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	Reform Act - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Reform Act 1832 (The "First" or "Great" Reform Act), which disenfranchised most of the rotten boroughs and gave representation to previously unrepresented urban areas like Birmingham and Leeds.
		Municipal Reform Act 1835 required members of town councils to be elected by ratepayers and councils to publish their financial accounts
		Reform Act 1867 (The "Second" Reform Act), which widened the franchise, and adjusted representation to be more equitable.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reform_Act (228 words)

	Representation of the People Act 1884 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Taken together, these measures extended the same voting qualifications as existed in the towns and countryside, and essentially established the modern one member constituency as the normal pattern for parliamentary representation.
		The act extended the 1867 concessions from the boroughs to the countryside.
		The 1884 Reform Act sought to enfranchise the morally worthy and industrious.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1884 (202 words)

	Reform Acts. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Reform agitation, beginning to develop in the 1760s, was supported by William Pitt and others, but the emergency period of the French Revolution interrupted it.
		The Reform Act of 1884, passed during the administration of William Gladstone, removed the distinction between county and borough franchises and, by the reduction of rural qualifications, added about 2,000,000 more men to the electorate.
		A redistribution act in 1885 rendered representation nearly proportional to population.
	www.bartleby.com /65/re/ReformAc.html (472 words)

	Reform Act of 1867 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The Reform Act of 1867 was a controversial piece of British legislation that greatly increased the number of men who could vote in elections in the UK.
		Following the Great Reform Act of 1832, it was decided prudent to introduce further electoral reform.
		The act enfranchised 1,500,000 people by giving the vote to all adult male urban householders and male lodgers paying £10 a year for unfurnished rooms.
	www.1-free-software.com /en/wikipedia/r/re/reform_act_of_1867.html (549 words)

	The National Archives \| Exhibitions & Learning online \| Citizenship \| Struggle for democracy
		Reform groups such as the Sheffield Corresponding Society (founded in December 1791) and the London Corresponding Society (founded in January 1791) were committed to universal 'manhood' (i.e.
		The Prime Minister, Lord Grey, supported reform to 'prevent the necessity of revolution' and was responsible for the first (or 'Great') Reform Act of 1832.
		For many people, 19th-century parliamentary reform was a disappointment because political power was still left in the hands of the aristocracy and the middle classes.
	www.nationalarchives.gov.uk /pathways/citizenship/struggle_democracy/getting_vote.htm (712 words)

	Knights of the Shire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In English and British politics from mediaeval times until the Representation of the People Act 1884, Knights of the Shire were representatives of counties sent to advise the government of the day.
		The 1832 Act increased the number of Knights sent by each county to between 3 and 6.
		The term became obsolete in the later reform act of 1884, which restructed parliament such that each geographical area (constituency) returned one member.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Knights_of_the_shire (241 words)

	Reform of Parliament Reference, Directory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The Six Acts Abstract: The Six Acts were a response by Lord Liverpool and his Tory government to the Peterloo Massace of 1819.
		William Pitt A moderate reformer, he grew up with a strong interest in politics, served in the House of Commons and argued that parliamentary reform was necessary for the preservation of liberty.
		After the passing of the 1832 Reform Act he was able to win the parliamentary seat of Oldham in the House of Commons where he concentrated his energies on attacking corruption in government.
	www.wacofdn.org /d2RjXzQwMzAw.aspx (6781 words)

	IIR Working Paper
		This reform replaced a highly restrictive political system established in the 19th century: from the 1880s until the 1912 transition, the Argentine political system was dominated by an exclusive circle of conservative oligarchs who controlled the country's only major political party, openly rigged elections, and generally made decisions through informal agreements.
		In the closing three decades of the 19th century, two issues became important to reformers: the appointment of ministers from the majority party in the lower, democratic chamber rather than the upper, now non-democratic chamber, as was the practice; and the restoration of full suffrage for elections to the upper house.
		Although the reform was sponsored by a moderate liberal, Louis de Geer, opposition to the bill was not very great, and the legislation "is best viewed as a shrewd conservative accommodation" that would not change the existing socio-economic order, and that indeed initially changed very little in terms of the composition of the Riksdag.
	www.iir.berkeley.edu /wpapers/pdf/wp62.html (14028 words)

	Reform in Britain 1870-1914
		The 1867 Reform Act had given the vote to the working classes in the towns.
		The 1884 Reform Act gave the vote to the poor farmers and labourers in the countryside and greatly reorganised electoral areas to reflect the move in population from the countryside to the larger towns.
		Reform of both the civil service and the army in the 1870s allowed for entrance by exam and promotion on merit respectively.
	dspace.dial.pipex.com /town/terrace/adw03/peel/politics/reform.htm (1385 words)

	Account for the extension of the franchise from 1850 to 1918
		Also, as the secret ballot act of 1872 helped stop corruption and as there were more voters local corruption was no longer an issue, so the vote was given in rural areas to try and weaken the land-owning aristocracies influence.
		The final act of this period was the representation of the people act in 1918.
		Due to this act women were given the vote for the first time [only women over 30 who owned land and were married or were married to a landowner].
	www.coursework.info /i/6525.html (403 words)

	britain
		The third reform act 1884, passed by Gladstone’s government gave the vote to the agricultural labourer.
		In 1884, Beatrice and Sidney Webb and George Bernard Shaw founded the Fabian Society whose main objective was to put pressure on the government to make them bring justice and fairness to the working class.
		The government introduced the Cat and Mouse Act 1913 which released women from prison when their lives were endangered and rearrested them when they recovered.
	www.geocities.com /athlonelaura/britain.html (866 words)

	MSN Encarta - Print Preview - William Gladstone
		His government made major reforms in the justice system, making the central courts more efficient; in the civil service, basing employment on merit; and in the military, abolishing the purchase of army commissions.
		Gradually, the voters grew tired of reform, and in 1874 the Conservatives were voted into office with Disraeli as prime minister.
		During Gladstone's second ministry, his most important action was the Reform Act of 1884, which extended the vote to many rural voters.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761554577___6/William_Gladstone.html (588 words)

	UK: Electoral System Experimentation in Cradle of FPTP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The Second Reform Act of 1867 introduced the Limited Vote (in which electors had one fewer vote than the number of seats to be filled) for the election of 43 members of the Commons, chosen from 13 three-member districts and one four-member seat, see Limited Vote.
		This policy was given teeth in a joint agreement on constitutional reform between Labour and the Liberal Democrats (who had consistently advocated a switch to a PR) announced on the eve of the 1997 British general election.
		The debate over reforming the way members of the House of Commons are elected reflects the First Past the Post versus Proportional Representation debate which has underlain much of the discussion of British constitutional practice throughout this century.
	www.aceproject.org /main/english/es/esy_uk.htm (1745 words)

	The Conservative Party in the Nineteenth Century - Dr David Dutton
		Disraeli reformed ‘Tory democracy’ by emphasis on issues which won wide support from the new working-class voters and party fortunes were later helped by Liberal party divisions so that the unpreparedness of Conservatives for the politics of the new century was masked.
		The Second Reform Act of 1867 brought a substantial section of the working classes into the political nation for the first time and represents a major landmark on the road to democracy in Britain.
		While the Liberals, through their programme of social reform, including old age pensions and National Insurance, were making some progress in coming to terms with the demands of the enlarged electorate, the Conservatives seemed not to see that the whole nature of political activity was in a state of flux.
	www.users.globalnet.co.uk /~semp/conservative.htm (2856 words)

	[No title]
		Owen's plans for reform had always met with a certain opposition from the clergy, but beginning in 1846 their hostility took a new and more powerful form, inasmuch as they now sought to strike at the Movement by crippling its revenues.
		And it should not be overlooked (despite opinions to the contrary) that in his advocacy of reform he followed a constructive as well as a destructive course, promoting the positive principles of Secularism as well as engaging in negative criticism.
		The arrangement by which the middle and upper classes of the period, through the retention of hereditary elements in the government and the exclusion of the majority from participation in the suffrage, controlled matters essentially in their own interests, was unsatisfactory to the Secularists, inasmuch as they were among the despoiled.
	web.elastic.org /~fche/mirrors/www.textfiles.com/politics/secular.txt (14521 words)

	Extent of key political ideas in directly influencing change and development .
		Therefore, this led to in 1884 the introduction of the Third Reform Act, which extended the electorate to 5 million, or about 1/6th of the population, and made the rural electorate as democratic as the Urban.
		This was compounded by the Redistribution of Seats Act (1884), which established single member constituencies, the Corrupt Practices Act (1885) which effectively attacked the rowdiness and abuses that had prevailed during the elections and by the Secret Ballot Act (1872), which led to greater political democracy.
		Progressive and Radical reforms such as the Third Reform Act of 1884, led not only to an increase in the franchise, but also to a growth in democracy.
	www.coursework.info /i/39838.html (1172 words)

	Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The United States Pendleton Act established the United States Civil Service Commission now called the Office of Personnel Management and placed most federal employees on the merit system and marked the end of the spoils system.
		It was passed on January 16, 1883 and was brought about after the assassination of President James Garfield by a "disappointed" office seeker.
		By end of the Civil War the number had increased to 53,000; by 1884, 131,000; and by 1891, 166,000.
	pendleton-civil-service-reform-act.biography.ms (645 words)

	Reform Acts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		From 1829 to 1832 their discontents fused in the demand for Parliamentary Reform, behind which the massses threw their riots and demonstrations, the businessmen the power of economic boycott.
		Therefore, the agitation preceding (and following) the first Reform Act, which Dickens observed at first hand as a shorthand Parliamentary reporter, made many people consider fundamental issues of society and politics.
		The 1867 Reform Act extended the right to vote still further down the class ladder, adding just short of a million voters -- including many workingmen -- and doubling the electorate, to almost two million in England and Wales.
	www.victorianweb.org /history/hist2.html (394 words)

	Joshua L. Stayn, Vacant Reform: Why the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998 Is Unconstitutional, 50 Duke L. J. 1511 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The Act states that it is the sole statutory vehicle for temporarily filling vacant positions pending confirmation, and it enumerates the exclusive ways in which a President may make such temporary appointments.
		The Act authorizes a newly elected President to appoint acting officers to every advice and consent position in the executive branch for up to 300 days after either inauguration day or the date on which the vacancy occurred, whichever is later.
		The Act does not apply to the temporary appointment of "holdovers," officers who are statutorily authorized to continue to serve in office after their term of years expires until a successor is appointed or a statutorily specified amount of time passes.
	www.law.duke.edu /journals/dlj/articles/dlj50p1511.htm (9916 words)

	Labour History
		However, after further anti-union legislation was passed, the relationship between the unions and the two main parties began to breakdown, and the TUC began to look elsewhere, as it's membership continued to grow.
		Following the end of the war in 1918, the Representation of the Peoples Act in the same year extended the vote to all men over 21 and to all women over 30(Labour had been advocates of women's suffrage for many years).
		With this endorsement, he was able to implement reforms on a range of issues including steel nationalisation and the development of comprehensive education.
	freespace.virgin.net /steve.short/steve.short/History2.htm (4014 words)

	TermPapers-TermPapers.com - How Denocratic A Country Was Britain By 1914?
		The 1884 Act was therefore a major step towards democracy as it provided suffrage to many more people than in previous years.
		In the 1884-5 Third Reform Act, the Conservatives under Lord Salisbury redistributed the seats in an effort to gain safe votes at the next election, these practices were highly undemocratic and were not completely resolved by 1914.
		The Reform acts and laws passed between 1832 and 1914 did significantly improve the British political system in terms of being a democracy.
	www.termpapers-termpapers.com /dbs/c1/emr87.shtml (970 words)

	Reform Acts
		Securities litigation reform: the long and winding road to the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.
		Sentencing reform lessons: from the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 to the Feeney Amendment.
		A new standard for aiders and abettors under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0841399.html (595 words)

	Reform Act of 1832 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The British Reform Act of 1832 (also referred to as as the Great Reform Act) introduced the first changes to electoral franchise legislation in almost one hundred and fifty years.
		The Act also abolished 56 rotten boroughs and removed one MP from boroughs with fewer than 4,000 inhabitants.
		Despite the hopes of Lord John Russell that further reform would never be necessary, popular pressure led to greater changes.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/R/Reform-Act-of-1832.htm (429 words)

	H2G2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The Third Reform Act gave votes to householders and lodgers in counties who had been resident for 12 months.
		The Redistribution of Seats Act, which followed, aimed to redistribute voters more equally in the wake of the changes to electoral franchise.
		The aftermath of these two Acts more than ever increased the influence of the party as a political force and the party system of government became more prominent.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/pda/A545195?s_id=10 (216 words)

	Reform Acts on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Coalition for Asbestos Reform Announces Opposition to FAIR Act.
		In the immediate aftermath of September 11, Congress passed the Patriot Act to make it easier for law enforcement to fight terrorism.(Safe Act, proposed reforms to Patriot Act)(Brief Article)
		Bob Graham Introduces 9/11 Memorial Intelligence Reform Act
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/R/ReformA1c.asp (846 words)

	Pendleton Act (Civil Service Reform Act), 1883 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The Pendleton Act classified certain jobs, removed them from the patronage ranks, and set up a Civil Service Commission to administer a system based on merit rather than political connections.
		An act to regulate and improve the civil service of the United States.
		Be it enacted...That the President is authorized to appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, three persons, not more than two of whom shall be adherents of the same party, as Civil Service Commissioners, and said three commissioners shall constitute the United States Civil Service Commission.
	www.classbrain.com /artteenst/publish/article_130.shtml (1149 words)

	Untitled Document
		Following a period of Civil Wars between the nobility and the Crown, characterized by the reluctant acceptance of Magna Carta in 1216 by King John; the "modern" House of Commons, as a fully representative body emerged in the struggles between Henry III and Simon de Montfort.
		John Wilkes, the notorious "radical" introduced a comprehensive schem of reform which "comprised all the leading principles of parliamentary reform which were advocated for the next fifty years wihtout success." It included the adding of members to certain large counties, the disfranchisement of rotten boroughs, and the enfranchisement of a number of populous trading towns.
		The First Reform Act passed into law June 7, 1832, after defeats in both Houses, a dissolution of Parliament, the resignation and recall of the ministry, and the threatened creation of peers by the king.
	homepage.mac.com /cgrapski/Representation/Hare/bibliography.html (2315 words)

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