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		I teach courses in seismic reflection, environmental geophysics, introductory geophysics, and active tectonics, and guide graduate students in advanced topics in fault mechanics, subduction tectonics, and rock physics.
		Includes elementary wave propagation, reflection data acquisition and processing, and geologic interpretation of reflection data in two and three dimensions.
		An introductory course on seismic refraction and reflection imaging of the subsurface, including methods of data acquisition, processing, and interpretation in two and three dimensions.
	www.ees.nmt.edu /tobin/teaching.html (314 words)

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