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Topic: Reforms of French orthography

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	Reforms of French orthography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The orthography of French was already more or less fixed, and from a phonological point of view outdated, when its lexicography developed in the late 17th century and the Académie française was mandated to establish an "official" prescriptive norm.
		Hence, new reforms suggested in 1901, 1935, and 1975 were almost totally ignored, except for the replacement of apostrophes with hyphens is some cases of (potential) elision in 1935.
		In 1989, French prime minister Michel Rocard appointed the Council of French Language to simplify orthography by regularising it.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reforms_of_French_orthography (1338 words)

	, but this is reserved only for acts of serious and unrepentant heresy. Even in that case, the individual is not ...
		French (French: français) is the third of the Romance languages in terms of number of speakers, after Spanish and Portuguese.
		The earliest extant text in French is the Oaths of Strasbourg from 842; Old French became a literary language with the chansons de geste that told tales of the paladins of Charlemagne and the heroes of the Crusades.
		French has been the only official language of Quebec since 1974, although it is commonly (and incorrectly) believed that the designation of French as the sole official language occurred in 1977 with the adoption of the Charter of the French Language (which is popularly referred to as Bill 101).
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/f/r/e/French_language.html (4095 words)

	French language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		French (''français'', spelled françois until 1835, both pronounced in standard French, but often heard pronounced), or French language (''langue française'', formerly langue françoise, both pronounced), is the third of the Romance languages in terms of number of speakers, outnumbered by Spanish and Portuguese.
		From the 17th to the 19th centuries, French was the lingua franca of educated Europe, especially with regards to the arts and literature, and monarchs such as Frederick II of Prussia and Catherine the Great of Russia could both speak and write in French.
		French is an official language of New Brunswick, the Yukon Territory, the Northwest Territories, and Nunavut.
	french-language.iqnaut.net (3167 words)

	French Information Center - french maid
		In 2000 French was the 9th most spoken language in the world, being spoken by about 115 million people (called francophones) as a mother tongue or language of daily use, and by 180 million total including second language speakers.
		The earliest extant text in French is the Oaths of Strasbourg from 842; Old French became a literary language with the chansons de geste that told tales of the french beaches paladins of Charlemagne and the heroes of the Crusades.
		Following a period of unification, regulation and purification, the French of the 17th to the 18th centuries is sometimes referred to as Classical French (français classique), although many linguists simply refer to French language from the 17th century to today as Modern english to french French (français moderne).
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Official_Languages_D_-_G/French.html (3734 words)

	French phonology and orthography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		French phonology is a difficult subject further complicated by the diversity of dialects.
		This article aims at displaying a complete overview of French normal and possible phonemes and their most common allophones.
		The velar nasal is not a native phoneme of French, but occurs in loan words such as parking, camping.
	french-phonology-and-orthography.iqnaut.net (226 words)

	Simplified Spelling Society : SR in France.
		However, these reformers had considerable difficulty in getting their works printed, and only a very small proportion of the reformed spellings they recommended were adopted, [2] although some of Meigret's ideas were popularised by Ronsard and other poets.
		Paradoxically, although the French state after the Revolution had more power, in principle, to impose reforms, spelling was changed less in the 19th century than it had been before: the 1835 Académie dictionary changed the spellings of only 2% of the entries from the previous edition, and the 1878 edition just over 1%.
		However, with these occasional reforms having almost come to a halt, and with 'correct' spelling (even though the 'correct' forms were often far from perfect) having become such an obligation and an obsession, it is hardly surprising that reform movements in the late 19th-early 20th centuries tended to become more radical.
	www.spellingsociety.org /journals/j10/france.php (2475 words)

	French language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		French (French: français) is the third of the Romance languages in terms of number of speakers, after Spanish and Portuguese, being spoken by about 67 million people as a mother tongue, and altogether by some 128 million people, which includes second-language speakers who use French for daily communication.
		France mandates the use of French in official government publications, public education outside of specific cases (though these dispositions are often ignored) and legal contracts; advertisements must bear a translation of foreign words.
		French is written using the Latin alphabet, plus five diacritics (the circumflex accent, acute accent, grave accent, diaeresis, and cedilla) and two ligatures (æ, œ).
	88.208.194.172 /wiki/index.php/French_language (3926 words)

	sociology - French language
		In 1999 French was the 11th most spoken language in the world being spoken by about 77 million people (called Francophones) as a mother tongue, and by 128 million altogether including second language speakers.
		For the history of the French language, the most important of these groups are the Franks in northern France, the Alemanni in the German/French border, the Burgundians in the Rhone valley and the Visigoths in the Aquitaine region and Spain.
		In the 1880s, the rise of French national sentiment (via universal military service and national education) encouraged the suppression of regional differences and local languages and dialects; by 1910, 90% of the French population understood French, although 50% still understood a local language or dialect.
	www.aboutsociology.com /sociology/French_language (3479 words)

	French (language) - Avoo - Ask Us A Question - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		French is also an official language of the Pacific Island nation of Vanuatu, along with France's territories of French Polynesia, Wallis and Futuna and New Caledonia.
		This reform arose after the French Revolution to unify the different counting system (vigesimal most of the time in the bordersea, due of celtic and viking influence) This is comparable to the archaic English use of "score", as in "fourscore and seven" (87), or "threescore and ten" (70).
		French is written using the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet, plus five diacritics (the circumflex accent, acute accent, grave accent, diaeresis, and cedilla) and the two ligatures (œ) and (æ).
	www.amityvillenyus.com /details/French_(language) (4132 words)

	French Resource Center - french maid
		For the history of the French language, the most important of these groups are the Franks in northern France, the Alemanni in the German/French french language border, the Burgundians in the Rhone valley and the Visigoths in the Aquitaine region french and indian war and Spain.
		The earliest extant text in French is the Oaths of Strasbourg from 842; Old French became a literary language with the chansons de geste that told tales french beach women of the paladins of Charlemagne and the heroes of the Crusades.
		French is written english to french using the Latin alphabet, plus five diacritics (the circumflex accent, acute accent, grave accent, diaeresis, and cedilla) and two ligatures (æ, S).
	www.taxgloss.com /Tax-Banks_Cl_-_G-/French.html (3588 words)

	English orthography
		The first is that the admirably consistent orthography of Old English was swept away by the Norman Conquest, and English itself was eclipsed by French for three centuries, eventually emerging with its spelling much influenced by French.
		However, studies have shown that dyslexia occurs more often among speakers of languages such as English whose orthography differs heavily from the phonology than speakers of languages such as Finnish or Italian where the letter-sound correspondence is more regular (see: PISA report[?]).
		A good example of this is 'ski', adopted from Norwegian (in the mid-18th century; but not common before 1900) and pronounced 'shee' till the increasing popularity of the sport after the middle of the 20th century helped the 'sk' pronunciation replace it.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/en/English_orthography.html (689 words)

	Simplified Spelling Society : French spelling reform.
		On December 6th 1990 an unprecedented event took place in French spelling history: the government published, in an official document [1], a series of recommendations aimed at rationalizing certain aspects of the written language and giving guidelines for the spelling of neologisms.
		Secondly, the points of reform chosen were deliberately limited in their scope : only specific sets of words would be involved, and the most frequent words in the language were not to be affected.
		Indeed, the intention was not to reform (hence the term of "rectifications" used to describe the proposals), but rather to eliminate anomalies by generalising the main tendencies already present in the system.
	www.spellingsociety.org /journals/j15/french.php (1733 words)

	French language
		French (''français'', spelled françois until 1835, both pronounced in standard French, but often heard pronounced), or French language (''langue française'', formerly langue françoise, both pronounced), is the third of the Romance languages in terms of number of speakers, after Spanish and Portuguese.
		There is some debate in today's France about the preservation of the French language and the influence of English (see franglais), especially with regard to international business, the sciences and popular culture.
		Also, there are some French speakers in Lebanon, Cambodia, Egypt, India (Pondicherry), Italy (Aosta Valley), Laos, Mauritania, United Kingdom (Channel Islands), United States of America (mainly Louisiana and the New England region) and Vietnam, Russia, and the Czech Republic.
	french-language.mindbit.com (3185 words)

	Orthography
		Orthography is neither the law of Moses nor of the Medes and Persians, but it does have much to commend it, especially in certain technical circumstances.
		"Orthography as a fundamental impediment to online information retrieval" (Feb19,1998) by Terrence A. Brooks for the Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of Washington, may be found here, and is still available free as a downloadable PDF document (you need the free Acrobat Reader to open and peruse this document).
		Orthography is the branch of linguistics that studies the elements of language such as letters, punctuation, and spelling.
	homepage.mac.com /owlhoot/blog/Orthography2.html (8599 words)

	Netherlands spelling reforms
		Dutch spelling reforms show both the problems and possibilities of change in a democratic nation whose language, extent of dialects, and international ramifications are similar to English.
		Middle Dutch orthography became inconsistent partly due to scholars' attempts to establish it according to classical grammar and derivation.
		From 1883 an official reformed dictionary set up a rather difficult system with three rules of conformity, analogy and derivation that overrode the rule of 'cultured pronunciation', but 'One Hundred Years of Spelling Struggle' followed - and that is the title of a book about it.
	home.vicnet.net.au /~ozideas/wdutchref.htm (497 words)

	LINGUIST List 3.893: French Orthography Reform (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In any case, proponents left adults the choice of using the new or the old orthography, but wanted the new rules to be taught in schools.
		The reforms don't seem to affect the population at large other than the fact that these new spellings are increasingly prevalent.
		QUEBEC: [As an interesting sidelight, it seems that there was a successful reform in Quebec.] For the Quebec reform, you should consult the Office de la langue francaise of the Governement of the province of Quebec in Canada.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/3/3-893.html (381 words)

	[No title]
		The regular spelling system of Old English was swept away by the Norman Conquest, and English itself was eclipsed by French for three centuries, eventually emerging with its spelling much influenced by French.
		The only significant exceptions were the reforms of Noah Webster which resulted in many of the differences between British and American spelling, such as center/centre, and dialog/dialogue.
		English, it seems, is somewhere in between: its spelling system is highly irregular, but it is regular to some degree and mastery only requires knowledge of the 26 letters of the alphabet, whereas mastering written Chinese or Japanese is much more difficult, requiring the memorization of thousands of different characters.
	www.bibliodata.com /article/orthography.htm (1359 words)

	French orthography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		French makes use of five diacritics that can modify certain letters.
		Unlike in some languages, letters with diacritics are not considered to be separate letters; for example, the diacritics are ignored when alphabetizing a list of words.
		In certain closed syllables, however, é is written while the pronunciation in most dialects is [ɛ], as in céderai (I will give up) and réglementaire (regulatory); the 1990 spelling reform (see below) declared that in these cases, è should be used instead, but this spelling reform was not widely adopted.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/French_orthography (650 words)

	French Language Information Portal @ FrenchBasics.com (French Basics) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The site is part of the Project for American and French Research on the Treasury of the French Language (ARTFL), jointly managed by the French research organization CNRS and the University of Chicago.
		French-speaking Countries of the World - A list of countries where French is the official language and member states of Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie.
		Gail's French links - Links and resources for learning French including information for teachers, language schools, education, translation and phrases, a message board and discussion forum.
	www.frenchbasics.com (1333 words)

	French Language Spelling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This is a French spelling database for the LexSpell spelling checker.
		French is such a difficult language to spell that French dictionaries not only have to give the regular spelling of each word but they also have to present the pronunciation of each word using a For example, the English version of Office 2003 includes the proofing tools for English, French, and Spanish.
		Spelling French spelling reflects, on the one hand, the pronunciation of the Middle Ages and, on French Language Main Page Modern Romance Languages Main Page Orbis Latinus Main Page While it has to be made clear that the French spelling reform was of course not ?invented?
	www.rhapsodoioralgreekandlatin.org /french-language-spelling.htm (531 words)

	Korean writing reforms
		It also shows a transition made without difficulty, expense or fuss between two writing systems that are very different in their script and principles of language representation.
		In the first Korean orthographic reform, the benevolent medieval King Sejong sent a committee of scholars abroad to study other writing systems and consult experts.
		The spectacular rise in Korean literacy rates in the past thirty years has resulted from greater educational opportunities and the easy orthography for rapid independent reading and writing, plus the impetus of nationalist enthusiasm.
	home.vicnet.net.au /~ozideas/wkorref.htm (546 words)

	Top 20 French (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Brief introduction and overview of the French language with a pronunciation guide, basic grammar, and map.
		A list of countries where French is the official language and member states of Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie.
		Links and resources for learning French including information for teachers, language schools, education, translation and phrases, a message board and discussion forum.
	www.top20french.com (3852 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		French language: Spelling reflects, on the one hand, the pronunciation of the Middle Ages and, on the other hand, strives to imitate the Latin orthography.
		But if you plan to write in French, you'll want to work on it, so you might as well give these hand-picked French WinSite: LexSpell checker lexicon This is a database for the LexSpell spelling checker.
		lexicon This is a reform with a new spelling checker It currently why the new French spell-checker which was made available to Office 2003 Checker and, on the other hand, strives to imitate the Latin orthography.
	comm.list.bon.deal0en.org (327 words)

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