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Topic: Reforms of Amanullah Khan and civil war

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	Encyclopedia: Reforms of Amanullah Khan and civil war (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Mahmoud Beg Tarzi, Amanullah's father-in-law, encouraged the monarch's interest in social and political reform but urged that it be gradually built upon the basis of a strong army and central government, as had occurred in Turkey under Kemal Atatürk.
		Amanullah's minister of war, General Muhammad Nadir Khan, a member of the Musahiban branch of the royal family, opposed these changes, preferring instead to recognize tribal sensitivities.
		Amanullah faced another threat as well: in addition to the Pashtun tribes, forces led by a Tajik tribesman were moving toward Kabul from the north.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Reforms-of-Amanullah-Khan-and-civil-war (2659 words)

	Amanullah Khan - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Ghazi Amir Amanullah Khan (June 1, 1892 - April 25, 1960) was the ruler of Afghanistan from 1919 to 1929.
		Amanullah Khan was the son of the Amir Habibullah Khan.
		Amanullah Khan died in Zurich, Switzerland in 1960.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Amanullah_Khan (484 words)

	Reforms of Amanullah Khan and civil war (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Mahmoud Beg Tarzi, Amanullah's father-in-law, encouraged the monarch's interest in social and politicalreform but urged that it be gradually built upon the basis of a strong army and central government, as had occurred in Turkey under Kemal Atatürk.Amanullah, however, was unwilling to put off implementing his changes.
		Amanullah's Turkish advisers suggested the king retire the older officers, men who were setin their ways and might resist the formation of a more professional army.
		Amanullah's minister of war, General Muhammad Nadir Khan, a member of the Musahiban branch of the royal family, opposedthese changes, preferring instead to recognize tribal sensitivities.
	www.therfcc.org /reforms-of-amanullah-khan-and-civil-war-207823.html (1265 words)

	Khan
		Khan was born in World War II he served as a captain and later as a major.
		Dera Ismail Khan Dera Ismail Khan ' is Pakistan.
		Sardar Mohammad Hashim Khan Sardar Mohammad Hashim Khan was a Afghanistan.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/khan.html (1439 words)

	Encyclopedia: Amanullah Khan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		King Amanullah Khan of Afghanistan This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright.
		World War I was primarily a European conflict with many facets: immense human sacrifice, stalemate trench warfare, and the use of new, devastating weapons - tanks, aircraft, machineguns, and poison gas.
		See also: Reforms of Amanullah Khan and civil war Reign of King Amanullah, 1919-1929 Amanullah Khan reigned in Afghanistan from 1919, achieving full independence from the British Empire shortly afterwards.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Amanullah-Khan (1045 words)

	Afghanland.com Afghanistan Amir Amanullah Khan Ghazi
		Amanullah's ten years of reign initiated a period of dramatic change in Afghanistan in both foreign and domestic politics.
		King Amanullah (he assumed the title of king in 1926) was an ardent reformer and contemporary of like-minded rulers, Muhammad Reza in Iran and Kemal Ataturk in Turkey.
		In the 1920s, King Amanullah introduced new criminal and civil codes, including a 1921 family code that banned child marriage, required judicial permission before a man took more than one wife, and removed some family law questions from the jurisdiction of mullahs.
	www.afghanland.com /history/amanullah.html (1740 words)

	Afghanistan Country Study
		Amanullah's domestic reforms were no less dramatic than his initiatives in foreign policy, but the king's achievement of complete independence was not matched by equally permanent gains in domestic politics.
		Although Amanullah has been accused of neglecting the army and of trying to strip it of its power, the foremost scholar of this period, Poullada, concludes that the king was simply trying to cast the army in a different mold.
		Among the social and educational reforms were the adoption of the solar calendar; requirement of Western dress in parts of Kabul and a few other areas; discouragement of the veiling and seclusion of women; abolition of slavery and forced labor; introduction of secular education, including education for girls; adult education classes; and education for nomads.
	www.gl.iit.edu /govdocs/afghanistan/ReignofKingAmanullah.html (2181 words)

	History of Afghanistan since 1992 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In addition to the continuing civil strife, the country suffered from widespread poverty, drought, a devastated infrastructure, and ubiquitous use of landmines.
		The war continued in the south of the country, where the Taliban retreated to Kandahar.
		Current problems that exist for the administration include controlling bands of bandits roaming Afghanistan's rural sector, removing the debris (and in particular, unmapped buried landmines) from decades of civil war from the countryside, and rebuilding the Afghan economy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Afghanistan_since_1992 (1434 words)

	Reformas de Amanullah Khan y guerra civil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Amanullah Khan reinó en Afganistán a partir de 1919, logrando independencia completa del imperio británico poco tiempo después.
		Amanullah, sin embargo, era poco dispuesto poner de poner sus cambios en ejecucio'n.
		Amanullah hizo frente a otra amenaza también: además de las tribus de Pashtun, las fuerzas conducidas por un tribesman de Tajik se movían hacia Kabul desde el norte.
	www.yotor.net /wiki/es/re/Reformas%20de%20Amanullah%20Khan%20y%20guerra%20civil.htm (1562 words)

	Afghanistan, a country study
		The debacle of the Afghan civil war left a vacuum in the Hindu Kush area that concerned the British, who were well aware of the many times in history it had been employed as the invasion route to India.
		Land reform was decreed, as was a prohibition on usury.
		The civil war in Afghanistan was guerrilla warfare and a war of attrition between the several communist (that is, PDPA) controlled regimes and the mujahidin; it cost both sides a great deal.
	www.pos1.info /a/afghan.htm (19636 words)

	ipedia.com: Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		As the war of pacification dragged on for years, the Babrak Karmal government was further weakened by the poor performance of its army.
		The civil war in Afghanistan was guerrilla warfare and a war of attrition between government and the mujahedin; it cost both sides a great deal.
		The greatest mujahedin victory during the civil war, the capture of Khost, was achieved through the collaboration of its garrison.
	www.ipedia.com /democratic_republic_of_afghanistan.html (8038 words)

	History of Afghanistan : AfghanistanHistory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Amanullah attempted to introduce major social and economic reforms, but various tribes revolted and he was deposed in favour of a short-lived Tajik administration led by Habibullah Khan[?], which in turn was deposed by Pashtun tribes.
		He reversed the reforms of Amanullah Khan[?] in favour of a more gradual approach to modernisation.
		However the second elected parliament of 1969 became deadlocked, leading Mohammed Daoud Khan to stage a coup d'état on July 17, 1973 while Zahir was in Italy.
	www.eurofreehost.com /af/AfghanistanHistory_5.html (357 words)

	FOR THE RECORD 2003
		Without reform of the institutions of justice, the legal framework that underpins the peaceful resolution of disputes will not take root; impunity for armed lawbreakers will persist, citizens will be deprived of justice, and the confidence of international investors will remain low.
		In the context of Afghanistan’s fragile transition to peace, reform of the justice sector is inseparable from security, and thus from commensurate reform of the military, police, corrections, and disarmament, demobilization and reintegration.
		Reform of the Afghan Press Law will be necessary, particularly in order to allow political debate during the run-up to the elections next year.
	www.hri.ca /fortherecord2003/documentation/security/s-2003-754.htm (8745 words)

	Durrani Empire Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Painda Khan and the chiefs of the Nurzai and the Alizai Durrani clans were executed, as was the chief of the Qizilbash clan.
		Painda Khan's son fled to Iran and pledged the substantial support of his Muhammadzai followers to a rival claimant to the throne, Zaman's older brother, Mahmud Shah.
		Mahmud alienated the Muhammadzai, especially Fateh Khan, the son of Painda Khan, who was eventually seized and blinded.
	popularityguide.com /encyclopedia/Durrani_Empire (1886 words)

	Encyclopedia of Afghanistan ... AfghanCity Network (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Following Genghis Khan's death in 1227, a succession of petty chiefs and princes struggled for supremacy until late in the 14th century, when one of his descendants, Timur Lenk, incorporated Afghanistan into his own vast Asian empire.
		Prince Mohammed Nadir Khan, a cousin of Amanullah's, in turn defeated Bacha-i-Saqao in October of the same year and, with considerable Pashtun tribal support, was declared King Nadir Shah.
		Mohammad Zahir Shah, Nadir Khan's 19-year-old son, succeeded to the throne and reigned from 1933 to 1973.
	www.afghancity.net /afghanistan.html (2998 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Muhammad Bahawal Khan V (b.1883 d.1907) was the nawab of Bahawalpur from 1899 until his death.
		Sardar Mohammed Daoud Khan (July 18, 1909 - April 28, 1978) was an Afghani statesman and President of the Republic of Afghanistan from 1973 until his assassination in 1978 as a result of a revolution led by the quasi-Marxist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA).
		His biography of Dost Mohammad Khan, emir of Kabul is a primary source on the War.
	www.alanaditescili.net /browse.php?title=M/MO/MOH (6308 words)

	>Afghanistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The war against the Taliban has so dominated the global response to the atrocities of September 11, it is hard to remember that the Kandahar clerics probably had nothing directly to do with them.
		Warring factions have fought throughout the history of Afghanistan over land, leadership of the state, and alliances to international superpowers.
		The Amani government led by King Amanullah declared that women may chose not to be seen in public wearing the veil; women were encouraged to go to school and receive an education.
	quicksitebuilder.cnet.com /applemag/greenmanark/id93.html (11269 words)

	History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This lack of educational facilities is due largely to the upheaval caused by decades of war.
		The nation's first constitution was adopted in 1923, and Amanullah changed his title from amir to shah in 1926.
		Through the decades of war in the late 1900's, millions of Afghans fled to neighboring Pakistan and Iran, and thousands more became refugees in their own country.
	www.operationhomerun.org /afghanistan.htm (3586 words)

	Reforms of Amanullah Khan and civil war (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		terms defined : Reforms of Amanullah Khan and civil war
		History of Afghanistan after independence from the British Empire in 1919 to the ascension of Nadir Khan in 1929.
		Follows on from Dost Mohammad and the British in Afghanistan.
	www.termsdefined.net /re/reforms-of-amanullah-khan-and-civil-war.html (1512 words)

	History of Afghanistan - The History Beat
		The Soviet Union invaded on December 25, 1979 and installed Babrak Karmal as president and fought a war of attrition against the mujahedin for ten years.
		It is estimated that in Afghanistan there are 1.5 million suffering from immediate starvation, as well as 7.5 million suffering as a result of the country's dire situation - the combination of civil war, drought-related famine, and, to a large extent, the Taliban's oppressive regime.
		However they were forced into a war of attrition against the mujahedin and did not withdraw until 1989.
	history.searchbeat.com /afghanistan.htm (4392 words)

	Afghanland.com Afghanistan Timeline since 1919
		Khan the Leader of Only Independent Islamic State and encouraged him to rally enslaved Muslims around the world for independence.
		PDPA declares Marriage Dowry and arranged marriages and declared land reforms without aid to farmers.
		Civil war erupts in Kabul as Dostom, Masoud and Hekmatyar begin to fight for power.
	afghanland.com /history/timeline/timeline.html (2097 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Beneath this flag, Peter Lalor, leader of the Ballarat Reform League, and the aggrieved miners swore this oath: "We swear by the..
		Gaspar Dutra was one of the generals in charge of the soldiers on the Brazilian Expeditionary Force that entered World War II, and he succeeded Getulio Vargas in the presidency.
		Eurico Barros Gomes Guterres (born 1971) is a pro-Indonesian or anti-independence militia terrorist recruited by the Indonesian military.
	www.alanaditescili.net /browse.php?title=E/EU/EUR (10397 words)

	Revolution and counterrevolution
		The bourgeois-democratic reforms of Amanullah Khan, imposed from above, aggravated class contradictions in the country and angered the feudal lords.
		In this organ, even worse than bourgeois tailism, this group defended some of the reforms which had been put into effect by the monarchy in 1964 (reforms which are implemented by reactionary establishments or forces, and which provide social process via the evolutionary path of reaction, can absolutely not be supported).
		And in the civil war certain backward sections of the people took the side of counterrevolution.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/51/341.html (6622 words)

	Education reform (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Education reform is a plan, program, or movement which attempts to bring about a change in educational theory or practice.
		Typically, "education reform" refers to a broad plan of systematic change across a community or society.
		6 Reforms of the Civil Rights era in the United States
	www.kiwipedia.com /education-reform.html (72 words)

	List Of Leaders Of Afghanistan Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Emir Shir Ali Khan (June 1863-February 21, 1879)
		Amanullah Khan (February 28, 1919 - June 9, 1926)
		King Amanullah Shah (February 28, 1919/June 9, 1926 - January 14, 1929) (abdicated in coup d'état)
	popularityguide.com /encyclopedia/List_of_leaders_of_Afghanistan (754 words)

	khan
		Probably the most famous people with the title Khan were the Mongol Genghis Khan, and his grandson Kublai Khan who founded the Mongolian dynasty in China, known as Yuan Dynasty.
		The Secret History of the Mongols clearly distinguishes Khaghan and Khan: only Genghis and his descendants are called Khaghan, other rulers are referred to as Khan.
		The title Khan was also used in the Seljuq Islamic dynasties of the near-east to designate a head of multiple tribes, clans or nations, who was below an Atabeg in rank.
	www.fact-library.com /khan.html (165 words)

	Mythology's Myth*ing Links = Eurasia / Central Asia: Afghanistan
		And it became a key Cold War battleground after thousands of Soviet troops intervened in 1979 to prop up a pro-communist regime, leading to a major confrontation that drew in the US and Afghanistan's neighbours.
		The most prominent of these former intelligence officers is Yousaf, the Pakistani general who supervised the covert war between 1983 and 1987 and who last month published in Europe and Pakistan a detailed account of his role and that of the CIA, titled "The Bear Trap"....
		Afghanistan's civil war continued after a Soviet pullout in 1989 as various mujahideen factions fought to fill the power vacuum.
	www.mythinglinks.org /eurasia~Afghanistan.html (7040 words)

	Islam History : Middle East Facts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Publishers Weekly??Outstanding foreign fiction...????USA TodaySavushun (pronounced ??sa-voo-shoon??) is a folk tradition, surviving in Southern Iran from an undateable pre-islamic past, that conjures hope in spite of everything.The novel chronicles the life of a Persian family during the World War II Allied occupation of Iran.
		It is set in Shiraz, a town which evokes images of Persepolis and pre-islamic monuments, the great Persian poets, the shrines, sufis and nomadic tribes all within a historical web of the interests, privilege and...
		Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan Islamic conquest of Afghanistan Durrani Empire European influence in Afghanistan Reforms of Amanullah Khan and civil war Reigns of Nadir Shah and Zahir Shah Daoud's Republic of...
	www.gulfunion-bah.com /136-Islam-History.html (1007 words)

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