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Topic: Reformation in Switzerland

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	Reformation in Switzerland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Protestant Reformation in Switzerland was promoted initially by Huldrych Zwingli, who gained the support of the magistrate and population of Zürich in the 1520s.
		Huldrych Zwingli was the main proponent of the Reformation in Switzerland.
		In Basel, reformer Johannes Oecolampadius was active, in St. Gallen, the Reformation was adopted by mayor Joachim Vadian.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reformation_in_Switzerland (3849 words)

	Switzerland
		Switzerland managed to maintain its neutrality in the Thirty Years’ War (1618–48), and at the end of the war the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) recognized the final separation of Switzerland from the Habsburg Empire.
		Switzerland participated in a non-military capacity by organizing Red Cross units, tracing the missing, and permitting incapacitated prisoners of war to be interned within its frontiers.
		Switzerland’s far-right People’s Party, which was hostile to immigration and against joining the EU, made spectacular electoral gains in parliamentary elections held in October 1999, emerging as the second strongest force in parliament.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0019866.html (2681 words)

	WHKMLA : Reformation in Switzerland
		Ecclesiastically, Switzerland lacked an identity of her own; the country was divided among the Archdioceses of Mainz (Diocesis of Konstanz), Besancon (Diocesis of Basel), Vienne (Diocesis of Geneva), Tarantaise (Diocesis of Sion), Milan (Diocesis of Novara ?), Aquileja (Diocesis of Como).
		The counterreformation in Switzerland resulted in raising the tensions between the Catholic and the Calvinist camps; the Swiss Confederation, in her foreign policy, was practically paralyzed, in a number of foreign conflicts Swiss fought on both sides.
		History of the Reformation in Switzerland 1516-1525, 1525 to 1531, Rise and Establishment of Protestantism in Geneva, from History of the Reformation by J.A. Wylie (1878)
	www.zum.de /whkmla/period/reformation/swsref.html (1224 words)

	reform (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Reformation is the historical name for the religious movement of the sixteenth century, -- the greatest since the introduction of Christianity.
		The Reformation is similarly related to medieval Catholicism as the apostolic church to the Jewish synagogue, or the gospel dispensation to the dispensation of the law.
		The Reformed Church of Holland adopted as its doctrinal and disciplinary standards the Heidelberg Catechism of 1563, the Belgic Confession of 1561, and the canons of the synod of Dort of 1618-19.
	www.dabar.org /Religion/RED/R-Words/Redreform.htm (6544 words)

	Reformation in Switzerland - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Zwingli's Reformation of 1523 was supported by the magistrate and population of Zürich and led to significant changes in civil life and state matters in Zürich.
		The Reformation spread from Zürich to five other cantons of Switzerland, while the remaining five sternly held onto the Roman Catholic faith, leading to inter-cantonal wars (Kappeler Kriege) in 1529 and 1531, where Zwingli died on the battlefield.
		During the Thirty Years' War, Switzerland was a relative "oasis of peace and prosperity" (Grimmelshausen) in war-torn Europe, mostly because all major powers in Europe were depending on Swiss mercenaries, and would not let Switzerland fall in the hands of one of their rivals.
	www.open-encyclopedia.com /Reformation_in_Switzerland (247 words)

	The Swiss Reformation: Calvin, Zwingli
		As in Germany, the Reformation began in Switzerland as a religious renewal movement and ended in a deep political division between the progressive cities of northern and western Switzerland and the conservative rural areas of central Switzerland.
		The Reformers of Switzerland: Zwingli, Farel and Calvin
		Calvin reformed the structures of the church church by imitating the primitive church as described in the New Testament.
	history-switzerland.geschichte-schweiz.ch /reformation-switzerland-calvin.html (4176 words)

	THE REFORMATION IN SWITZERLAND AND SOUTHERN GERMANY
		A public disputation was held in 1528 between Catholics and Reformers, in which one of the participants was Martin Bucer, leader of the Reformed preachers at Strasbourg.
		A clear call for reform was issued by the renowned preacher Johann Geiler von Kaysersberg, for whom the position of preacher in the cathedral was created in 1478.
		Having married a nun, openly embraced the Reformation, and become excommunicated, he took refuge in 1523 in Strasbourg where, as the son of a citizen, he was entitled to the city's protection.
	www.ku.edu /carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/13.html (4463 words)

	Religions in Switzerland
		reformation several reformers taught their new interpretation of the christian faith: Huldrych Zwingli and his successor Heinrich [Henry] Bullinger in Zurich (1523) and northern Switzerland, Johannes Oekolampadius in Basel, Guillaume Farel in western Switzerland (1526) and finally John Calvin in Geneva (1536).
		The reformation split Switzerland into two blocks: while the big free cities of northern and western Switzerland (Zurich, Basel, Bern, Geneva, Schaffhausen, St. Gallen) converted to the new creed and forced their subject territories to do the same, the more rural areas of central Switzerland including their inofficial capital Lucerne remained catholic.
		In Switzerland, taking a leave from religions seems to be more accentuated with the main Reformed Churches, while it is at least partly compensated for in the statistics of religions by immigration from southern Europe with the Roman Catholic church.
	all-about-switzerland.info /swiss-religions.html (895 words)

	reform12
		The Catholic Reformation encapsulates at least 150 years of reforming, evolving and adapting to new social, political and religious conditions, not least of which was the Protestant Reformations and the opening up of the Americas and the Far East.
		The Reformation opened the way to greater individualism in religion (as the Renaissance had emphasised greater individualism in all aspects of life) which may well have led to the rise of capitalism and developments in science and, in the longer term, skepticism and the Enlightenment.
		One of the fundamental aspects of the Catholic Reformation was the rise - or the perpetuation - of the exaltation of moral discipline, religious conformity and social obedience [6.2, Bossy, 1970].
	www.ncl.ac.uk /lifelong-learning/distrib/reform12.htm (6270 words)

	Bullinger
		Prior to the Reformation this truth was unknown; it has its roots and origin in the Reformation in Switzerland, particularly in the work of Zwingli and Bullinger.
		Bullinger's father, though a priest, was married - apparently because of the loose enforcement of vows of celibacy in Switzerland.
		The death of Zwingli seemed to be a deathblow to the Reformation in Switzerland, but God provided for the churches there a man who could keep a steady hand on the tiller.
	www.rsglh.org /bulling.htm (1540 words)

	Reformation Men and Theology, lesson 6 of 11
		The Reformation in Switzerland, while it was based essentially on the same doctrinal teachings as Lutheranism, took up deep roots and had a far reaching effect upon all Europe and England.
		By 1525, the Reformation was victorious in Zurich.
		In the cantons where the Reformation had spread, the government of the church and the care of the poor were placed in the hands of the city council.
	www.thirdmill.org /files/english/html/ch/CH.Arnold.RMT.6.HTML (1466 words)

	Christian History Handbook: Early Modern: Lecture Fifteen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Zwingli was born in 1484 at Wildhaus in the district of Troggenburg/St. Gall.
		The speech clearly and boldly pled for a reformation of the Church on the basis of the New Testament.
		Oswald Myconius, a humanist, succeeded OEcolampadius, as the spokesman for the reform at Basel.
	www.sbuniv.edu /~hgallatin/ht34633e15.html (7303 words)

	Martin Luther and the German Reformation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Political reform, however, was not the thrust of the Reformation.
		Followers of the Reformation did not risk their lives for political or economic reasons; their inspiration was religious.
		One of the first results of the Protestant Reformation in Germany was the emphasis on personal Bible study; This movement began among scholars during the NorthernRenaissance in Germany when Philip Melanchthon and Johann Reuchiln emphasized theneed to study the Bible in the original Greek and Hebrew languages.
	lyra-fidelium.faithweb.com /germanreformation.html (1535 words)

	History 2 - Barnabite Origins: Protestant Reformation [1.1]
		In 1519 Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) introduced the Reformation in Switzerland with his lectures on the New Testament.
		The rapid spread of the Reformation in Europe clearly demonstrates that Luther’s gesture was no quirk of one solitary eccentric.
		Rather, it was the symptom of a widespread malaise which caused many people to feel the need of Church reform in capite et in membris (in the hierarchy and in the faithful at large).
	www.catholic-church.org /barnabites/b42hst21.html (277 words)

	Zwingli, Huldreich -> Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Although Bern adopted Zwingli's reforms in 1528, and Basel and St. Gall soon after, he faced agitation by the Anabaptists, who wanted even more radical reform, and the armed resistance of the Forest Cantons that had remained loyal to Rome.
		Zwingli's work in Zürich was carried on by his colleague and son-in-law, Heinrich Bullinger, but the Reformation in Switzerland passed into the hands of John Calvin.
		The Consensus Tigurinus (1549) marks the departure of the Swiss Reformation from Zwinglian to Calvinist doctrine.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/zwingli_zwingliandtheswissreformation.asp (546 words)

	[No title]
		His untimely death in 1531 had left the process of Swiss reformation unfinished; now, these cities turned to Calvin and his teachings.
		However, in the Swiss Confederation the authority of the individual cantons is strong; a number of them, Luzern and some of the rural cantons, remained loyal to Catholicism.
		Switzerland, just as other regions of Europe, was split in rival camps.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/period/reformation/geneva.html (243 words)

	History of the Christian Church, Schaff, 1910 edition with power search.
		It is, therefore, incomplete, but, as far as it goes, the most extensive, eloquent, and dramatic history of the Reformation by an enthusiastic partisan of the Reformers, especially Calvin, in full sympathy with their position and faith, except on the union of Church and State and the persecution of heretics.
		The principality of Neuchâtel and Valangin concluded a co-burghery with Freiburg, 1290, with Bern, 1307, and with Solothurn, 1324.
		He is called the Elijah of the French Reformation, and "the scourge of the priests." Once an ardent papist, he became as ardent a Protestant, and looked hereafter only at the dark side, the prevailing corruptions and abuses of Romanism.
	www.bible.ca /history/philip-schaff/8_ch07.htm (9508 words)

	The Reformation
		The Reformation in Europe during the 16th century was one of the most important epochs in the history of the world.
		The Reformers fought for the principles that Scripture alone is our final authority, Christ alone is the Head of the Church and Justification is by God’s grace, on the basis of the finished work of Christ, received by faith alone.
		The Reformed Faith was firmly established and strengthened in Germany, Switzerland, England, Scotland, Holland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and later in the North American Colonies and South Africa.
	www.frontline.org.za /articles/thereformation_lectures.htm (3006 words)

	History of Christianity in the Reformation Era (Detailed Description)
		We are the cultural descendants of the Reformation era, says Professor Brad S. Gregory in these 36 lectures on one of the most tumultuous and consequential periods in all of European history.
		The goal is to understand historically the theological and devotional aspects of each of these three broad traditions on its own terms and to grasp the overall ramifications of religious conflict for the subsequent course of modern Western history.
		Huldrych Zwingli (1484-1531): The reformer whose influence was responsible for the abolition of Catholicism and the adoption of Protestantism in the Swiss city of Zurich.
	www.teach12.com /ttc/assets/coursedescriptions/690.asp (1203 words)

	_ reformation religious conflict Switzerland guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Reformation, which began in Germany in the early sixteenth century and spread across Europe, was sparked in Switzerland by Huldrych Zwingli, a lay priest in Zürich.
		Nonetheless, the Reformation continued to spread: with the help of Bernese forces, Geneva won its independence from Savoy in 1530, and shortly afterwards – along with Neuchâtel, Lausanne and the Vaud countryside – accepted the Reformation.
		In 1536, the French priest Jean Calvin settled in Geneva, establishing a rigid Protestant theocracy that spread the city’s reputation for religious zeal and tolerance Europe-wide.
	switzerland.isyours.com /e/guide/contexts/reformation.html (493 words)

	Huldrych Zwingli (1484-1531) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The most important reformer in the Swiss Protestant Reformation and the only major reformer of the 16th century whose movement did not evolve into a church.
		His main contentions were adopted by most priests in the district and, in consequence, the celibacy of clergy came to be flouted, liturgical reform was begun, and a plan for the reform of the Grossmünster was drafted.
		Zwingli himself, assisted by his fellow Swiss Reformer Heinrich Bullinger, took part in a disputation at Bern (1528) that formally introduced the principles of the Reformation to that city.
	www.hfac.uh.edu /gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/BritannicaPages/Zwingli/Zwingli.html (1856 words)

	Reformation
		The Reformation of the 16th century was a movement within Western Christendom to purge the church of medieval abuses and to restore the doctrines and practices that the reformers believed conformed with the Bible and the New Testament model of the church.
		The reformer's three famous treatises of 1520, An Open Letter to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation Concerning the Reform of the Christian Estate, The Babylonian Captivity of the Church, and On the Freedom of a Christian, also won him powerful popular support.
		Finally, the Reformation introduced much radical change in thought and in ecclesiastical and political organization and thus began many of the trends that are taken to characterize the modern world.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txn/reformat.htm (1609 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ulrich Zwingli
		Founder of the Reformation in Switzerland, born at Wildhaus in Switzerland, 1 January, 1484; died 11 October, 1531.
		Erasmus was keenly aware of the laxity of ecclesiastical life (the abuses in external worship, the degeneracy of a large proportion of the clergy), and rightly agitated a reform within the Church, impressing its necessity on the ecclesiastical authorities.
		He ensured the predominance of his reforms through the "Christian Civic rights", agreed upon between Zurich and the towns of Constance (1527), Berne and St. Gall (1528), Biel, Mulhausen, and Schaffhausen (1529).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15772a.htm (3234 words)

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