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Topic: Refractory period

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	All About - ORGASMS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Following ejaculation, a refractory period usually occurs during which a man cannot have another orgasm.
		This period can be anywhere from less than a minute to over half a day, depending on age and other individual factors.
		Unlike men, women either do not have a refractory period or have a very short one, and thus can experience a second orgasm soon after the first; some women can even follow this with a third, or even fourth orgasm; this is known as having multiple orgasms.
	www.docfeelgood.com /orgasm.htm (3001 words)

	Refractory period - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A refractory period, in physiology, is a period of time during which an organ or cell is incapable of performing a particular action.
		An increased infusion of the hormone oxytocin during ejaculation is believed to be chiefly responsible for the refractory period and the amount by which oxytocin is increased may affect the length of each refractory period.
		Problems with the refractory period in the major pathways of the heart are known as heart block.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Refractory_period (435 words)

	Circuit for measuring the refractory period of a heart pacer - Patent 4021736
		More particularly, the refractory period of a heart pacer is generally known as the time period after the delivery of a stimulation pulse to the patient's heart or after the production of a naturally produced heart wave during which the heart pacer is insensitive to electrical signals which may be received by it.
		In accordance with a broad aspect of the invention, a circuit is presented for measuring the refractory period of a heart pacer, and is adapted to be connected to an input/output terminal thereof.
		1 is a schematic diagram of the refractory period measuring circuit of the invention.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4021736.html (2678 words)

	Excitable medium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A forest is an example of an excitable medium: if a wildfire burns through the forest, no fire can return to a burnt spot until the vegetation has gone through its refractory period and regrown.
		Refractory -- the cell has recently been excited and has not yet been through the refractory period.
		If a cell is refractory, then its remaining refractory period is lessened at the next time period, until it reaches the end of the refractory period and becomes excitable once more.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Excitable_medium (675 words)

	Effects of Atrial Dilatation on Refractory Period and Vulnerability to Atrial Fibrillation in the Isolated ...
		period markedly shortens the wavelength of the atrial impulse.
		of the atria to fibrillation and shortening of atrial refractoriness.
		of AF and the spatial dispersion in refractory periods.
	circ.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/96/5/1686 (6421 words)

	Refractory period and anticipation (from psychomotor learning) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Refractories are produced in several forms: molded bricks of various shapes (see firebrick); bulk granular materials; plastic mixtures consisting of moistened aggregate that are rammed into place; castables composed...
		Composed principally of ceramics, refractories are employed in great quantities in the metallurgical, glassmaking, and ceramics industries, where they are formed into a variety of shapes to line the interiors of furnaces, kilns, and other devices...
		Covers designs from the ancient world, the early foundations of western architecture, the early christian period, the Gothic period, the Renaissance, the baroque period, the 18th and 19th centuries, and 1890 to present.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-70187?tocId=70187 (996 words)

	Absolute and Relative Refractory Period
		The absolute refractory period is the interval from the beginning of the action potential until the fiber is able to conduct another action potential.
		The relative refractory period follows and is the time period in which, although the cell has not fully recovered, a small, weak action potential can be generated as the result of a strong input stimulus.
		The absolute refractory period is the time period during which the rapid influx of Na+ rapidly decreases the negativity of the cardiac cell.
	www.usc.edu /dept/biomed/bme403/Section_3/refractory_period.html (587 words)

	Review #1
		Refractory period changes with the R-R interval of the preceding cycle; shorter duration of action potential is associated with a short R-R interval and prolonged duration of action potential is associated with a long R-R interval.
		A longer cycle lengthens the ensuing refractory period, and, if a shorter cycle follows, the beat terminating the cycle is likely to be conducted with aberrancy.
		Because refractory period of right bundle branch is longer than left bundle branch so right bundle branch block pattern is more frequent than left bundle branch block.
	www.amc.edu /amr/archives/200301/review01.html (664 words)

	Disparate effects of biphasic and monophasic shocks on postshock refractory period dispersion -- Sims et al. 274 (6): ...
		Refractory period measurements in this study were made during rapid pacing and not during fibrillation.
		In summary, extension of refractoriness postshock is a proposed mechanism of defibrillation.
		Refractory period prolongation by biphasic defibrillator waveforms is associated with enhanced sodium current in a computer model of the ventricular action potential.
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/274/6/H1943 (4084 words)

	Action potential refractory period in ureter smooth muscle is set by Ca sparks and BK channels : Nature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		In excitable tissues the refractory period is a critical control mechanism preventing hyperactivity and undesirable tetani, by preventing subsequent stimuli eliciting action potentials and Ca entry.
		As sparks gradually reduce the Ca load in the SR, electrical inhibition is released, the refractory period is terminated and peristaltic contractions occur again.
		The refractory period can be manipulated, for example from 10 s to 100 s, by altering the Ca content of the SR or release mechanism or by inhibiting BK channels.
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v436/n7050/abs/nature03834.html (299 words)

	CONTROLLED AND SELECTIVE ACTIVATION OF PERIPHERAL NERVES USING A MULTI-CONTACT SELF-SIZING SPIRAL CUFF ELECTRODE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The duration of the facilitative and the refractory periods for the cat sciatic nerve were found to be 700 and 900msec, respectively.
		The objective of this study was to determine the time delay between pulses that was longer than the facilitative period but less than the total duration of the refractory period.
		The end of the refractory period was defined as the time, after the end of the facilitative period, when a second stimulus of the same type and amplitude would produce a change in the resulting torque output.
	www.ifess.org /cdrom_target/ifess01/poster2/tarlerMD1.htm (1991 words)

	Afferent Synaptic Transmission in a Hair Cell Organ: Pharmacological and Physiological Analysis of the Role of the ...
		Perfusion with iberiotoxin produced a concentration-dependent reduction in the suppression index of extended refractory period with an EC of 200 nM.
		The prominence of the extended refractory period in the discharge
		period with glutamate receptor ligands and with blockers of
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/92/2/1105 (6322 words)

	A Dynamic Dendritic Refractory Period Regulates Burst Discharge in the Electrosensory Lobe of Weakly Electric Fish -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		interspike interval to intersect with dendritic refractory period
		For periodic firing, the second case in Equation 1 is always true.
		in the shift of the dendritic refractory period.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/23/4/1524 (7113 words)

	(WO 01/08748) MULTI-SITE CARDIAC PACING SYSTEM HAVING CONDITIONAL REFRACTORY PERIOD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		A sense event detected at another sense site that occurs during the conditional refractory period is characterized as a conditional refractory event, and it restarts shortened post-event time periods and terminates the conditional refractory period.
		The restarted post-event time periods are reduced in length by the elapsed time between the starting and termination of the conditional refractory period.
		The undue prolongation of the post-event period due to a sense event resulting from sensing of delayed propagation of a depolarization between the spaced apart pace/sense sites is avoided.
	www.wipo.int /ipdl/IPDL-CIMAGES/view/pct/getbykey5?KEY=01/08748.010208 (339 words)

	Reentry
		Because both timing and refractory state of the tissue are important for reentry to occur, alterations in timing (related to conduction velocity) and refractoriness (related to effective refractory period) can either precipitate reentry or abolish reentry.
		Many antiarrhythmic drugs alter effective refractory period or conduction velocity, and thereby affect reentry mechanisms (hopefully abolish).
		Some people have different conduction velocities and refractory periods in these multiple pathways within the AV node, which can cause reentry within the AV node.
	www.cvphysiology.com /Arrhythmias/A008c.htm (796 words)

	Methods for Determining the Refractory Period and Excitable Gap During Persistent Atrial Fibrillation in the Goat -- ...
		Methods for Determining the Refractory Period and Excitable Gap During Persistent Atrial Fibrillation in the Goat -- Duytschaever et al.
		The present study shows that the refractory period during AF exhibits a considerable temporal variation.
		Determination of refractory periods and conduction velocity during atrial fibrillation using atrial capture in dogs: direct assessment of the wavelength and its modulation by a sodium channel blocker pilsicainide.
	circ.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/104/8/957 (3404 words)

	True Male Multiorgasmic Response -- Study Overview
		During the study, the 35 year-old male Subject -- despite the distraction of attached instrumentation, required verbal feedback, and the absence of a female partner -- experienced six natural and fully ejaculatory orgasms within a 36-minute timespan with no decrease in erection or ability to continue.
		(In other words, with no male refractory period in evidence.) No voluntary techniques of any kind were employed nor was the ejaculatory process interfered with or interrupted in any way.
		Though the ejaculate volume of the subsequent orgasms is greatly diminished (which is to be expected, as the greater volume is usually expelled during the first full ejaculation), it is the volume of the first which proves the Subject's claims that no ejaculatory control techniques are employed, yet no refractory period is in evidence.
	www.multiorgasmic.com /study.htm (1037 words)

	Human Physiology (IPHY 3430), University of Colorado at Boulder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		There is no refractory period so summation of multiple stimuli is possible.
		A refractory period is present so summation does not occur.
		Relative refractory period--greater stimulus strength elicits a second AP C. Movement of the AP along the axon 1.
	www.colorado.edu /epob/epob1220lynch/04neuron.html (2260 words)

	The Cardiac Vulnerable Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		When one blocks Na channels, particularly with use-dependent drugs, the refractory period is prolonged, a reflection of the slow unbinding rate of dissociation of drug from the channel receptor.
		Because of the use-dependent nature of channel blockade, membrane responses are sensitive to stimulation rate as shown here - where the stimulation rate is is sufficiently rapid that the refractory period is extended into the time of the next stimulus - thus producing an alternating pattern of cellular responses as shown here.
		The duration of the vulnerable period is determined by the time the critical point, P, to pass through the suprathreshold stimulus region.
	www.cs.duke.edu /~cfs/vp.html (934 words)

	American Journal of Critical Care: Relative refractory period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		For example, the offset of the T wave is distinct with some beats, whereas the offset of the T wave actually extends into the P wave of some beats.
		Such lengthening extends the relative refractory period of repolarization, thus increasing the risk of an R-on-T phenomenon.
		Of note, because the patient is receiving mechanical ventilation, the respiratory waveform continues to rhythmically march on despite the lethal arrhythmia.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0NUB/is_3_14/ai_n13726549 (748 words)

	The Psychological Refractory Period Paradigm
		Special care will be taken upon presentation of narrowed in concentrative powers, as well as manipulation of the refractory period in question.
		This is known as the Psychological refractory period ().
		If an athlete presents one stimulus to an opponent that the opponent directs his attention to, followed by a second stimulus, then a refractory period, which lasts a minimum of 200 ms and as long as 500 ms () will occur.
	www.abcbodybuilding.com /magazine04/psychological.htm (4125 words)

	Human Physiology (IPHY 3430), University of Colorado at Boulder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		During the early phase of an AP the nerve is refractory to further stimulation (=absolute refractory period) at which time it can not be re-stimulated.
		The result of this refractory period is that nerves fire individual spikes.
		Role of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump in re-establishing ion gradients B. Refractory Period 1.
	www.colorado.edu /kines/Class/IPHY3430-200/04neuron.html (2326 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Disclosure of Invention The inventors of the present invention have studied eagerly 4-oxybenzopyran derivatives, and found that the compound of the formula (I) has the strong prolongation effect on the functional refractory period, and it is useful as an antiarrhythmic agent.
		The compound according to the present invention has the strong prolongation effect on the functional refractory period and it can be used as a drug for treating arrhythmia.
		The prolongation effect on the functional refractory period is one of the functions of antiarrhythmic action and an important indicator that can be extrapolated to efficiency for clinical arrhythmia.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=01/25224.010412&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (5102 words)

	The Effect of a Refractory Period on the Power Spectrum of Neuronal Discharge
		The Effect of a Refractory Period on the Power Spectrum of Neuronal Discharge:SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics Vol.
		In the simplest model discussed, each interval is assumed to be the sum of a random neuron refractory period and a statistically independent interval due to a stationary external process, whose statistics are assumed known.
		The power spectral density (hence the autocorrelation) of the composite neuron-firing renewal process is derived from the known spectrum of the external process and from the unknown spectrum of the neuron-refraction process.
	epubs.siam.org /sam-bin/dbq/article/25869 (194 words)

	Is there really a refractory period for bronchoconstriction during cross-country skiing? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		A refractory period induced by an initial exercise challenge for BC occurring during a subsequent exercise challenge has been observed.
		There was no evidence of a refractory period in the later laps following the early laps which had induced a decrease of > 10% in FEV-1.
		These interesting findings run counter to a common conception that the induction of BC detected post-exercise is followed by a period of relative resistance of exercise-induced BC.
	www.aaaai.org /aadmc/currentliterature/selectedarticles/2003archive/cross_country_skiing.html (198 words)

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