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	Refractive surgery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Refractive eye surgery is any eye surgery used to improve the refractive state of the eye and decrease dependency on glasses or contact lenses.
		It is a type of refractive surgery which reshapes the cornea by destroying microscopic amounts of tissue from the outer surface with a cool, computer-controlled ultraviolet beam of light (an excimer laser).
		Myopes considering refractive surgery are advised that this may be an advantage after the age of 40 when the eyes become presbyopic and lose their ability to accommodate or change focus.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Refractive_surgery (758 words)

	Encyclopedia - Refractive Surgery
		Refractive surgery is a general term that refers to any surgery that changes the shape of the cornea or the way the eye focuses light internally.
		The goal of refractive surgery is to reduce or eliminate nearsightedness (myopia), astigmatism, or farsightedness (hyperopia) and lessen a person's dependence on eyeglasses and contact lenses.
		In general, candidates for laser surgery are more than 18 years of age, have not had a significant increase in their prescription in the past 12 months, have a healthy cornea, and have a diagnosed refractive error.
	www.visionrx.com /library/enc/enc_refractivesurgery.asp (1187 words)

	Refractive Surgery
		Refractive keratoplasty is a generic term, which includes all surgical procedures on the cornea to improve vision by changing the shape, and thus the refractive index, of the corneal surface.
		Refractive keratoplasties can be broadly subdivided into keratotomies, i.e., corneal incisions; keratectomies, i.e., removal of corneal epithelium; and keratomileusis, i.e., reshaping a stromal layer of the cornea.
		This surgery has been proposed as a means of correcting adult and pediatric aphakia, keratoconus (a conical protrusion of the cornea, caused by thinning of the stroma, and resulting in major changes in the refractive power of the eye), and myopia.
	www.regence.com /trgmedpol/surgery/sur39.html (2501 words)

	Refractive Surgery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Vision correction surgery, also known as "Refractive Surgery" (since it strives to change how light is refracted into the eye), is a broad classification of eye surgery techniques.
		Refractive surgery is designed to lesson or alleviate altogether one's dependence upon vision appliances.
		Refractive surgery does not delay or reverse the eventual need for reading glasses when the patient approach their 40's and presbyopia sets in.
	www.oregoneyecenter.com /refrasx.htm (505 words)

	Refractive Surgery - General Information
		Refractive surgery encompasses a variety of technologies and procedures for correcting several common eye conditions such as myopia (nearsightedness) and hyperopia (farsightedness).
		Refractive surgery offers millions of eyeglass and contact lens wearers new alternatives for improving their vision.
		By the time refractive surgeries are widely available to the public, they are generally performed thousands of times and are carefully studied to demonstrate their safety and effectiveness.
	www.preventblindness.org /vlc/refractive_surgery.html (1833 words)

	BCLA :: Refractive Surgery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Refractive surgery offers people the same freedom from spectacles and the perception that their vision is ‘normal’.
		After surgery, although their vision is fine for most tasks, some patients may still need spectacles for distance or near viewing and most will require reading spectacles by their mid-40s.
		In most cases, refractive surgery is performed on an otherwise healthy eye and, after the surgery, 3% of patients experience a decrease in their ability to see.
	www.bcla.org.uk /refractivesurgery.asp (366 words)

	Corrective Eye Surgery for Refractive Errors
		Refractive errors can include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism (an irregularly shaped cornea which causes blurring), and presbyopia (similar to hyperopia, a condition which causes the lens to harden).
		Photorefractive keratectomy, or PRK, uses the same excimer laser used in LASIK surgery and is performed to reshape the cornea in an attempt to correct mild to moderate myopia (nearsightedness).
		Although each procedure varies slightly, in general, RK surgery involves an eye surgeon cutting (with a calibrated diamond scalpel) radial or spoke-like incisions into the cornea outside of the center of the cornea (also called the optical zone, which is the area where a person sees through).
	www.montefiore.org /healthlibrary/adult/eye/surgery (1509 words)

	Refractive Surgery
		Refractive surgery refers to a family of new surgical procedures designed to produce better eye focus with less dependence upon glasses or contact lenses for near-sighted and astigmatic individuals.
		Under current FDA guidlines candidates for this type of refractive surgery should be 21 years of age or older with a stable measurement of myopia in the range of -1.50 to -7.00 and astigmatism of no more than -1.50.
		As with incisional refractive surgical procedures, the first step for a prospective candidate is a comprehensive eye evaluation including a careful measurement of myopia and corneal topographic analysis.
	www.precisioneyecare.com /efractive_surgery.htm (3037 words)

	Refractive Surgery
		Refractive surgery evaluation and follow-up in close conjunction with a skilled team of refractive surgeons provides unsurpassed quality of care.
		Thorough initial evaluation - An evaluation for refractive surgery done in our office includes, a complete pre-operative knowledge of your visual history, including refractive stability, binocular vision status and eye health concerns is valuable information to be able to more accurately predict the outcome of refractive surgery.
		Your follow-up care is all inclusive for 1 full year after surgery, regardless of how many times you need to be seen.
	www.pecc.sk.ca /RefractiveSurgery.htm (340 words)

	Refractive Surgery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Light entering the eye is first bent (or "refracted") by the cornea (the window of the eye) through the pupil (the opening in the iris) and then travels through the lens (located behind the pupil).
		Refractive surgery is certainly a solution that would allow such people freedom to pursue the career of their choice without otherwise being restricted by their vision.
		If you are interested in refractive surgery and think you might be a good candidate, please arrange a consultation with the University of Illinois at Chicago for a full evaluation and discussion.
	uic.edu /com/eye/LearningAboutVision/EyeFacts/RefractiveSurgery.shtml (3747 words)

	Hexapedia - Refractive surgery (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Refractive Eye Surgery is any eye surgery used to improve the refractive state of the eye and decrease the need for glasses.
		Decrease in Best-Corrected Vision: After refractive surgery, a few patients find that their best obtainable vision with corrective lenses is worse than it was before the surgery.
		Altitude effects: Some refractive surgery patients have reported significant changes in vision with changes of altitude (perhaps because oxygen concentration can affect corneal swelling).
	www.hexafind.com.cob-web.org:8888 /encyclopedia/Refractive_surgery (1015 words)

	Berg Eye Center - Refractive Surgery
		Surgery to reduce dependence on or eliminate eyeglasses and contact lenses started in the 1950’s with an early form of radial keratotomy.
		The ideal refractive surgery would completely eliminate glasses and / or contact lenses, be reversible and with little or no risk for loss of vision.
		With these techniques the surgery moves from the cornea to the inside of the eye and the corneal curve is not changed.
	www.bergeye.com /Refractive/refractive.html (391 words)

	RISKS OF REFRACTIVE SURGERY
		It is a struggle to balance the benefits of laser surgery with the known and the unknown risks.
		Refractive problems that may be encountered include too much correction, too little correction, a prescription imbalance between eyes, aggravation of muscle imbalance problems or a loss of effect from regression.
		During the LASIK surgery, the corneal surface is essentially left intact on the flap.
	www.avclinic.com /risks_of_refractive_surgery.htm (1785 words)

	Refractive Surgery
		Refractive surgery is an eye care specialty for reducing refractive error and presbyopia without using glasses or contact lenses.
		You may have heard the term, “laser vision correction”, which is often used in advertising because it doesn’t sound as threatening as “refractive surgery”.
		Refractive surgery is not a single event but a process that begins with a careful preoperative evaluation and ends with regular postoperative care.
	www.refractivesource.com /patients/surgery/ref_surgery.htm (144 words)

	Cornea and Refractive Surgery - New York Eye & Ear Infirmary
		John Seedor, M.D. The Cornea and Refractive Surgery Service at The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary provides clinical, research, and training programs on a number of levels to attending staff, fellows, residents, and medical students.
		Educational programs on the basic sciences in corneal and refractive surgery are scheduled throughout the year for both residents and attending physicians.
		The Fellow participates in the clinical and surgical practice of cornea, external disease, and refractive surgery and is involved in the cornea and refractive surgery research program.
	www.nyee.edu /cornea-and-refractive-surgery.html (545 words)

	Refractive Surgery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Refractive Surgery is an elective procedure designed to correct the curvature of the cornea.
		Typical candidates for either LASIK or PRK surgeries are healthy adults between the ages of 18 and 55 whose vision has not changed in the past year and who have mild to moderate nearsightedness, farsightedness, or astigmatism.
		Refractive Keratology was the first type of refractive surgery to reshape the cornea but has been widely replaced by PRK and LASIK surgeries.
	www.innvista.com /health/ailments/eyeail/refrasur.htm (844 words)

	Refractive Surgery-Flying
		After their refractive surgery a few patients have glare associated with bright lights, difficulty seeing well at night, or haziness in their vision.
		The prospect of having refractive surgery done to improve their eyesight— without having to rely on glasses or contact lenses — is an attractive, appealing notion to many.
		However, because of the notion that refractive surgery is a simple, fool-proof procedure, aviators might not appreciate what is at risk.
	bemd.com /refractive_surgery.htm (1561 words)

	LASIK Boca Raton, Florida Laser Vison Correction - Mitchell Refractive Surgery & Eye Center
		Mitchell a Board Certified and Fellowship trained Refractive Surgeon, has dedicated his specialized training to refractive surgery and specifically laser vision correction.
		Having performed over 5000 refractive procedures, many on doctors and their families, earned him the recognition of being known as "the doctor's doctor".
		Utilizing the VISX Star S4 and Allegretto Laser, Dr. Mitchell is able to perform your laser vision procedure with the latest state of the art technologically advanced lasers on the market today.
	www.lasikeyesurgery.ws (180 words)

	Refractive Surgery
		Light is focused, or refracted, by the cornea, the clear front window of the eye, and the lens, a clear tissue that sits behind the colored part of your eye.
		Refractive surgery is now an option for some people with myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness) and astigmatism.
		You may not be a good candidate for refractive surgery if you are generally happy and comfortable with your current glasses or contacts and you are not willing to accept the somewhat variable outcome or the risks of currently available procedures.
	www.westtexaseye.com /refracti1.htm (866 words)

	Refractive Surgery
		Refractive Surgery can be performed to reduce multiple defects in vision such as nearsightedness and astigmatism.
		When Refractive Surgery was first developed in the late 1970's, surgery was performed with a diamond tipped scalpel.
		There are several factors that influence the final result of any surgery such as the natural differences that exist between patients in the speed of healing, the response to the surgery and the possibility of progression of the original refractive problem.
	www.orlandolasereyesurgery.com /refractive.htm (275 words)

	LaserMyEye :: Encyclopedia :: Refractive surgery (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Surgery (usually elective) which changes the focus of the eye in order to reduce dependence on glasses and contact lenses.
		Refractive surgery has been commercially available for over twenty years.
		(3) Lens implant surgeries, including phakic intraocular lenses (where an artificial lens is placed in front of or behind the human lens) and clear lens exchange (where the human lens is extracted and an artificial lens is inserted).
	www.lasermyeye.org.cob-web.org:8888 /encyclopedia/refractivesurgery.html (235 words)

	Refractive Surgery & LASIK
		The purpose of this surgery is to decrease your dependence on glasses or contact lenses.
		We invite you to join the thousands of patients who have decided to explore their options for laser refractive surgery to reduce their dependancy on glasses or contact lenses.
		The decision to have refractive surgery is a very personal one.
	www.eugeneeyecare.com /surgery.html (1284 words)

	What is refractive surgery?
		Refractive surgery refers to the various surgical procedures, which can be used to correct these vision problems.
		Refractive Surgery works by altering the shape of the cornea so that light rays can be focused directly on the retina, and in many cases the patient's need for glasses or contact lenses is eliminated or dramatically reduced.
		Rothchild is an expert in all of the different refractive surgery techniques.
	www.rothchildeyeinstitute.com /refractive.htm (353 words)

	MAMC Refractive Surgery Website
		If you are the type of person who demands perfectly clear vision without glasses or contacts to be satisfied, then refractive surgery may not be for you, as your expectations may exceed the capability of the surgery.
		For example, one person with 20/30 uncorrected vision after surgery may think their vision and the procedure are great, while another with 20/30 uncorrected vision may think the procedure is not so good, and their vision is not quite as clear as they would like it to be.
		Glare and halo effects, noticed especially at night, is one of the main reasons that patients are not happy with the outcome of their surgery.
	www.mamc.amedd.army.mil /r_surgery/risks.htm (1267 words)

	San Antonio, Texas - About Refractive Surgery
		Refractive surgery procedures adjust the shape of a patient’s cornea, the outer layer of the eye.
		This changes the focal point of the light that passes through the eye, correctly focusing it onto the surface of the retina (the nerve layer at the back of the eye that transmits visual images to the brain).
		Our San Antonio, Texas refractive surgery office will be happy to answer any questions or address any concerns you may have about our vision correction procedures.
	www.southtexaseyeinstitute.com /html/refractive.html (292 words)

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