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Topic: Reflux

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	Heartburn, Gastroesophageal Reflux (GER), and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
		When refluxed stomach acid touches the lining of the esophagus it may cause a burning sensation in the chest or throat called heartburn or acid indigestion.
		Distinguishing between normal, physiologic reflux and GERD in children is important.
		During the Nissen fundoplication, the upper part of the stomach is wrapped around the LES to strengthen the sphincter, prevent acid reflux, and repair a hiatal hernia.
	digestive.niddk.nih.gov /ddiseases/pubs/gerd (2412 words)

	eMedicine - Vesicoureteral Reflux : Article by Marc Cendron
		Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is characterized by the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder to the kidneys.
		Persistent reflux of the reimplanted ureter and development of de novo reflux of the contralateral side usually are temporary and resolve spontaneously.
		Persistent reflux of the ipsilateral ureter in the absence of secondary causes (eg, poorly compliant bladder) is usually caused by a technical error.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic2838.htm (8786 words)

	Digital Urology Journal: Vesicoureteral Reflux
		Vesicourteral reflux (VUR) is the congenital condition (children are born with it) in which urine backs up from the bladder and into the ureter toward the kidney.
		Reflux occurs in varying degrees of severity ranging from Grade I to Grade V, with Grade I being the least severe and Grade V being the most severe.
		The diagnosis of reflux is made based on radiologic studies of the bladder and kidney and may be discovered in the fetus secondary to hydronephrosis, a swelling of the kidney, on prenatal ultrasound.
	www.duj.com /reflux.html (752 words)

	Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD; or GORD when spelling oesophageal, the BE form) is defined as chronic symptoms or mucosal damage produced by the abnormal reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus
		It is it estimated that of the approximately 8 million babies born in the U.S. each year, upwards of 35% of them may have difficulties with reflux in the first few months of their life.
		The upper part of the stomach is wrapped around the LES to strengthen the sphincter and prevent acid reflux and to repair a hiatal hernia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease (1678 words)

	Pediatric Urology - Vesicoureteral Reflux - urologychannel
		Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the backup of urine from the organ that stores urine (bladder) into the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder (ureter) during urination.
		Primary reflux is caused by a congenital (present at birth) abnormality, and secondary reflux is caused by a urinary tract infection (UTI) or an obstruction in the urinary tract.
		Secondary reflux may also be caused by urinary tract abnormalities (e.g., narrowing, or stricture, of the ureter; duplicated ureters; ureterocele) and obstructions (e.g., UPJ obstruction, stones, tumor).
	www.urologychannel.com /pediatric/vur.shtml (777 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Reflux nephropathy
		Reflux nephropathy is a condition in which the kidneys are damaged by the backward flow of urine into the kidney.
		Reflux nephropathy is often found when a child is checked for repeat or suspicious bladder infections.
		Reflux nephropathy also can occur from temporary swelling after the ureters are reimplanted during a kidney transplant or because of trauma to the ureter.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/000459.htm (676 words)

	Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease ( GERD ) and Heart Burn
		The modern concept of reflux esophagitis appears to emerge in a publication by Winkelstein in 1935 when he said: Ò One canÕt escape the suspicion that the disease in these cases is possibly a peptic esophagitis i.e.
		Most reflux occurs during transient periods after meals in an upright position and this is rapidly cleared from the stomach.
		Reflux symptoms may be reduced simply by elevating the head end of the bed or by using a wedge under upper body.
	www.diagnosishealth.com /gerd.htm (1583 words)

	UK NKF - Reflux nephropathy
		Reflux nephropathy is sometimes also called just ‘reflux’, and an older name for the same condition is ‘chronic pyelonephritis’, or ‘chronic pyelonephritis with reflux’.
		Sometimes, reflux can be secondary to other problems that have developed during life, such as bladder disease or radiation to the ureters.
		Reflux of urine is common, occurring in 1 in 100 children.
	www.kidney.org.uk /Medical-Info/reflux/index.html (1038 words)

	Fact File - Reflux - Library A-Z - Health Matters
		Reflux is the regurgitation of acid stomach contents back into the oesophagus, and is the cause of heartburn – that unpleasant, burning feeling that wells up from the pit of the stomach, and travels up your chest and into your throat after a rich or fatty meal.
		Reflux tends to run in families, and to be worse during pregnancy.
		For the great majority of people, reflux is an occasional nuisance – nothing more than a reminder that every glass of red wine, every plate of oysters and every bar of chocolate has its price.
	www.abc.net.au /health/library/reflux_ff.htm (1137 words)

	Infant Reflux and GER in Babies and Newborns
		GER (Gastro Esophageal Reflux, a.k.a.“reflux”) is simply defined as the backward flow of stomach contents into the esophagus (the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach).
		I recommended it to a friend whose son also has reflux, and she is recommending it to one of her friends in the same situation.
		If your baby has reflux, try to keep a positive attitude, and remember that in almost all cases, spitting up and GER occurs in healthy babies who just need a little more time to grow.
	www.coliccalm.com /baby_infant_newborn_articles/acid-reflux.htm (2086 words)

	Vesicoureteral Reflux
		Some children have reflux because of underlying problems such as lower urinary obstruction (such as urethral valves), abnormal bladder behavior (such as uninhibited bladder contractions or hyperreflexic bladders), infrequent voiding, or constipation.
		Correction of reflux (ureteral reimplantation or ureteroneocystostorny) is recommended for high grades of reflux, for reflux that fails to resolve, or for patients with breakthrough infections.
		Children with a history of reflux should probably be monitored life-long with measurement of height and weight, blood pressure, and urine analysis.
	www.pedisurg.com /PtEduc/Vesicoureteral_Reflux.htm (983 words)

	HEARTBURN OR GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD) - Patients - American College of Gastroenterology
		Gastroesophageal reflux is the phrase used to describe the backward flow or regurgitation of stomach contents passing up into the esophagus.
		Generally, there appears to be some relationship between success in reflux surgery and success with medical treatment, for instance, those who have had good results on medical therapy seem to have better results from surgery.
		Conversely, the intractable reflux patients -- those who have been unsuccessful in resolving their symptoms using medical therapy with prescription acid suppressing medicines -- do not seem to be very good candidates for surgery.
	www.acg.gi.org /patients/women/whatisgerd.asp (1025 words)

	Gastroesophageal Reflux in Premature Infants
		Reflux is painful, causing infants to cry constantly, refuse to eat, spit up frequently, and sleep poorly.
		Refluxing occurs when the stomach acid and partially digested food flow back up through the LES into the esophagus.
		If the reflux is severe, the stomach contents may go high enough into the esophagus to be aspirated or spilled into the lungs causing choking, color changes, frequent respiratory infections, apnea (breathing slows or stops) and/or bradycardia (slowed heart rate).
	www.comeunity.com /premature/baby/reflux-maroney.html (1700 words)

	The Children's Hospital at Westmead - Parents - Reflux
		Gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) happens when stomach contents are brought back up into the oesophagus (throat or gullet).
		Reflux happens when the muscle in the lower part of the oesophagus (called the lower sphincter muscle) relaxes.
		However, most doctors believe this term should be used for when patients reflux stomach contents into their mouth.
	www.chw.edu.au /parents/factsheets/refluxj.htm (398 words)

	Gastroesophageal Reflux in Children and Adolescents
		Reflux can occur when the LES opens, allowing stomach contents and acid to come back up into the esophagus.
		When the refluxed material passes into the back of the mouth or enters the airways, the child may become hoarse, have a raspy voice, or a chronic cough.
		The doctor or nurse may first suggest a trial of medication to decrease the amount of acid made in the stomach when a child or teenager is uncomfortable, has difficulty sleeping or eating, or fails to grow.
	digestive.niddk.nih.gov /ddiseases/pubs/gerinchildren (1405 words)

	Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
		In some cases, babies with GERD can have choking episodes or develop aspiration pneumonia when stomach contents are refluxed up to the level of the trachea (windpipe) and then into the lungs.
		Those with reflux also may feel like food is coming back up into the mouth, leaving a bitter aftertaste of stomach acid.
		A barium swallow can also show the refluxing of liquid into the esophagus, and it may show whether the esophagus is irritated or whether there are any physical abnormalities in the upper digestive tract.
	www.kidshealth.org /parent/system/surgical/gerd_reflux.html (1350 words)

	GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, Acid Reflux, Heartburn) by MedicineNet.com
		I put the tiny catheter down into the patient’s esophagus, attach it to the recorder, and begin measuring the acid that is refluxing (or backwashing) into the esophagus.
		Gastroesophageal reflux disease, commonly referred to as GERD, or acid reflux, is a condition in which the liquid content of the stomach regurgitates (backs up, or refluxes) into the esophagus.
		Therefore, reflux that occurs at night is more likely to result in acid remaining in the esophagus longer and causing greater damage to the esophagus.
	www.medicinenet.com /gastroesophageal_reflux_disease_gerd/article.htm (914 words)

	Message Boards - Reflux
		However, if the child does not happen to reflux the barium on that test, you aren't going to tell a mother who is being barfed on 5 times a day that her child doesn't have reflux.
		As I mentioned, some children have reflux severe enough to cause trouble with weight gain as well as repeated pneumonias or asthma symptoms that are resistant to treatment.
		An upper GI is a common test for children with reflux as it will show common anatomical problems in the esophagus, stomach or duodenum (first part of the small intestine where the stomach empites into), but as I said before, the test does not diagnose reflux, it simply eliminates other causes of the vomiting.
	community.pregnancyweekly.com /Forums/ShowPost.aspx?PostID=6158315 (770 words)

	Vesicoureteral reflux (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) refers to a condition in which urine flows from the bladder, back up the ureter, and back into the kidneys.
		In vesicoureteral reflux, however, urine that has already collected in the bladder is able to flow backwards from the bladder, up the ureter, and back into the collecting system of the kidney.
		This will allow reflux to be demonstrated, and will reveal whether the level of reflux increases when pressure increases during urination.
	www.healthatoz.com /healthatoz/Atoz/ency/vesicoureteral_reflux.jsp (1104 words)

	Gastroesophageal Reflux - My Child Has - Children's Hospital Boston
		Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a digestive disorder that is caused by gastric acid flowing from the stomach into the esophagus.
		Reflux is very common in infants, though it can occur at any age.
		Reflux is often the result of conditions that affect the lower esophageal sphincter (LES).
	www.childrenshospital.org /az/Site940/mainpageS940P0.html (1610 words)

	About GERD (Reflux)
		Gastroesophageal Reflux (GER) or Reflux is the medical term used to describe a condition in which stomach contents - food and gastric acid - frequently flow back up out of the stomach into the esophagus.
		Reflux only becomes a problem when the child is showing signs of complications.
		Most young babies will reflux occasionally but when acid levels are high much of the time the child can be said to have "pathological" or "clinical" reflux.
	www.reflux.org /reflux/webdoc01.nsf/(vwWebPage)/AboutGERD.htm?OpenDocument (1847 words)

	kellymom.com :: Spitting Up & Reflux in the Breastfed Baby
		Current information on reflux indicates that testing or treatment for reflux in babies younger than 12 months should be considered only if spitting up is accompanied by poor weight gain or weight loss, severe choking, lung disease or other complications.
		Babies with reflux are already at greater risk for fussy nursing behavior, nursing strikes or premature weaning if baby associates reflux discomfort with breastfeeding.
		Gastroesophageal reflux and cow's milk allergy in infants: a prospective study.
	www.kellymom.com /babyconcerns/reflux.html (2702 words)

	Reflux - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Reflux can lead to various complaints itself, such as metallic taste or acidic taste in the mouth, and actual damage to the esophagus (see esophagitis, reflux esophagisit, Barrett's esophagitis and other esophagus diseases).
		Gastroesophageal reflux, also called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), is the backflow of gastric or duodenal contents, or both, into the esophagus and past the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) without associated belching or...
		The backflow or reflux of gastric and duodenal contents into the esophagus and past the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), without associated belching or vomiting, is called gastroesophageal reflux.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /r/reflux/intro.htm (761 words)

	What is laryngopharyngeal reflux?
		Chronic GER is often diagnosed as gastroesophageal reflux disease or GERD.
		However, in most infants, it is a normal occurrence caused by the immaturity of both the upper and lower esophageal sphincters, the shorter distance from the stomach to the throat, and the greater amount of time infants spend in the horizontal position.
		A more uncommon symptom is difficulty breathing, which occurs because the acidic, refluxed material comes in contact with the voice box (larynx) and causes the vocal cords to close to prevent aspiration of the material into the windpipe (trachea).
	www.entnet.org /KidsENT/LPR.cfm (635 words)

	Reflux
		Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a digestive disorder that is caused by gastric acid flowing from the stomach into the esophagus.
		Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is the return of acidic stomach juices, or food and fluids, back up into the esophagus.
		Some infants and children who have gastroesophageal reflux may not vomit, but may still have stomach contents move up the esophagus and spill over into the windpipe.
	www.healthsystem.virginia.edu /uvahealth/adult_pediatrics/reflux.cfm (1444 words)

	Reflux
		Anyone can suffer from gastroesophageal reflux, but it is more likely to affect people who are obese, have a hiatal hernia, experience recurrent vomiting, or have scleroderma.
		If gastroesophageal reflux occurs frequently, it can lead to reflux esophagitis, esophageal narrowing, esophageal ulcer, and Barrett’s syndrome, which is a change in the lining of the esophagus that can lead to esophageal cancer.
		The main goal of gastroesophageal reflux treatment is the relief of symptoms and prevention of relapses.
	www.hmc.psu.edu /healthinfo/r/reflux.htm (1027 words)

	What is Acid Reflux, what is the Cause of Acid Reflux
		Acid reflux is where digestive acids move into the esophagus or throat area after you have eaten.
		Acid reflux is usually caused by a diet that is high in processed foods and anxiety.
		Acid reflux occurs when there is a build up of acids in the stomach during the digestion process.
	www.acidreflux-relief.info (957 words)

	Gastro-oesophageal reflux (acid reflux)
		Gastro-oesophageal reflux is a condition where the lower oesophageal sphincter (the muscular ring at the lower end of the oesophagus) is abnormally relaxed and allows the stomach's acidic contents to flow back or 'reflux' into the gullet (oesophagus).
		The reflux tendency increases when the stomach contains a lot of gastric juice or food and when there is increased pressure in or on the stomach.
		The symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux can resemble those of a peptic ulcer, chest pains (angina pectoris), muscle pains, back problems, constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, gallstones, pancreatic disease etc. These conditions will sometimes have to be ruled out before the diagnosis can be made.
	www.netdoctor.co.uk /diseases/facts/gastrooesophagealreflux.htm (1316 words)

	Reflux Treatment Guide for Infants and Children
		Gastroesophageal reflux, or spitting up, is a common problem in infants and children and usually begins in the first weeks of life.
		Reflux is usually caused by the valve or muscle at the upper end of the stomach being immature and allowing feedings to come back up.
		Most children with reflux have no other problems, except for making a mess, and are called ‘happy spitters.' They usually improve with the lifestyle changes discussed below and the reflux resolves by itself when they are six to nine months old.
	www.keepkidshealthy.com /welcome/treatmentguides/reflux.html (622 words)

	Kidney reflux - Better Health Channel.
		It is estimated that kidney reflux is responsible for around one fifth of all kidney (renal) failure that occurs in children and young adults.
		Sometimes, kidney reflux is diagnosed before birth during an ultrasound scan – the baby’s kidney appears larger than normal due to urine reflux.
		If a child is diagnosed with kidney reflux, it is important to test the other members of the family.
	www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au /bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Kidney_reflux?open (908 words)

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