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Topic: Reformed Egyptian

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	Reformed Egyptian - Definition, explanation
		Because there is no archeaological, linguistic, or other evidence of the use of Egyptian writing in ancient America, some have suggested that the claims of the Book of Mormon regarding reformed Egyptian are implausible (or false).
		Most study of reformed Egyptian in Mormonism is via the proxy of the purported English translation, the Book of Mormon.
		Sent to Historian's Office, March 22, 1860, by his son, Joseph Fielding Smith." The fact that the characters on the placard of 1844 are without question poor copies of the characters of the Anthon Transcript is additional evidence of the genuineness of this transcript.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/r/re/reformed_egyptian.php (1408 words)

	egyptian jewish identities
		The government did little to protect Egyptian Jews and their property from bombings and other attacks generally attributed to the Muslim Brothers during the summer of 1948, not necessarily because it was in sympathy with them, but because it sought to avoid a confrontation with its internal opponents on a complex issue.
		Egyptian Jews, like others trapped by the false promises of liberalism, blended elements of communitarianism and nationalism in practices and world views shaped by the European presence in the Middle East yet incompatible with the logic of the nation state.
		Zionist nationalism and communist internationalism, which was programmatically the left wing of the Egyptian nationalist movement, both looked beyond the narrow confines of the Egyptian Jewish community and sought to resolve the contradictions of being Jewish in Egypt by alternative manipulations of the same categories of modernist political discourse.
	www.stanford.edu /group/SHR/5-1/text/beinin.html (11450 words)

	Searching for Reformed Egyptian
		The search for reformed Egyptian must begin in the Book of Mormon as that is where the term is used.
		It is also reasonable, and internally documented, that this original conflation of language and writing system (assuming that we interpret the verse to indicate this particular idea) changed overtime and became something quite different from the way it began.
		Since Mormon never tells us whether the "reform" was slight or massive, we are left with the possibility, at least, that there would be precious little of the Egyptian remaining a thousand years later.
	frontpage2000.nmia.com /~nahualli/LDStopics/bomlang.htm (1673 words)

	Reformed Egyptian, or was it Hebrew, in the Book of Mormon
		This makes the position that a language that descended from Egyptian would somehow be more "compact" than Hebrew extremely unlikely.
		On the other hand, had Smith said that the writing was in Hebrew, he could have been challenged to produce a facsimile of what he saw (as he did with "reformed Egyptian").
		Egyptian is more concise than Hebrew, and when inscribing plates made of precious metal conciseness is important.
	www.lds-mormon.com /hebrew.shtml (328 words)

	Mormanity: Hebrew Written in Egyptian Characters?
		That's not proof for "reformed Egyptian" on the golden plates, but it does make the idea of Egyptian scripts for Semitic words less laughable than it was in 1830.
		The earliest known example of mixing a Semitic language with modified Egyptian hieroglyphic characters is the Byblos Syllabic inscriptions (eighteenth century B.C.), from the city of Byblos on the Phoenician coast.
		The latter purports to be a conversation between the (Egyptian or Rashan) king and the young spokesman of a newly arrived troop.
	mormanity.blogspot.com /2007/05/hebrew-written-in-egyptian-characterts.html (2639 words)

	Reformed Egyptian Anthon Transcript (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Reformed Egyptian could not be shorter than Hebrew: There are various ways it can be as short or shorter than Hebrew
		Egyptian is the most stable language over extremely long periods of time.
		There are a number of points to consider in attempting to translate reformed Egyptian into a proof that two kinds of people will believe.
	www.reformed-egyptian.com (1406 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Reformed Egyptian
		The Book of Mormon (a sacred text of Mormonism) states that it was written with "reformed Egyptian" (Mormon 9:32) characters on "plates of ore" (1 Nephi 19:1) by Messianic Israelite prophets between 600 B.C. and A.D. Joseph Smith, Jr.
		In either case, even within Mormonism, studies of Book of Mormon reformed Egyptian are necessarily limited to to linguistic footprints in the translated text itself and a seven line sample that may be the characters Joseph Smith and associates said was copied from the gold plates.
		While the term "reformed Egyptian" apparently does not refer to any other language, some Mormons have hypothesized that "reformed Egyptian" was Hebrew written in an adaptation of Egyptian hieroglyphics similar to demotic or hieratic script.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Reformed_Egyptian (1621 words)

	Meridian Magazine: Joseph Smith, Charles Anthon and the Egyptian Translations
		Egyptian would have stuck in his mind, but the other languages could have been inaccurate.
		The top third was in Egyptian Hieroglyphics (priestly writing of religious and official documents); the middle was in Demotic Egyptian (common everyday Egyptian of the time); and the bottom was in Greek.
		Thus, his statement that he recognized Egyptian characters, was probably correct, but it is impossible for him to read the "reformed Egyptian." "Unlearned" Joseph Smith, with the help of the Lord, was undoubtedly the best translator of Egyptian in the world.
	www.meridianmagazine.com /ancients/060228egyptians.html (2103 words)

	Definition of Reformed Egyptian
		In either case, even within Mormonism, studies of Book of Mormon reformed Egyptian are necessarily limited to to linguistic footprints in the translated text itself and a seven line sample that may be the characters Joseph Smith and associates said was copied from the gold plates.
		While the term "reformed Egyptian" apparently does not refer to any other language, some Mormons have hypothesized that "reformed Egyptian" was Hebrew written in an adaptation of Egyptian hieroglyphics similar to demotic or hieratic script.
		and his associates, Smith translated reformed Egyptian characters engraved on Golden Plates into English through various means including the use of an ancient device called the Urim and Thummim which, like the plates, were said to have been eventually returned to the angel named Moroni who originally gave them to Smith.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Reformed_Egyptian (1509 words)

	Bambooweb: Reformed Egyptian
		In Mormonism, 'reformed Egyptian' is believed to be a unique writing system used by some pre-Columbian Americans to write on gold plates in what became the Book of Mormon (a sacred text of Mormonism).
		Egyptian was the lingua franca of the Middle East circa 600 B.C., from where the Book of Mormon claims its authors descended, and demotic was the dominant script.
		Thus, Mormons generally believe demotic (or hieratic) Egyptian characters were altered and pressed into service as a compact means of scribing the Book of Mormon on golden plates.
	www.bambooweb.com /articles/r/e/Reformed_Egyptian.html (858 words)

	Calendars - Numericana
		Egyptian astronomers knew that a period of 365 days was about ¼ day short of an actual tropical year, but an intercalary day was never added, and the calendar was allowed to drift through the seasons.
		However, the reform was opposed by priests, and the idea was discarded until 25 BC or so, when Roman emperor Augustus formally reformed the calendar of Egypt to keep it forever synchronized with the newly introduced Julian calendar.
		The Gregorian calendrical reform was engineered by astronomer Christopher Clavius to make the seasons correspond permanently to what they were under the Julian calendar in AD 325, at the time of the First Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church, the First Council of Nicea, when rules were adopted for the date of Easter.
	home.att.net /~numericana/answer/calendar.htm (8129 words)

	pleasantly reminiscent: Reformed Egyptian?
		McGuire, his argument is not the existence of reformed Egyptian as a language, he is specifically refuting an argument that Lehi, a Jew, would be writing/speaking Egyptian.
		In regard to the topic of reformed Egyptian in general, I find it extremely odd that there has only been one document found to be written in reformed Egyptian.
		As for Reformed Egyptian, I was only trying to establish that it's not entirely unreasonable to consider the hypothesis that an ancient Isreali could be fluent in both Egyptian and Hebrew and could quite possibly choose to engrave records in Hebrew using Egyptian characters, for the sake of efficiency.
	www3.telus.net /beres24/pr/2005/08/reformed-egyptian.html (5260 words)

	Egyptian Armor
		The Army expanded and was reformed to have a GHQ Staff; the Cairo District Command; 11 infantry battalions organized into three brigades; two cavalry squadrons; four mule batteries; one garrison artillery company; one motor MG battery; an engineer company; various departments, ancillary services and training schools.
		The frontier was in Egyptian hands, in accordance with the treaty and the British strategy not to provoke the Italians.
		The Italian invasion of Egypt began on 13 September 1940 and Egyptian troops along the frontier were soon withdrawn as a result of Italian political moves intended to placate the Egyptian government and British doubts as to their reliability.
	mailer.fsu.edu /~akirk/tanks/egypt/Egypt.html (719 words)

	Reformed Egyptian (Site not responding. Last check: )
		reformed egyptian egyptian pyramids egyptian pyramid egyptian pound egyptian history egyptian gods egyptian statues egyptian empire egyptian cotton egyptian cinema building egyptian egyptian symbols
		Reformed Egyptian is the name coined by The Book of Mormon for the language in which it claims to have been originally written.
		Most mainstream study of Reformed Egyptian is via the proxy of the English translation.
	www.purpleuniverse.com /true_associate-Reformed_Egyptian.html (499 words)

	Gospel Link
		It is unknown whether Nephi, Mormon, or Moroni wrote Hebrew in modified Egyptian characters or inscribed their plates in both the Egyptian language and Egyptian characters or whether Nephi wrote in one language and Mormon and Moroni, who lived some nine hundred years later, in another.
		Thus, if Egyptian characters were altered as the living language changed, then the Nephites were probably using such characters to write their spoken language, which was largely Hebrew.
		Therefore, the fact that the Nephites had "altered" the Egyptian characters according to their "manner of speech" underscores the probability that they were writing Hebrew with Egyptian characters.
	ldsfaq.byu.edu /emmain.asp?number=35 (1528 words)

	The Egyptian Calendar (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Quite early Egyptian astronomers discovered the fact, that the flood of the Nile and the first visibility of the star Sirius on the morning sky, called heliacal rising, fell close together.
		To distinguish this reformed Egyptian calendar from the original one, the former is sometimes called Alexandrinian calendar.
		Interestingly the Egyptian months seem to have been disconnected from the moon's phases in a quite early stage of the development of the calendar.
	www.ortelius.de /kalender/egypt_en.html (840 words)

	inwest (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Hieratic, a second script, is a modified form of Egyptian hieroglyphics used to write formal documents on papyrus with brush and ink, and demotic is a cursive script.
		The earliest known example of mixing a Semitic Ianguage with modified Egyptian hieroglyphic characters is the Byblos Syllabic inscriptions (eighteenth century B.C.), from the city of Byblos on the Phoenician coast.
		Ultimately, this reformed Egyptian script became the basis for the Phoenician alphabet, from which nearly all subsequent alphabets derive.
	www.prospector-utah.com /inwest.htm (653 words)

	The Use of Magical Papyri to Authenticate the Book of Abraham (Part 1)
		The currency of these terms in Egyptian literature is unknown before the Late Period and therefore they are not evidence of a long tradition that dates to the second millenium BCE that would in any way authenticate the Book of Abraham.
		But then, because Smith was unacquainted with ancient Egyptian lion-couch scenes, it is only natural that he would not recognize the headdress remnants for what they are, and he instructed Reuben Hedlock to restore hypothetically a man's head, consonant with his interpretation of Anubis as the 'Idolatrous Priest of Elkenah'.
		Because the Egyptian magicians appealed to any and all deities and powers that might make spells effective, and because 'Jewish magic was famous in antiquity (Betz 1992, xlv), it was only natural that the Jewish God, angels, and heroes would appear in the spells.
	www.irr.org /mit/ashment1.html (7446 words)

	Reformed actresses - Iman Way
		It is worth mentioning that Shams was the first Egyptian actress to abandon her acting career, put on the veil and convince others to follow her example.
		The Egyptian secular magazine, Rose Al-Yusuf, published an article a month ago in which it referred to the Madinah Festival’s invitation to the reformed actresses.
		Some Saudi businessmen invest in Egyptian films and are saluted by journalists even if the films include improper and immodest stories and scenes.
	www.imanway.com /en/showthread.php?t=344 (920 words)

	Reformed Egyptian - Maxwell Institute Papers
		Critics who raise the objection seem to be operating under the false impression that reformed Egyptian is used in the Book of Mormon as a proper name.
		The fact that modern linguists and philologists don't know of a script known as reformed Egyptian is irrelevant, since Mormon tells us that the script was called reformed Egyptian "by us," that is, by the Nephites; they may have been the only people to use that descriptive phrase.
		Nevertheless, we would not insist that the Mesopotamians and Egyptians never existed because they did not call their writing systems by the same names used by modern historians, philologists, and archaeologists.
	farms.byu.edu /display.php?id=36&table=transcripts (1346 words)

	Reformed Egyptian in The Book of Mormon
		Moroni said, "We have written this record according to our knowledge, in the characters that are called among us the reformed Egyptian, being handed down and altered by us, according to our manner of speech" (Mormon 9:32).
		says that "there are numerous examples of modified (or reformed) Egyptian characters being used to write non-Egyptian languages." He discusses five examples.
		Remember, Joseph's wife was Egyptian, his language and culture were Egyptian, and his sons, Ephraim and Manasseh, were Egyptian.
	www.cometozarahemla.org /egyptian/reformedegyptian.html (2788 words)

	Meridian Magazine :: Articles : 1Nephi 1:2 The Learning of the Jews and the Language of the Egyptians
		Since most people associate Egyptian writing with hieroglyphics, the question arises, does the wording "language of the Egyptians" imply that the small plates were written in "Egyptian" hieroglyphic characters?
		Nobody body knew anything about reformed Egyptian then…but "Reformed Egyptian" is as good of term as any to describe that peculiar and remarkably abbreviation from the 8th to the 4th centuries, which enjoyed the heyday of its international popularity in Lehi’s own time.
		Thus, we could call the style of written characters probably not exactly like the ‘reformed Egyptian of Mormon and Moroni’s time because according to Moroni, as it was handed down, “it was altered by us according to our manner of speech.” (Mormon 9:32)
	www.ldsmag.com /articles/040722jew.html (420 words)

	Book of Mormon anachronisms:Reformed Egyptian - FairWiki.org
		Moroni makes it clear that "reformed Egyptian" is the name which the Nephites have given to a script based upon Egyptian characters, and modified over the course of a thousand years (See Mormon 9:32).
		There are, however, several variant Egyptian scrips which are "reformed" or altered from their earlier form.
		Hugh Nibley and others have pointed out that the change from Egyptian hieroglyphics, to hieratic, to demotic is a good description of Egyptian being "reformed." By 600 BC, hieratic was used primarily for religious texts, while demotic was used for daily use.
	en.fairmormon.org /index.php/Book_of_Mormon_anachronisms:Reformed_Egyptian (1319 words)

	Book of Mormon anachronisms:Reformed Egyptian - FairWiki.org
		Moroni makes it clear that "reformed Egyptian" is the name which the Nephites have given to a script based upon Egyptian characters, and modified over the course of a thousand years (See Mormon 9:32).
		There are, however, several variant Egyptian scrips which are "reformed" or altered from their earlier form.
		Hugh Nibley and others have pointed out that the change from Egyptian hieroglyphics, to hieratic, to demotic is a good description of Egyptian being "reformed." By 600 BC, hieratic was used primarily for religious texts, while demotic was used for daily use.
	fairwiki.org /index.php/Book_of_Mormon_anachronisms:Reformed_Egyptian (1148 words)

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