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Topic: Reformatories

	Scotland in the nineteenth century: Section 16.4: Reformatories and industrial schools [ebook chapter] / J A ...
		The Inspectors visited the industrial schools and reformatories and checked upon the suitability, comfort and cleanliness of the buildings, the health of the children and the education and industrial training given.
		A riot at Duke Street Reformatory, Glasgow, was only quelled when a large force of police was summoned and serious cases of arson were reported at the Old Mill, near Aberdeen and at Stranraer.
		The result of Scots dislike of this legislation was that the number of children in reformatory schools had declined as magistrates were reluctant to commit children to prison especially girls.
	gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk /haynin/haynin1604.htm (692 words)

	Reader's Companion to U.S. Women's History - - Prisons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Reformatories promoted the twin theories of innate sexual differences and the need for appropriately separate spheres for women prisoners.
		The reformatory movement was ultimately a widespread success and led to the establishment of separate women's institutions in twenty-three states by 1940.
		However, the reformatories were a challenge to male control in two ways: they had removed women from the mixed institutions and they were run by women.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/women/html/wm_029900_prisons.htm (834 words)

	[No title]
		Indeed, by 1939 a third of the daily population of the reformatory was serving sentences for murder or manslaughter.
		While the reformatory was originally intended to teach all women a variety of homemaking skills (such as the cooking class you see here which was briefly instituted under Doris Whitney in 1950), in practice those women who were already skilled cooks became the cottage cooks.
		Although there was a nursery at the reformatory from 1930 to 1970, and pregnant inmates were allowed to keep their babies at the institution for the first year, the inmate mothers were only allowed to see their child one hour a week.
	www.oah.org /meetings/1997/dodge.htm (6421 words)

	Hutchinson Correctional Facility--History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The reformatory was structured to handle inmates between the ages of 16 and 30 years of age.
		A section of grassland north of Hutchinson was purchases by the Reformatory in February of 1903 for grazing cattle.
		In November of 1901 an inmate William Reedy was admitted to the Reformatory from Leavenworth County.
	docnet.dc.state.ks.us /hcf/standard/history/hist.htm (2715 words)

	Felicia Skene, Josephine Butler and William Acton and their views on similar reformatories
		The excellent Felicia Skene in her 1865 booklet 'Penitentiaries and Reformatories' is obviously incensed by the misguided attempts of charitable bodies to reform 'social evil' (Felicia Skene, p.3).
		She would also have approved of Captain Machonochie's mark scheme, commenting that the majority of reformatories, 'whose laws, of the most narrow and rigid description, are framed in an iron mould.
		The reformatories Miss Skene describes primarily to punish the non-conformist behaviour of the penitents.
	www.victorianweb.org /authors/dickens/rogers/9.html (1095 words)

	Scotland in the nineteenth century: Section 2.11: Reformatories and industrial schools [ebook chapter] / J A ...
		They examined the history of reformatories and industrial schools, their management, finance, parental contributions, staff, superannuation, inspection, regulations, terms of detention, licensing system, corporal punishment and the education they offered.
		The number of reformatories and industrial schools was much greater in proportion to the population in Scotland and many of the children came from the pauper class.
		Evidence was submitted concerning Penicuik Reformatory, Parkhead Reformatory in Glasgow for Catholics, East Chapelton Reformatory for Girls in Glasgow, Baldovan Industrial School near Dundee, St. Joseph's Industrial School, Tranent, Oakbank Industrial School, Aberdeen, Fechney Industrial School for boys and Maryhill for girls in Glasgow, United Industrial School, Edinburgh and the day industrial schools in Glasgow.
	gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk /haynin/haynin0211.htm (1678 words)

	Women and Imprisonment in the u.s.
		On the other hand, there were reformatories which, as the name implies, were intended to be more benevolent institutions that "uplifted" or "improved" the character of the women held there.
		Jennie B., for instance, was sent to Albion reformatory for five years for having "had unlawful sexual intercourse with young men and remain[ing] at hotels with young men all night, particularly on July 4, 1893."41 Lilian R. quit school and ran off for one week with a soldier, contracting a venereal disease.
		Reformatories were an early attempt at "treatment," that is, the uplifting and improvement of the women, as opposed to mere punishment or retribution.
	prisonactivist.org /women/women-and-imprisonment.html (9685 words)

	\| Book Review \| Law and History Review, 17.3 \| The History Cooperative
		The result, Penitentiaries, Reformatories, and Chain Gangs suggests, is that the history of punishment has developed as an empirically rich but conceptually untidy field of study.
		His analysis focuses on the emergence of the penitentiary in the antebellum northeast, the mid-century construction and expansion of female reformatories, and the late nineteenth-century Southern deployment of the chain gang.
		Penitentiaries, Reformatories, and Chain Gangs emerged out of a pedagogical dilemma—the difficulty Colvin confronted in presenting the diverse array of historical and sociological studies on the history of punishment to his students in a coherent and manageable way (p.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/lhr/17.3/br_8.html (988 words)

	North Korea Press Services 2001 8 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Detained in reformatories are offenders guilty of violence, thievery or defamation, among other crimes, who have been given prison terms of no more than two years.
		Some minor offenders are incarcerated in reformatories without undergoing due judicial process, but under summary decisions made by the Ministry of People's Security.
		Reformatories are classified into two: one accommodating those serving one year and the other those serving up to two years.
	www.hrwf.net /html/north_korea_press_services_2008.html (3735 words)

	Sarah Ellinger
		The inclusion of a direct “see also” link to the probation system, prisons and reformatories suggests another aspect to the definition of juvenile delinquency – a delinquent is one who is either on probation, in prison or in a reformatory, that is, one who is being punished for some action.
		“Reformatories” is situated as a narrower term of “Prisons” and “Public institutions”.
		The legal context (reformatories, courts) is preserved, as well as a few headings relating to prevention.
	www.sims.berkeley.edu /~sarahe/critique.htm (3115 words)

	Tuesday, September 24, 1996 -- GOVERNMENT ORDERS (073) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The House resumed consideration of the motion that Bill C-53, an act to amend the Prisons and Reformatories Act, be read the second time and referred to a committee.
		In the amendment to the Prisons and Reformatories Act the principle that the protection of society is to be paramount is absent.
		Under the provisions of Prisons and Reformatories Act an offender may be sentenced to incarceration but in fact there are a number of provisions whereby this incarceration can be changed to something quite different and the public is not always aware that this is the fact.
	www.parl.gc.ca /35/2/parlbus/chambus/house/debates/073_96-09-24/073GO3E.html (2279 words)

	Gender Politics in the US Criminal Justice System
		In the late 19th and early 20th century reformatories were created hoping to "uplift" and "improve" the characters of the women incarcerated.
		Reformatory training was centered on fostering ladylike behavior and turning women into perfect wives and mother, while at the same time repressing their sexuality.
		Although they are gone, reformatories, and early governmental and societal actions can give us great insight and help prepare us to understand the developments in, as well as the recent state of, women in the criminal justice system.
	serendip.brynmawr.edu /sci_cult/courses/knowbody/f04/web2/bbeery.html (1585 words)

	Penitentiaries, Reformatories and Chain Gangs: Social Theory and the History of Punishment in Nineteenth Century ...
		Mark Colvin examines three case studies from the 19th century that represent shifts in the interpretation of punishment: the rise of penitentiaries in the Northeast; the changes in treatment of women offenders in the North; and the transformation of punishment in the South after the Civil War.
		In addition, he examines topics such as how punishment differs from reform, the treatment of women in reformatories, and the notion that convict leasing and chain gangs of fl prisoners in the South are a perpetuation of plantation slave labor.
		The penitentiary, reformatory and chain gang were all developed during the 19th century, which belies the importance of that century to American history and the history of punishment in particular as it forms the bridge between earlier forms of punishment in Colonial America and the development of the modern penal system.
	www.gettextbooks.com /isbn_031217327X.html (330 words)

	Prison -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In (A state in New England; one of the original 13 colonies) Massachusetts, some jails are known as houses of correction.
		In (A state in northwestern United States on the Pacific) Washington some adult prisons are called reformatories, while in other states this is reserved as a term for a prison of the juvenile justice system.
		In the domain of criminal justice, prisons are used to incarcerate convicted (Someone who has committed (or been legally convicted of) a crime) criminals, but also to house those charged with or likely to be charged with offences.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pr/prison.htm (992 words)

	institutional clothes for boys: reformatories--Australia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Australian boys held in reformatories during the post World War II (1939-45) period were often subjected to severe abuse.
		The main punishments were solitary confinement, the cane, being made to walk a path between posts for long periods of time, and standing at attention while facing a wall, or kneeling.
		Boys could be admitted to State reformatories for "Status" offences such as "being in need of care", Uncontrollable", etc. In many instances, unwanted boys could be brought before the courts as "uncontrollable" by their parents.
	histclo.hispeed.com /insti/reform/irn-oz.html (642 words)

	Study Shows Missouri Should Coordinate Youth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In contrast, Missouri's reformatories are allowed to operate without meeting state regulations for basic health or safety standards.
		The exact number of unregulated reformatories is unknown as Missouri law also does not require them to register.
		A series of articles on these reformatories in the St. Louis Post Dispatch revealed that operators facing criminal charges in other states have come to Missouri because of its lack of child protective regulations.
	www.mokids.org /pressreleases/4-10-11.htm (500 words)

	The situation with drugs in the correctional institutions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In the course of research the most important matters, concerning the quantitative and qualitative data of convicted addicts, conditions of imprisonment of convicted addicts, possibility of their treatment, the efficiency of the treatment are estimated in the article.
		I’ve mentioned that the situation with drugs in the reformatories is stable and is under the control of the administration of the reformatories.
		Tertiary prevention of narcotism in reformatories is developed slower than the development of narcotism in reformatories as well as in Russia.
	www.psychiatry.org.ua /eng/eng039.htm (299 words)

	Report of the Departmental Committee appointed to inquire into the operation of the law relating to inebriates and to ...
		Fixed maximum sentences should be discontinued and replaced by graduated measures, varying from discharge on probation to committal to a reformatory for periods not exceeding six months followed by a probation period, and to committal for longer periods up to three years.
		The Act envisaged that criminal inebriates would be sent to State reformatories and 'police court recidivists' to certified reformatories.
		The State should purchase all existing reformatories at a cost not exceeding £150 per bed; and provide for the accommodation and maintenance of all inebriates committed by the Courts.
	www.bopcris.ac.uk /bopall/ref7604.html (573 words)

	Tuesday, September 17, 1996 -- GOVERNMENT ORDERS (068) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Their purpose is to remedy deficiencies in the legislation and to give the provinces and territories increased flexibility in administering their temporary absence programs.
		Indeed, this bill on prisons and reformatories allows the provinces to develop their own policy regarding temporary absence for reasons other than medical or humanitarian reasons, or to facilitate the prisoner's rehabilitation.
		Under this legislation, the inmates released on parole are housed in reformatories.
	www.parl.gc.ca /35/2/parlbus/chambus/house/debates/068_96-09-17/068GO2E.html (14970 words)

	Young Immigrants to Canada (including home children) - Reformatories and Industrial Schools
		In 1836, on the Isle of Wight, the first reformatory was established in England.
		Both institutions gave basic education to the inmates and taught them a trade such as shoemaking, tailoring, wood chopping, carpentry and farming, for the boys and, cookery, laundry and house chores for the girls.
		The estimate of the number of children brought to Canada was calculated from data in the Sessional Papers and the records found in the NAC as well as from the British Government's Report of the Secretary of State for the Home Department of the Departmental Committee on Reformatory and Industrial Schools, 1896.
	www.dcs.uwaterloo.ca /~marj/genealogy/children/Organizations/reformatory.html (558 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		DISTRICT REFORMATORIES for the treatment of those who are now confined in jails for misdemeanors; reformatories in which persons living vicious lives, when arrested and convicted, may be cured, and thus saved from a life of crime.
		The whole vile system of common jails for the imprisonment of convicted persons must be uprooted and blotted from existence, and the structures for detaining alleged offenders be made suitable in all respects for the custody of witnesses, with large, well-lighted, cheerful apartments, strong and secure against escapes, entirely isolating their occupants from each other.
		Prisoners released from state prisons unreformed, as too many of them are, usually plunge at once into dissipation and become "disorderly persons," whose prompt arrest and treatment would save them and society from the effect of fresh felonies.
	www.crimetheory.com /Archive/Zeb1/Zeb13.htm (279 words)

	Stump Brothers MiSSION
		We are serving 9 prisons and 3 reformatories centering around Daejeon where is the middle of Korea.
		We hold it for 3 days twice a year and train them to be convinced their salvation and to adapt themselves as a member of society.
		We are serving 9 prisons and 2 reformatories centering around Taejeon where is the middle of Korea.
	www.arm.org /Report_Korea.htm (974 words)

	institutional clothes for boys : reformatories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Boys held in reformatories during the post war period were often subjected to severe abuse.
		Amendments were made to Section 147 of the Prisons and Reformatories Act to allow BC courts to sentence directly to New Haven any male between the ages of 16 and 23 who was also "punishable by imprisonment in the common goal for the term of 3 months, or for any longer term".
		Boys in a state reformatory before World War II were dressed in brown corduroy suits (jackets and long trousers).
	histclo.hispeed.com /insti/reform/insti-reform.html (1461 words)

	[No title]
		HB 1574 Prisons and reformatories; increasing reimbursement to counties from Department of Corrections; effective date; emergency.
		HB 1596 Prisons and reformatories; clarifying language relating to notification of parole proceedings; emergency.
		HB 2136 Prisons and reformatories; relating to the duties and powers of the Director of the Department of Corrections.
	www.lsb.state.ok.us /house/masshist.htm (17153 words)

	History of Albion CF
		Forever changing, Albion was a pioneer in the women's reformatory movement and then became the world's first institution for female "defective delinquents." In the 1960's, it was a rehabilitation center for drug addicts; in the 1970's, a community preparation center for men.
		Some were returned to the reformatory for stealing from their employers; many for getting pregnant.
		The reformatory and training school populations were transferred to Bedford Hills and the DACC women were sent to the Ray Brook Rehabilitation Center.
	www.correctionhistory.org /html/chronicl/docs2day/albion.html (2116 words)

	OCR Document
		Charles Loring Brace, secretary of the Society, reflected its anti-institutional bias when he warned, "We have crowded asylums and reformatories with young paupers and vagrants and petty criminals not yet inured in crime." [1d] Brace disparaged the "institutional child" as one who "is lighted, warmed and watered by machinery.
		Under all reformatory schemes, delinquent children of Catholics or free Negroes suffered added discrimination because of their religious faith or race.
		Refuge and reformatory children were classified according to their behavior.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /~child/Bremner/Volume_I/61_P6_A_The_Refuge_Movement.htm (10845 words)

	Maryland Department of Juvenile Services - Origin
		After the Civil War, reformatories for youth were established as private institutions segregated by race and gender.
		But for juvenile offenders, the existence of reformatories did not preclude the possibility of a jail or prison sentence.
		Instigated by the League of Women Voters, the Children's Code Commission found that many children were trapped in the juvenile system and cited the case of a 2 and 1/2 year old child, committed to reform school as an incorrigible minor.
	www.mdarchives.state.md.us /msa/mdmanual/19djj/html/djjf.html (3270 words)

	News 22nd June 2004 \| OneinFour.org
		Yesterday's hearing dealt with the historical background to residential institutions in Ireland, with Dr Eoin O'Sullivan of the Social Studies Department at Trinity College Dublin tracing their evolution from 1750.
		These were regulated under the Reformatories Act of 1858 and the Industrial Schools Act of 1868.
		By the foundation of the State in 1922 there were just three reformatories in the Free State area, all for Catholics - two for boys (at Daingean and Glencree, both run by the Oblate congregation) and one school for girls deemed to have "immoral knowledge", run by the Sisters of the Good Shepherd in Limerick.
	oneinfour.org /news/news2004/ahern (683 words)

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