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Topic: Reforms of Russian orthography

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Russian alphabet

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	Reforms of Russian orthography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		With the strength of the historic tradition diminishing, Russian spelling in the eighteenth century became rather inconsistent, both in practice and in theory, as Lomonosov advocated a morphological orthography, and Trediakovsky, a phonetical one.
		His fusion of the morphological, phonetic, and historic principles of Russian orthography remains valid to this day, though both the Russian alphabet and the writing of many individual words have been altered.
		That it was retained without discussion in the Petrine reform of the Russian alphabet of 1708 indicates that it then still marked a distinct sound in the Moscow koine of the time.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reforms_of_Russian_orthography (1342 words)

	Russian orthography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Russian orthography (правописание /'pra.və.pʲɪ.'sa.nʲjə/) is formally considered to encompass spelling (орфография /'or fə 'gra fʲɪ jə/) and punctuation (пунктуация /pən.ktu.'a.ʦɪ.jə/).
		Russian spelling, which is quite phonetic in practice, is a mix of the morphological and phonetic principles, with a few etymological or historic forms, and occasional grammatical differentiation.
		Russian is written with a modern variant of the Cyrillic alphabet.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Russian_orthography (1623 words)

	Reforms of Russian orthography: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The most recent large reform of the Russian spelling was carried out shortly after the Russian revolution (Russian revolution: The revolution against the Czarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917) (see below).
		The Russian orthography (orthography: A method of representing the sounds of a language by written or printed symbols) was made simpler by unifying several adjectival and pronominal inflections, replacing the letters ѣ (Yat (Yat: yat or jat (,) is the 32nd letter of the old cyrillic alphabet and name of the...
		Orthography (Orthography: A method of representing the sounds of a language by written or printed symbols) thus became an issue of politics (politics: The study of government of states and other political units), and the letter yat, a primary symbol.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/reforms_of_russian_orthography (1572 words)

	Yo (Cyrillic) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Yo (Ё, ё) is the seventh letter of the Russian Cyrillic alphabet, invented to replace the recklessly confused е and o for soft o relatively soon after the introduction of the Civil Alphabet (the Grazhdanka).
		It is used in the Russian and Belarusian languages, along with many of the Caucasian and Turkic languages which use or used the Cyrillic alphabet, but not in many of the other Slavic languages.
		Though in common use after WWII, yo is disappearing in printed Russian, replaced by the letter ye due to their similar appearance and the ability for speakers to tell by context which sound is represented.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Yo_%28Cyrillic%29 (328 words)

	Read about Russian language at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Russian language and learn about Russian language ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A language of political importance in the twentieth century, Russian is one of the official languages of the United Nations.
		Estonia, where Russian remains the native language of at least a quarter of its population residing close to the Russian border.
		Georgia were educated in Russian, although the corresponding percentage of ethnic Russians was 80% in Russia, 10% in Belarus, 27% in Kazakhstan, 17% in Ukraine, 9% in Kyrgyzstan, 10% in Moldova, 1% in Azerbaijan, 1% in Georgia.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Russian_language (2290 words)

	Encyclopedia: Reforms of Russian orthography
		The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a political movement in Russia which reached its peak in 1917 with the overthrow of the Provisional Government that had replaced the Russian Czarist system, and led to the establishment of the Soviet Union, which lasted until its collapse in 1991.
		The orthography of a language is the set of symbols (glyphs and diacritics) used to write a language, as well as the set of rules describing how to write these glyphs correctly, including spelling, punctuation, and capitalization.
		The Russian Provisional Government was formed in Petrograd after the deterioration of the Russian Empire and the abdication of the Tsars.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Reforms-of-Russian-orthography (3238 words)

	Yer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The letter is called yer in the pre-reform Russian orthography, in Old Russian and in Old Church Slavonic.
		From the twelfth to the fourteenth centuries, the original [ъ] sound became extinct in all Slavic languages; this so-called fall of the yers is typically considered as marking the final disintegration of Common Slavonic.
		In Russian, the (hard) yer was dropped entirely in "weak" positions, and was replaced with [o] in "strong" positions.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Yer (507 words)

	Reforms of Russian orthography - RecipeFacts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Russian adopted the Cyrillic alphabet, approximately during the tenth century and at about the same time as the introduction of Eastern Christianity into the territories inhabited by the Eastern Slavs.
		As the language evolved, several letters, notably the yuses (Ѫ, Ѭ, Ѩ;) were gradually and unsystematically discarded from both secular and church usage over the next centuries, and not one of several attempts at linguistic standardisation properly succeeded.
		The story of the letter yat (ѣ;) and its elimination from the Russian alphabet makes for an interesting footnote in Russian cultural history.
	www.recipeland.com /encyclopaedia/index.php/Reforms_of_Russian_orthography (1286 words)

	Reforms of Russian orthography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Russian orthography was made simpler by unifying several adjectival and pronominal inflections, replacing the obsolete letters Yat with e, i with и, ѳ with ф, and dropping the archaic mute yer ъ (hard sign) in the terminal position following a consonant (thus eliminating practically the last graphical remnant of the Old Slavonic open-syllable system).
		That it was retained without discussion in the Petrine reform of the Russian alphabet of 1708 indicates that it then still marked a distinct sound.
		It can be argued as well that the morphological-compositional nature of Russian spelling was somewhat damaged, since a number of inflexions and common words had previously been distinguished by е/ѣ (For example: ѣсть/есть to eat/(there) is; лѣчу/лечу I heal/I fly; синѣ́е/си́нее bluer/blue (n.); вѣ́дѣніе/веде́ніе knowledge/leadership).
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/reforms_of_russian_orthography (1051 words)

	Reforms of Russian orthography
		These included the introduction of the letter ё /jo/(yo) and the gradual loss of the letter v /i/ that had corresponded with the Greek upsilon and the Latin y).
		The Russian orthography was made simpler by unifying several adjectival and pronominal inflections, replacing the obsolete letters
		Texts in the old Russian orthography, in Russian, by Serge Winitzki.
	pedia.newsfilter.co.uk /wikipedia/r/re/reforms_of_russian_orthography.html (981 words)

	Encyclopedia: Russian orthography
		The Russian language adopted the Cyrillic alphabet, almost certainly during the tenth century and at aboutthe same time as the introduction of Eastern Christianity into the territories inhabited by the Eastern Slavs.
		The Russian orthography was made simpler by unifying several adjectival and pronominal inflections, replacing the obsoleteletters Yat with e, i with и, ѳ withф, and dropping the archaic mute yer ъ (hard sign) in the terminal position following aconsonant (thus eliminating practically the last graphical remnant of the Old Slavonic open-syllable system).
		Emigré Russians by and large adhered to the old spellinguntil after the World War II ; long and impassioned essays were written inits defence, as by Ilyin in c.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Russian-orthography (484 words)

	All words on Russian language
		Russian belongs to the group of Indo-European languages, and is therefore related to Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin, as well as the modern Germanic, Romance, and Celtic languages, including English, French, and Irish.
		Russian is also spoken in Israel by 750,000 ethnic Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union (1999 census).
		Russian is the official language of Russia, and an official language of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
	www.allwords.org /ru/russian-language.html (2385 words)

	Spelling - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		It is one of the elements of orthography and a prescriptive element of language.
		In countries where there is a national language maintenance policy, such as the Netherlands and Germany, spelling reforms were driven to make spelling a better index of pronunciation.
		Since traditional language teaching methods emphasized written language over spoken language, a second-language speaker can have a better spelling ability than a native in spite of having a worse command of the language.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Spelling (413 words)

	Reforms of Russian orthography - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Reforms of Russian orthography - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Reforms of Russian orthography contains research on
		Reforms of Russian orthography, Yat-reform, Proposed but not implemented reforms, See also, Pages containing IPA and Russian language.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Reforms_of_Russian_orthography (1327 words)

	Russian alphabet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The plan of the alphabet is derived from the early Cyrillic alphabet, itself a derivative of the Glagolitic alphabet, a ninth century uncial cursive usually credited to two brothers from Thessaloniki, Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius.
		Russian (Russian: русский язык, russkij jazyk,) is the most widely spoken language of Europe and the most widespread of the Slavic languages.
		The number of listed words or entries in some of the major dictionaries published during the last two centuries, and the total vocabulary of Pushkin, are as follows: Philologists have estimated that the language today may contain as many as 350,000 to 500,000 words.
	russian.alphabet.en.reference.pl (6617 words)

	Russian spelling reforms
		Comprehensive spelling reform aimed at mass literacy was one of the first acts of the democratic provisional government in the 1917 Revolution.
		Soviet estimates of Russian literacy rose from 40% of men and 16% of women in 1897, to 93% of men and 82% of women in 1939.
		Russian Cyrillic orthography is regular, in that it has three types of rules to compensate for inconsistencies or ambiguities, although stress is not assigned systematically and must be memorised for each new form.
	home.vicnet.net.au /~ozideas/wrussref.htm (922 words)

	ipedia.com: Reforms of Russian orthography Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Russian language adopted the Cyrillic alphabet, almost certainly during the tenth century and at about the same time as the introduction of Eastern Christianity into the territories inhabited by t...
		The Russian orthography was made simpler by unifying several adjectival and pronominal inflections, replacing the obsolete letters (Yat) with e, i with и, with ф, and dropping the archaic mute yer ъ (hard sign) in the terminal position following a consonant (thus eliminating practically the last graphical remnant of the Old Slavonic open-syllable system).
		1765) noted that the sound of was scarcely distinguishable from that of the letter e, and a century later (1878) the philologist Grot stated flatly in his standard Russian orthography (Русское правописание /russkoje pravop'isan'ije/) that in the common language there was no difference whatever between their pronunciations.
	www.ipedia.com /reforms_of_russian_orthography.html (1058 words)

	Russian orthography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Russian orthography is formally considered to encompass spelling and punctuation.
		Because the spelling has been adjusted to reflect the changes in the pronunciation of the yers and to eliminate letters with identical pronunciation, the only systematic examples occur in some of the inflectional endings, both nominal and verbal, which are not always written as they are pronounced.
		Punctuation naturally evolves, although the ability to punctuate (not merely to spell) correctly has been taken as the standard of the literate Russian.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/russian_orthography (1414 words)

	Russian orthography - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Russian orthography - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Russian orthography contains research on
		Russian orthography, Spelling, Morphological principle, Phonetic principle, Etymological principle, Grammatical principle, Punctuation, Basic symbols, Comma usage, Hyphenation, Direct speech, Quotation, Parenthetical expressions, Controversies, Spelling, Punctuation, History, See also, External links, Pages containing IPA and Russian language.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Russian_orthography (1660 words)

	Articles - Russian language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages, and is therefore related to Sanskrit, Persian, Greek, and Latin, as well as the modern Germanic, Romance, and Celtic languages, including English, French, and Irish, respectively.
		It was, and still is, to a lesser extent, widely taught in Asian countries such as Laos, Vietnam and Mongolia due to Soviet influence, and is still used as a lingua franca in Afghanistan by various tribes.
		The official language remained a kind of Church Slavonic until the close of the seventeenth century, but, despite attempts at standardization, as by Meletius Smotrytsky c. 1620, its purity was by then strongly compromised by an incipient secular literature.
	www.totalorange.com /articles/Russian_(language) (2773 words)

	Articles - Russian language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Within the Slavic family, Russian is one of three members of the East Slavic group, the other two being Belarussian and Ukrainian.
		Written examples of Russian are attested from the 10th century onwards.
		In modern times, the monumental Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language (Ð”Ð¸Ð°Ð»ÐµÐºÑÐ¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ Ð°ÑÐ»Ð°Ñ ÑÑÑÑÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑÐ·ÑÐºÐ° /dÊ²ÉÊËlÊ²ektÉlÊËÉ¡Ê²iÊ¨ÉskÊ²Éj ËatlÉs ËruskÉvÉ jÉzÉ¨Ëka/), was published in 3 folio volumes 1986-1989, after four decades of preparatory work.
	www.1-furniture.net /articles/Russian_language (2771 words)

	math lessons - Yo (Cyrillic) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Yo is identical in form to ye, as well as Latin E, except for a symbol similar to an umlaut or diaresis.
		Though in common use after WWII, yo is disappearing in printed Russian, replaced by the letter ye due to their similar appearance.
		One recurring problem is with Russian surnames, as both -ев(-ev) and -ёв(-ov) are common endings.
	www.mathdaily.com /lessons/Yo_%28Cyrillic%29 (290 words)

	Russian sayings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Names in Russian Empire Soviet Union and CIS countries
		Russian sayings give an insight an many aspects of Russian history, culture, national character.
		Russian language is replete with many hundreds of proverbs (/poslovitsa/) and sayings (a/pogovorka/).
	read-and-go.hopto.org /Russian-language/Russian-sayings.html (141 words)

	Yat - Term Explanation on IndexSuche.Com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Thus, the letter was dropped in various, Belorussian and Ukrainian_language roughly with the October_revolution, and in Bulgarian_language as late as 1945.
		The letter is no longer used in the standard modern orthography of any of the Slavic languages written with the Cyrillic_alphabet, although it survives in liturgical and church texts written in the Russian recension of Church Slavonic, and has since 1991 found some favour in advertising.
		Yat is present in Unicode, though it is often absent from commonly available fonts.
	www.indexsuche.com /Yat.html (263 words)

	Russian orthography - Art History Online Reference and Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Russian orthography - Art History Online Reference and Guide
		Russian orthography - Your Art History Reference Guide!
		Russian orthography (правописание) is formally considered to encompass spelling (орфография /'or fə 'gra fʲɪ jə/) and punctuation (пунктуация /pən.ktu.'a.ʦɪ.jə/).
	www.arthistoryclub.com /art_history/Russian_orthography (1631 words)

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