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Topic: Reform Act 1832

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	The Great Reform Act of 1832
		The Great Reform Act of 1832 was one of the most important changes in the history of British politics, conceding to radical demands for the changing of the electoral system.
		Demand for reform had grown as the Industrial Revolution had grown, and in addition to the demand for the fairer distribution of voting towns there were also calls for a change in the voting process.
		Although the Act had been conceived as a final resolution of the reform question, pressure was exerted by groups like the Chartists, and the Great Reform Act was very far from being the last Reform Act in British politics.
	az.essortment.com /greatreformact_omk.htm (965 words)

	Campaign Finance Reform Act
		Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act - The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA) is U.S. Campaign finance reform - Campaign finance reform is the common term for the political effort in the United States to change the involvement of money in politics, primarily in political campaigns.
		Reform Act 1832 - The Reform Act of 1832 (known also as the Great Reform Act and The Parliamentary Reform Act 1832) introduced wide-ranging changes to electoral franchise legislation in the United Kingdom.
		Reform Act 1867 - The Reform Act 1867 (also known as the Second Reform Act) was a piece of British legislation that greatly increased the number of men who could vote in elections in the UK.
	ba10.mfedbank.com /campaignfinancereformact.html (1514 words)

	Reform Acts - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		REFORM ACTS [Reform Acts] or Reform Bills, in British history, name given to three major measures that liberalized representation in Parliament in the 19th cent.
		The Reform Act of 1884, passed during the administration of William Gladstone, removed the distinction between county and borough franchises and, by the reduction of rural qualifications, added about 2,000,000 more men to the electorate.
		Sentencing reform lessons: from the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 to the Feeney Amendment.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-reforma1c.html (701 words)

	Reform Act 1832 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Acts of Parliament of the Kingdom of England to 1659
		Acts of Parliament of the Kingdom of Scotland
		Acts of Parliament of the Kingdom of Ireland
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reform_Act_1832 (2038 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - British Parliamentary Reform in the 19th Century
		The reformers caused those in power some concern, however, and were repressed by a series of measures including a ban on political meetings without the presence of a magistrate, and laws preventing criticism of the monarchy and government.
		Further reform was barely mentioned in the early 1850s with the exception of proposals by a few committed radicals and, in particular, by Lord Russell.
		The Education Act of 1870 is noted as a direct consequence of the increased enfranchisement following the Second Reform Act, as Parliaments generally wished to ensure that all voters were educated.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/actionnetwork/A545195 (2805 words)

	Reference
		Also known as the "Reform Act of 1832," this political action was taken in England mainly in order to increase the number of voters for the election in the House of Commons.
		The Reform Act of 1832 added 217,000 voters to an electorate of 435,000 thus allowing the vote of one out of five men of England at the time (Some say 1/7).
		The Tories, which had been the ruling party prior to the Reform Act reduced in size and political power as the Whigs successfully gained the majority of seats in the parliament during the First General Election on December of 1832.
	unc.edu /courses/2006spring/engl/021/006/REFERENCES/ReformAct1832.html (336 words)

	Scottish Political Timeline 1707 - 1832 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The leader of the reform movement, Thomas Muir of Huntershill, is arrested in Edinburgh.
		The reformers' leader and advocate, Thomas Muir of Hunterhill, is found guilty of sedition after his return to Scotland and is sentenced to be deported to Botany Bay in Australia for 14 years.
		The Scottish Reform Act increases the number of Scottish seats from 45 to 53 and the Scottish electorate from 4,500 to 64,500 - one in eight of the population.
	www.alba.org.uk /timeline/1707to1832.html (2832 words)

	When Lord John Russell rose in the House of Commons on the evening of March 1, 1831 to bring forward, on behalf of the ...
		By setting the quali fication for the franchise at the ten pound householder in towns, the ten pound copyholders and long leaseholders, and the fifty pound short leaseholders and tenants-at-will in the counties, the electorate was increased by nearly 80%.
		Reform, once more, is not portrayed as a threat to the 'aristocracy of rank'; rather it is the acceptance of the new reality and the modification of the constitution to incorporate the new men who are of the new aristocracy.
		The historian D.C. Moore contends that "the myth of the [Reform] Bill being a Radical measure" is presented in history "as a means of defining the political character of the Grey administration." We have seen already that the influence on the framers of reform was that of the mainstream reformers.
	userwww.sfsu.edu /~epf/1998/townsend.html (4624 words)

	Reform Acts. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Reform agitation, beginning to develop in the 1760s, was supported by William Pitt and others, but the emergency period of the French Revolution interrupted it.
		The Reform Act of 1884, passed during the administration of William Gladstone, removed the distinction between county and borough franchises and, by the reduction of rural qualifications, added about 2,000,000 more men to the electorate.
		It was not, however, until the passage of the Representation of the People Acts in the 20th cent.
	www.bartleby.com /65/re/ReformAc.html (472 words)

	Lord Grey - 1832 Reform Act
		Reform was too tainted with the fear of a revolution to be acceptable in Britain as long as France remained the national enemy.
		In this respect, the accusation that the Reform Bill was a scheme to increase the power of the Whigs at the expense of the Tories has some substance, and it is in line with what has been said of Grey's objectives in the 1790s.
		Opinions differ as to whether failure to pass reform in 1832 would have led to revolution, but it is certain that Grey's success in achieving reform in 1832 restored the stability of the country and set a precedent for peaceful change rather than revolutionary upheaval during the troubled times of the nineteenth century.
	www.users.globalnet.co.uk /~semp/lordgrey.htm (2380 words)

	The British Reform Act of 1832
		Before 1832 the British parliament was entirely dominated by the nobility and the landed gentry in the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
		It favored the agricultural (non-urban) areas of the country and took no account (before the 1832 Act) of the great demographic changes that had taken place in Britain since the advent of the industrial revolution, namely, the growth of towns and cities following the 18th c.
		After the Act was passed, some of the old disparities continued for it was not to be expected that the government would contemplate a total reversal of practices that served to maintain landlord influence.
	web.jjay.cuny.edu /~jobrien/reference/ob6.html (594 words)

	The National Archives \| Exhibitions & Learning online \| Citizenship \| Struggle for democracy
		Reform groups such as the Sheffield Corresponding Society (founded in December 1791) and the London Corresponding Society (founded in January 1791) were committed to universal 'manhood' (i.e.
		The Prime Minister, Lord Grey, supported reform to 'prevent the necessity of revolution' and was responsible for the first (or 'Great') Reform Act of 1832.
		For many people, 19th-century parliamentary reform was a disappointment because political power was still left in the hands of the aristocracy and the middle classes.
	www.nationalarchives.gov.uk /pathways/citizenship/struggle_democracy/getting_vote.htm (725 words)

	Chartism in Stoke-on-Trent
		The general purposes of such acts were the achievement of a more representative government and the democratization of the electoral process.
		On the whole, the Reform Bill of 1832 resulted in the transfer of political power from the landowning aristocrats to the middle class, and in the subordination of the House of Lords to the popular will.
		One of the most important features of the Reform Bill of 1885 was a provision that virtually doubled the electorate by enfranchising workers and agricultural labourers.
	www.thepotteries.org /chartism/reform_act.htm (239 words)

	Chartism
		The "People's Charter," drafted in 1838 by William Lovett, was at the heart of a radical campaign for parliamentary reform of the inequities remaining after the Reform Act of 1832.
		The working classes had given massive support to the middle-class campaign for the 1832 Reform Act because they had been drawn by the possibility of the franchise, or legislation to help them.
		The working class was dissatisfied because the 1832 Act did not enfranchise them, and also they were unhappy with the 'finality' attitude of the Whigs and Tory hostility to reform, all of which offered no prospect of the future achievement of the vote for the working classes.
	project1.caryacademy.org /1851/chartism.htm (1207 words)

	New Statesman - Property rules
		There may be a fact about the Reform Act of 1832 that Edward Pearce has omitted, but only the greatest authority on the subject will be able to identify it.
		He is the hero of the Reform Act, despite almost losing his nerve at the last minute.
		There was a time when every schoolboy knew that 1832 was the year of the Reform Act and believed that it was the first step towards universal suffrage.
	www.newstatesman.com /200311100037 (851 words)

	Rethinking the Age of Reform - Cambridge University Press
		This book takes a fresh look at the 'age of reform', from 1780 when reform became a common object of aspiration, to the 1830s - the era of the 'Reform Ministry' and of the Great Reform Act of 1832 - and beyond, when such aspirations were realised more frequently.
		Particular reforming initiatives singled out for attention include those targeting parliament, government, the law, the church, medicine, slavery, regimens of self-care, opera, theatre, and art institutions, while later chapters situate British reform in its imperial and European contexts.
		Reforming culture: national art institutions in the age of reform Holger Hoock; 12.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521823943 (495 words)

	[No title]
		The four main Acts in the first half of the 1830s, after the Reform Act of 1832, (the decade known for its reforms), all reformed different parts of a country which had changed drastically due to the Industrial Revolution, yet the governments had not kept up with this, and was in desperate need for help.
		The Act was unique, not because it established a commission to look into the problem, but because this commission's report became an immensely important document which was still relied upon up until 1929 for its excellent understanding of poverty (but it did not offer many good solutions as far as the public were concerned).
		Although few argued, this term of the Act marks an important break away from laissez-faire and was regarded suspiciously abroad and by 'freedom fighters' at home who did not think the government had the right to take away their freedom, and argued in the press about what level of state intervention was acceptable.
	web.ukonline.co.uk /spursfan/historyessays/hessref.html (2498 words)

	Of Men and Machines--The Industrial Revolution
		The Reform Act was passed in 1832 and increased the amount of people who voted in the slowly industrializing England.
		The Act disenfranchised the ‘rotten boroughs', which basically meant these Boroughs lost all their independent votes and had to vote as part of their counties.
		Although the Reform Act was passed and was said to have given more power to the people, these very people seemed disappointed.
	library.thinkquest.org /05aug/01419/reformact.html (794 words)

	The Difference Dictionary:R
		After the passing of the Reform bill of 1832, a number of radicals, dissatisfied with the extent of its reform, kept continual but ineffective pressure on the Whigs to extend the franchise to the working class.
		Organized members of the working class were not in sympathy with them, due to their support of the Poor Law of 1834 and their hostility to the Chartists.
		Reform Act of 1832 - Ended the monopoly on political power enjoyed in England by the aristocratic landowner, and extended power to the bourgeois middle class.
	www.sff.net /people/gunn/dd/r.htm (460 words)

	::The 1832 Reform Act::
		The Reform Act of 1832 was the first attempt by Parliament to extend the right of franchise — the right to vote — in the Nineteenth Century.
		Sometimes known as the Great Reform Act of 1832, the act itself started a move that led to the 1867 and 1884 Reform Acts and between the two, the 1872 Ballot Act.
		The act, effectively a series of six separate acts, disappointed many but it did start a process of reform that was unlikely to be stopped.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /1832_Reform_Act.htm (834 words)

	The 1832 Reform Act Campaign
		However, this issue united the middle and working-class reformers (a difficult task) but in supporting the secret ballot, the middle classes were able to convince the working classes that they could expect help in achieving their aspirations.
		He was still smarting over the accusations that he had 'ratted' in 1829 and his refusal to serve took others with him: in 1829 the Dowager Duchess of Richmond had invited Wellington's Cabinet to dinner, then filled her drawing room with stuffed rats to show her contempt for the apostates.
		In 1832 England was under-policed and had a high unemployment level, besides suffering from the effects of cholera which began in Sunderland in October 1831 and reached London in January 1832.
	www.historyhome.co.uk /peel/refact/campaign.htm (5875 words)

	Review: Electoral Reform at Work. Local Politics and National Parties 1832-1841
		He looks at electoral behavior before 1832 and re-examines the regional and national implementation of the extended franchise after the December 1832 general election (which first gave voice to the new voters and the newly-created electoral boroughs).
		The Reform Act’s greatest impact was not limited to the newly enfranchised who voted for the first time in December 1832, but also resided in the fact that the enfranchisement and redistribution of representation ‘helped impose a far more nationally-oriented political system upon local parochial, municipal and administrative life.’ (p.
		The link between parliamentary electoral reform and municipal corporations has received much scholarly attention, but it is the nature of that interconnection on which Salmon focuses his research.
	www.history.ac.uk /reviews/paper/lopatinN.html (2505 words)

	Free Term Papers on Industrial Revolution
		"Reform Act of 1832: the measure that increased the size of the electorate by at least 50 percent and gave industrial cities [like Manchester] direct representation in parliament for the first time.
		The effects of these Acts upon the proletarian society or working class of the time, was that of a bourgeoisie or middle class society which owned and operated the many industries during the Industrial Revolution.
		Acts and Laws that the House of Commons and the House of Lords made up were acts of Parliament and showed the role that Parliament played within the Industrial Revolution.
	www.freefortermpapers.com /show_essay/637.html (763 words)

	Reform Club
		Membership was restricted to those who pledged support for the Great Reform Act of 1832, and the many MPs and Whig peers among the early members developed the Club as the political headquarters of the Liberal Party.
		The Reform Club is no longer associated with any particular political party, and now serves a purely social function.
		And today’s Reformers are men and women drawn from many backgrounds and a wide field of professional life.
	www.reformclub.com (131 words)

	Reform Act 1832 at AllExperts
		The applicable County or well-recognised part of a County in 1832 (in the case of the Ridings of Yorkshire and the Isle of Wight, which was part of Hampshire) is given.
		An act of 1829 required possession of freehold land worth at least Â£10 (a fivefold increase from the previous 40 shillings), as the qualification for a county vote.
		From 1832 the qualifications were Â£10 freeholders, leaseholders for lives and copyholders of estates of Â£10, leaseholders for at least 60 years and the assignees of the same or leaseholders for at least 14 years of Â£20 estates.
	en.allexperts.com /e/r/re/reform_act_1832.htm (2015 words)

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