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	Refractory metal composite coated article - Patent 4927714
		The invention relates to coated refractory metal articles and methods for their manufacture and, in particular, to coated refractory metal articles having improved operating temperature and life capabilities as well as improved resistance to premature catastrophic failure in high temperature oxidizing environments.
		In one method aspect of the invention, the refractory metal substrate is treated such as by grit blasting or other physical or chemical techniques to increase substrate surface roughness which is imparted, in turn, to the free surface of the intermetallic layer formed in situ on the substrate.
		Typically, the refractory metal substrate 2 is fabricated such as by machining, spinning, forming, welding and other known forming techniques to a final shape adapted for use in a particular service application prior to application of layers 4,6 thereon, although the invention is not to be construed as so limited.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4927714.html (4737 words)

	Refractory metals - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Refractory metals are a class of metals extraordinarily resistant to heat, wear and corrosion.
		Household incandescent bulbs contain refractory metals in their tungsten filaments, and nearly all manufactured goods, particularly those containing metal or electronics, contain or were produced using refractory metals.
		Refractory metals are used in lighting, tools, lubricants, nuclear reaction control rods, as catalysts, and for their chemical or electrical properties.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Refractory_metals (959 words)

	Refractory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A refractory clergyman is one who refused to swear an oath to the French Revolution-era French state under the Civil Constitution of the Clergy.
		Refractory metals are metals with a high degree of refraction (heat tolerance).
		Refractory ceramics are those which retain their strength and other material properties under high temperatures.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Refractory (150 words)

	Skyscape Content: Understanding refractory hypertension
		Refractory hypertension is a possibility when BP remains uncontrolled even for patients on a triple-drug regimen.
		Refractory or resistant hypertension is somewhat less common than other forms of hypertension, especially with the advent of modern therapeutic agents.
		Hypertension may seem to be refractory if antihypertensive drugs are used in suboptimal dosages or when an inappropriate diuretic is prescribed—such as the use of a thiazide-type diuretic rather than a loop diuretic in a patient with renal insufficiency or CHF or someone who is taking a potent vasodilator such as minoxidil or hydralazine.
	mediwire.skyscape.com /main/Content.aspx?ArticleID=108324 (2088 words)

	CIGNA - Refractory Sprue
		Refractory sprue (RS) is a complex autoimmune disorder much like the more common celiac sprue but, unlike celiac sprue, it is resistant or unresponsive to six months of treatment with a strict gluten-free diet.
		In refractory sprue, intestinal T cells are activated without gluten stimulation and intestinal injury persists despite the removal of dietary gluten.
		Refractory sprue is rare among adults but even rarer in children.
	www.cigna.com /healthinfo/nord1161.html (2040 words)

	Epilepsy Fdn.-Does Treatment Aggressiveness Affect the Prognosis of Refractory Status Epilepticus?
		The researchers identified cases that were refractory to first-line (benzodiazepines) and second-line (phenytoin, valproate, phenobarbital, or other) treatments, and needed intubation and induced coma for clinical management.
		Furthermore, patients with refractory status epilepticus had a higher prevalence of nonconvulsive status epilepticus with coma, a form of status epilepticus that is associated with serious illness and poor outcome."
		Both physicians further encouraged clinicians treating patients with refractory status epilepticus to tailor their treatment interventions on a case-by-case basis, at least until studies show clearly that one treatment is superior, and believe that the most aggressive treatment may not necessarily be the most effective.
	www.epilepsyfoundation.org /epilepsyusa/statusepilepticus.cfm (808 words)

	Refractory -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A refractory clergyman is one who refused to swear an oath to the (The revolution in France against the Bourbons; 1789-1799) French Revolution-era French state under the (Click link for more info and facts about Civil Constitution of the Clergy) Civil Constitution of the Clergy.
		Refractory (Any of several chemical elements that are usually shiny solids that conduct heat or electricity and can be formed into sheets etc.) metals are metals with a high degree of refraction.
		Refractory (An artifact made of hard brittle material produced from nonmetallic minerals by firing at high temperatures) ceramics are those which retain their strength and other material properties under high temperatures.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/r/re/refractory.htm (140 words)

	J. D. Barnes Engineering - Refractory Page
		This powerful program contains 135 programmed refractory materials - any of which may be input for the 1st, 2nd, or third course in the sides, end, floor and roof surfaces of a six sided enclosure; or for each end, and the cylindrical surface of a cylinder or cone shaped enclosure; or for one surface only.
		The computed heating time is based on the time to saturate the refractories to 97% of the final steady state condition, using the Fourier series analysis procedure for one dimension conduction heat transfer.
		Labor costs are programmed according to the type of refractory being installed (brick, castable, block, ceramic fiber, modules, etc.) as well as the size and location of the surface.
	users.zoominternet.net /~jdbarnes/REFRACTORY.htm (598 words)

	refractory -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Refractories are produced in several forms: molded bricks of various shapes (see firebrick); bulk granular materials; plastic mixtures consisting of moistened aggregate that are rammed into place; castables…
		Composed principally of ceramics, refractories are employed in great quantities in the metallurgical, glassmaking, and ceramics industries, where they are formed into a variety of shapes to line the interiors of furnaces, kilns, and other devices...
		Refractories are produced in several forms: molded bricks of various shapes (see firebrick); bulk granular materials; plastic mixtures consisting of moistened aggregate that are rammed into place; castables composed...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9063035?tocId=9063035 (840 words)

	World Intellectual Property Organization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The refractory coating is dried after application, typically by directing heat at the coated surfaces of the mold, such as with a propane fueled flame or by infrared or microwave radiation.
		In accordance with this aspect of the invention, the refractory coating containing a material which imparts a visible color change when the coating is dry is applied to the foamed pattern and subjected to drying, such as with warm air heating, until it changes color.
		comprising particulate refractory material, a binder, and a material which imparts a visible color change to the refractory coating when the refractory coating is dry; and drying the refractory coating until the refractory coating changes color.
	www.wipo.int /ipdl/IPDL-CIMAGES/view/pct/getbykey5?KEY=01/26841.010419&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (3222 words)

	Refractory Contractor - F.S. Sperry Company, Inc.
		Refractory repair and replacement does not end when your operation is on-line and running again.
		But refractory products should be matched carefully to the application, dependent on the type of furnace or processing unit, operating temperatures, exposure to abrasion, and a range of other variables.
		Whether refractory work occurs during planned or unplanned downtime, the person in charge of overseeing the project must ensure that operations are not interrupted for long.
	www.fssperry.com /refractory_contractor.htm (899 words)

	Medically Refractory Seizures
		The prevalence of individuals with medically refractory epilepsy in Jacksonville can be estimated to be 2,700 when extrapolated from the results of the age-adjusted incidence rate and prevalence findings of the Rochester, MN epidemiological study.
		The initial steps in the assessment of a patient with medically refractory epilepsy are to confirm the diagnosis of a seizure disorder and to classify the seizure type(s).
		In many cases of medically refractory seizures, video-EEG recording of the patient's symptoms should be performed as a first study in the proper classification of the seizure disorder.
	www.dcmsonline.org /jax-medicine/2000journals/august2000/seizures.htm (4548 words)

	RX Chemical Company, Inc. Refractory Coating
		Refractory replacement may be a large and perhaps a too frequently occurring expense.
		Refractory surfaces coated with RX Refractory Coating have no open pores or cracks, therefore slag cannot adhere tightly and is easily removed without damage to the surface.
		Quick temperature changes in refractory materials, causing the hot working face to expand and contract faster than the balance of the material, are responsible for stress cracking.
	www.rxchemical.com (489 words)

	Build Masonry Fireboxes
		Refractory mortar, on the other hand, is made with high temperature cements and carefully selected aggregates that don't expand and tear the mortar apart when heated.
		Premixed refractory mortar is made with sodium silicate as a binder which does not deteriorate with heat.
		Because the pre-mixed refractory mortar is not a hydraulically setting mortar (it dries out rather than cures by chemical reaction like ordinary mortar does) the mason can make very thin joints and doesn't have to pre-soak the firebrick.
	www.rumford.com /articleRefmortar.html (1005 words)

	Doxil Approved For Refractory Ovarian Cancer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Refractory ovarian cancer is defined as disease that progresses during treatment or within six months after completing treatment.
		Patients in the phase II studies with refractory ovarian cancer demonstrated a 13.8 percent response rate, defined as a reduction in tumour size of at least 50 percent.
		Alza is continuing to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Doxil in refractory ovarian cancer in randomised phase III clinical studies.
	www.pslgroup.com /dg/10d316.htm (800 words)

	Machining Refractory Metals
		Because refractory metals are soft, they are highly susceptible to contamination caused by contact with other alloys.
		The two most important ingredients in successful refractory metal parts fabrication are the absolute necessity of strictly adhered-to process controls, and the talent of a well-trained, highly disciplined workforce.
		Development of the tools and processes required to avoid the pitfalls associated with refractory metals manufacturing relies on careful planning, complete documentation of the steps that lead to success, and the skill and creativity of your manufacturing team.
	www.sme.org /gmn/mag/2004/04mam003/04mam003.html (2030 words)

	Advanced Gasification Project - Refractory Material Issues in Gasifiers
		The objectives of this project are to investigate the mechanisms of gasifier refractory material failure, to identify/develop ways to extend the lifetime of primary refractory liners, to develop ways to shorten system downtime caused by refractory maintenance, and to evaluate improved thermocouples/temperature monitoring techniques.
		Refractory materials in a coal gasifier are subject to a number of adverse conditions.
		Lining life extension will be achieved by developing improved refractory performance materials, developing improved repair technologies, and by evaluating the effect of ash/slag buildup on the surface of refractory materials.
	www.netl.doe.gov /coal/gasification/projects/adv-gas/materials/materials/matAA010B.html (181 words)

	IRC-26 Castable Refractory Cement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		IRC-26-LI (tm) is a castable refractory cement manufactured by the National Refractories and Minerals Corp. It is used as the insulation material in foundry furnaces.
		Refractory cement is unlike regular cement in that regular cement has water bound up in the compound.
		Refractory cement allows the water to be driven off during curing and in the initial heating.
	www.budgetcastingsupply.com /Castable_Refractory_IRC_26-LI.html (725 words)

	Emisshield Ceramic/Refractory Products (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Refractory plays two key roles in a furnace: to retain heat inside the system (insulation) and to absorb and radiate energy to the load.
		As the ability of the refractory to re-radiate heat to the load decreases with an increase in temperature, it is desirable to increase the refractory's reradiation ability to improve furnace efficiency.
		Porosity of Refractories can be defined as the ratio of the volume of the pores or voids in a body to the total volume, expressed as a percentage.
	www.wessexinc.com /ceramic/ceramic.htm (986 words)

	Orton \| Testing \| Thermal Refractory Methods
		The heat flow through a refractory is determined with a water-cooled copper calorimeter.
		Shows the comparative behavior of refractory products with accelerated exposure to nearly pure CO at 940°F. the sample performance is rated based on the ASTM visual criteria.
		Steam is used to accelerate the oxidation of SiC refractories at elevated temperatures.
	www.ortonceramic.com /testing/tests/thermal.shtml (1053 words)

	Refractories - Refractory Binders
		The sole purpose of a refractory binder is to gel materials together in the green state.
		There are a number of binders which are commonly used for refractory applications, the most common of which is high alumina cement.
		All refractory materials after their heat up to high temperatures.
	www.azom.com /details.asp?ArticleID=1409 (269 words)

	Orton \| Testing \| Refractory Methods
		Firing schedules are for five refractory concrete specimens made in accordance with ASTM C-862 and classified by ASTM C-401.
		This method is used to determine volume and bulk density of a refractory of any shape providing it has sufficient structural integrity to permit handling.
		For refractory concretes the percent linear or volume change can be calculated after curing based on mold dimensions and after drying based on cured dimensions.
	www.ortonceramic.com /testing/tests/refractory.shtml (2346 words)

	Information on Celiac disease (symptoms, diagnosis, treatment) produced by medical doctors specializing in ...
		Refractory celiac disease is a rare condition in which the symptoms of celiac disease (and the loss of villi) do not improve despite many months of a strict gluten free diet.
		It is believed by many knowledgeable physicians that refractory celiac disease is a malignant condition, that is, it is a cancer.
		Many patients with refractory celiac disease are malnourished and have weakened immune systems, and corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents can further increase their risk of serious infections.
	www.medicinenet.com /celiac_disease/page10.htm (571 words)

	Selected Strategies for Refractory Chronic Daily Headache
		For those with severe, refractory chronic daily headache (cdh) who are unresponsive to the usual preventive regimens, the therapeutic options are limited.
		To be considered to have refractory cdh, they had to have failed at least 3 preventive medications, either due to lack of efficacy or intolerable side effects.
		The patients had been refractory to the usual preventive medications, and an attempt was made to not change any daily preventive medications over the 6-week studyperiod.Of the 42 patients enrolled, 36 were female and 6 were male.Ages ranged from 20-53.
	www.headachedrugs.com /archives/selected_strategies_cdh.html (3114 words)

	Refractory Disease & Drug Resistance
		LY317615 (palliative) Investigational oral drug for refractory diffuse large cell lymphoma: LY317615 is a selective inhibitor of protein kinase Cβ with antiangiogenic activity as confirmed by its ability to inhibit VEGF-stimulated microvessel formation in rat corneal micropocket assays.
		Gemcitabine, dexamethasoneare and cisplatin is an active and non-toxic chemotherapy regimen in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin's disease: a phase II study by the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group.
		Autologous transplantation for relapsed or primary refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma.
	www.lymphomation.org /treatment-refractory.htm (4678 words)

	Cement shapes and refractory products thermbond phoscrete
		Refractech is the Australian leader in manufacturing precast, engineered refractory cast blocks and shapes for furnaces, ladles, tundishes, launders, kilns, boilers, incinerators, heaters, stacks, flues, lids, burners.
		We are a consultantancy and supplier to Australian and overseas markets specialising in mineral processing, cement and lime, alumina, metallurgical, iron and steel, non ferrous, aluminium, copper, zinc, nickel and foundry, high pressure industry, petrochemical, chemical, power generation.
		REFRACTORY CASTABLES : Maxicast hydraulic bond dense and insulating castable, Thermbond chemical bond dense and insulating castable.
	www.refractech.com.au (370 words)

	Absolute and Relative Refractory Period
		The absolute refractory period is the interval from the beginning of the action potential until the fiber is able to conduct another action potential.
		The relative refractory period follows and is the time period in which, although the cell has not fully recovered, a small, weak action potential can be generated as the result of a strong input stimulus.
		The absolute refractory period is the time period during which the rapid influx of Na+ rapidly decreases the negativity of the cardiac cell.
	www.usc.edu /dept/biomed/bme403/Section_3/refractory_period.html (587 words)

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