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Topic: Refugees International

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	Refugee - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Since refugee camps are generally set up in an impromptu fashion, and designed to meet basic human needs for a short time, when civil war or other problems prevent the return of refugees, or children essentially grow up in the camps, a humanitarian crisis can result.
		The refugee camps soon came to be controlled by the former government and Hutu militants who used the camps as bases to launch attacks against the new government in Rwanda.
		Refugee Week is a nationwide festival designed to promote understanding and to celebrate the cultural contibutions of refugees, and features many events such as music, dance and theatre.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Refugee (3285 words)

	ei: Refugees
		The Palestinian refugee case is the largest and one of the longest standing refugee cases in the world today.
		International refugee protection includes the promotion of refugees' human rights on a day-to-day basis and the implementation of durable solutions based on individual refugee choice.
		A wide range of international legal instruments, including human rights law, humanitarian law, law of nationality, UN resolutions, bilateral and regional agreements, domestic law, as well as general legal principles considered to be binding recognize the right of refugees to return to their places of origin.
	electronicintifada.net /bytopic/refugees.shtml (373 words)

	REFUGEES: HUMAN RIGHTS HAVE NO BORDERS (1997)
		human rights protection at the international level — action to ensure that human rights considerations are paramount in decisions about refugee protection issues, such as the need for protection of people internally displaced within their own countries, developments in international refugee law and practice, and programs for refugees to return home.
		It addresses refugee issues that are currently being debated by the international community, including voluntary repatriation, "temporary protection" and the failure of governments to share the responsibility for the world's refugees.
		In many countries, officials apply a restrictive interpretation of who should qualify for protection as refugees under the main international refugee treaty, the 1951 UN Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (the UN Refugee Convention) and its 1967 Protocol, with the result that people fleeing persecution are returned to their persecutors.
	www.amnesty.org /ailib/intcam/refugee/report (4787 words)

	Palestinian Refugees - International Protection - Protection Gap
		For many Palestinian refugees and displaced persons, it is unclear what rights are subject to international protection, under what conditions refugees and displaced persons may access international protection, and to whom to turn to for international protection.
		Application of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, which delineates the rights of refugees and concomitant obligations of states generally, is partial and inconsistent and varies according to geographical area.
		The Secretary General recommended that UNRWA add additional international staff; consider the appointment of a UN ombudsman for the occupied territories; and, that the High Contracting Parties to the Fourth Geneva Conventions use all means at their disposal to persuade Israel to respect the Convention in all circumstances.
	www.badil.org /Protection/Protection-Gap.htm (599 words)

	Human Rights Education
		From this activity, students should understand that refugees are generally not able to plan their migration in advance; consequently they end up ill-prepared to face the incredibly difficult situations ahead of them.
		The process of developing a body of international law and conventions concerning refugees began in the early part of the 20th Century under the League of Nations (the predecessor of the United Nations).
		Influenced by the 1933 Refugee Convention and the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the 1951 Convention provides a broad definition of refugees, allows refugees the freedom to practice religion and provide religious education to their children, access to courts, elementary education and public assistance.
	www.amnestyusa.org /education/lessonplans/refugees.html (645 words)

	Nepal: Bhutanese Refugees Rendered Stateless (Human Rights Watch Press release, New York, June 18, 2003)
		More than 100,000 refugees of ethnic Nepalese origin from southern Bhutan have been living in camps in southeast Nepal for a dozen years after they were arbitrarily stripped of their nationality and forced to flee Bhutan in the early 1990s.
		Refugees whose claims to Bhutanese citizenship were rejected may have been arbitrarily stripped of their nationality before they were forced out of Bhutan due to the discriminatory nature and application of Bhutan's citizenship laws.
		Finally, refugees found to be "criminals" in the categorization process were likely to have been pro-democracy political activists who risked facing unfair trials and lack of due process protections if they were returned to Bhutan.
	www.hrw.org /press/2003/06/nepal-bhutan061803.htm (838 words)

	Refugees: Amnesty International's Human Rights Concerns
		Amnesty International is increasingly concerned for the safety of refugees returning to Burundi.
		They are often prevented from having their refugee claims heard because of legal and physical restrictions and procedural obstacles.
		The Refugee Program particularly seeks to prevent children from being placed unnecessarily in immigration detention or from being inadequately represented in immigration courts.
	www.amnestyusa.org /refugee/index.do (958 words)

	ReliefWeb » Document Preview » Refugees International Representatives Confirmed Dead
		Refugees International is an advocacy organization which seeks to identify failures or gaps in the refugee protection and assistance system and then presses for corrective action.
		A legend in the international refugee community, her energy and enthusiasm carried people along with her.
		When she was not travelling on behalf of Refugees International, Yvette lived in an ancient stone house located in the village of Serviers in southern France.
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/d16fb94b4511f1418525675900738a42 (938 words)

	INCORE: Conflict Data Service: Thematic Guides
		This is a transcript of a speech given by the High Commissioner for Refugees for the UN given at University of California at Berkeley on April 1, 1992.
		Webster University offers BA in International Relations with an emphasis in Refugee Studies and a Certificate in Refugee Studies is also offered in the campus.
		The Bureau of Population, Refugees and Migration is responsible for advising the Secretary of State on various refugee issues and policy formation.
	www.incore.ulst.ac.uk /cds/themes/refugee.html (1918 words)

	PAWSS \| Conflict Topics - Refugees (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		One significant critique of the refugee definition is that it excludes people who have fled their homes for many of the same reasons as refugees but have not left their countries of origin and crossed an international border.
		Since IDPs are, by definition, within their country of origin, the international community feels bound by the principle of sovereignty to respect the borders of states and to tread lightly when contemplating humanitarian action, although the balance between sovereignty and humanitarian action appears to shifting, at least somewhat, toward the latter.
		The main United States government agencies dealing with refugees and humanitarian crises are the Bureau of Population, Refugees and Migration of the State Department, the Agency for International Development, the Immigration and Naturalization Service, and the Office of Refugee Resettlement in the Department of Health and Human Services.
	pawss.hampshire.edu /topics/refugees (1099 words)

	IRC \| African Refugees Face Severe Food Shortages
		Refugees are among the most vulnerable in this group because their displacement has weakened their capacity to deal with food shortages.
		International donors are to be commended for their initial response to the larger emergency food needs throughout Africa, but due to specific vulnerabilities of refugees and their absence of coping mechanisms, it is imperative that refugee food needs not be sidelined, diverted or ignored.
		The international community must support recent statements from longtime host governments, like Kenya, where authorities are considering relocating refugees from camps to agriculturally viable areas to allow them to farm, own cattle, and work with local citizens, eliminating their total dependency on humanitarian assistance.
	www.theirc.org /index.cfm?section=news&wwwID=1663 (764 words)

	WHRnet Issue - Refugees and Internally Displaced
		Refugee and IDPs populations generally have no access to schools, employment opportunities, or a source of livelihood; They live unstable and insecure lives, are constantly threatened by the violence around them, and are trapped in the cycle of dependence on diminishing humanitarian aid.
		The principle of "non-refoulment", or the right of the refugee not to be forcibly returned to the country of origin where she or he faces persecution, is a crucial provision in the convention.
		The International Criminal Court, which became operational on July1, 2003, is a groundbreaking international mechanism that is a powerful vehicle for promoting the rights of refugees and IDPs by bringing to justice individual perpetrators of genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity.
	www.whrnet.org /docs/issue-refugees.html (3530 words)

	Refugees International
		Refugees International generates lifesaving humanitarian assistance and protection for displaced people around the world, and works to end the conditions that create displacement.
		Refugees International's new report argues that the African Union force's ability to protect civilians in Darfur is in jeopardy without US and UN support.
		Refugees International is calling on the US to work with the international community and take action to protect the millions of people displaced by the conflict.
	www.refintl.org (325 words)

	Palestinian Refugees - International Protection
		International protection is required when states are either unable or unwilling to provide protection.
		International protection activities include ensuring asylum, securing basic human rights, provision of travel documents, facilitating durable solutions, and monitoring the treatment of refugees once they return home.
		There is no international agency with an explicit mandate to protect Palestinian refugees in UNRWA areas of operation and for internally displaced Palestinians.
	www.badil.org /Protection/Protection.htm (712 words)

	Interview with Refugees International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In Iran’s case, it is a signatory to the refugee convention so it’s a matter of recognising its commitments, and in Pakistan’s case it is a matter of recognising their commitment under international humanitarian law.
		What they could be are places where international staff can be deployed, where there is a safe road that can allow goods to move in from a secure location from, for example, the Central Asian republics.
		The point is to identify locations that are secure enough, where international staff could be based and where goods could be accumulated in those locations and pushed out, as far as possible using existing road networks, and perhaps relying on NGOs or Afghan staff.
	www.irinnews.org /print.asp?ReportID=12550 (2360 words)

	REFUGEES INTERNATIONAL
		Create a task force with representation by governments and international and non governmental organizations to examine ways in which protection mechanisms can be put into place prior to the return of Burmese to the reception centers.
		Facilitate full access by international organizations with a protection mandate to establish and ensure that protection mechanisms on both sides of the border are upheld.
		International bodies such as the International Labour Organization (ILO), the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR) and the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), as well as numerous human rights groups, have gathered hundreds of pages of testimony from the victims of this systemic practice.
	www.ibiblio.org /obl/docs/Caouette&Pack.htm (6677 words)

	War and displacement
		As such, internally displaced persons (IDPs) are protected by international humanitarian law and benefit from protection and assistance programmes offered by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) under the mandate assigned to it by States.
		The conflict, marked by an alarming number of violations of international humanitarian law, has forced around a million people to leave their homes, with food stocks low and thousands of families separated.
		When she is not carrying out international assignments for the Australian Red Cross, the 49 year-old native of Wauchope works as a public health nurse and midwife in Aboriginal communities in Australia's Northern Territory.
	www.icrc.org /eng/refugees_displaced_persons (1472 words)

	Bibliography: Refugees
		Refugees and world law; the displacement of whole ethnic groups by war and famine creates wholesale misery, and nobody has yet found solutions.
		Refugees and exile: from "refugee studies" to the national order of things.
		Immigration - Refugee Act of 1980 - resistance to female circumcision as grounds for political asylum in the United States.
	globetrotter.berkeley.edu /humanrights/bibliographies/refugeebib.html (1794 words)

	REFUGEES, DISPLACED PERSONS, EXILES
		The Smara refugee camp, 1,500km south west of Algiers and close to the tiny Algerian frontier town of Tindouf, lies deep in the Sahara.
		A refugee, who reached Guinea with only the stumps of his arms, told his story to a representative of Refugees International, a Washington-based advocacy group, which videotaped his testimony along with other accounts.
		Another refugee without hands, shaking with fear, appeared so traumatized on the tape that he repeated again and again his perplexity about how he could not use a toilet without help, when there was so little help to be had.
	www.msu.edu /course/pls/461/stein/refugees.htm (7328 words)

	Books and Serials
		International Migration, Refugee Flows and Human Rights in North America: The Impact of Free Trade and Restructuring (Alan B. Simmons ed., New York: Center for Migration Studies, 1996).
		Refugee Abstracts: A Publication of the International Refugee Centre (Geneva: The Centre, 1982-1993).
		Refugees -- The Trauma of Exile: The Humanitarian Role of Red Cross and Red Crescent (Diana Miserez ed., Dordrecht; Boston: Martinus Nijhoff, 1988,).
	hrusa.org /bibliographies/Biblio12A.shtm (1615 words)

	InterAction.org \| Media
		The former president and indicted war criminal, Charles Taylor, is now in exile in Nigeria; an international peacekeeping force, UNMIL, has begun to deploy; schools are open for the first time in months; and the disarmament and demobilization of armed forces (DDRR) has started-albeit with many problems.
		Human rights abuses continue, and the international community is not meeting the humanitarian needs for the majority of Liberians.
		In stark contrast, Sierra Leonean refugees, under the mandate of UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), have access to gender based violence responses, schools, and health clinics.
	www.interaction.org /newswire/detail.php?id=2434 (1338 words)

	Zaire: Refugees International report from south of Kisangani (970401)
		Among the refugees were some who had suffered gunshot wounds during a reported attack by rebels a few days earlier.
		Unfortunately, the refugees were no longer there, and the consensus among the aid officials was that the group was probably trying to make its way further north toward Kisangani.
		At each succeeding stop, the refugees were in much worse shape than the last, because the weakest (mostly women and children) are lagging behind.
	www.omvarldsbilder.se /1997/970401.html (653 words)

	Refugees International: About Us: Internships
		Refugees International (RI) offers unpaid internships throughout the year for students and recent graduates seeking substantive work experience in the humanitarian field.
		The agencies that we focus on include the Bureau of Population, Migration, and Refugees of the U.S. State Department, the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance within the U.S. Agency for International Development, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, and the UN World Food Program.
		RI is committed to understanding the problems that refugees face by speaking to them and recording their personal stories of courage in the face of oppression and violence.
	www.refintl.org /section/aboutus/internships (607 words)

	Refugees International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Refugees International believes that many of these Montagnards have legitimate fears of being persecuted in Vietnam and should have received refugee status, thereby permitting them to remain in Cambodia or be resettled to another country.
		International agencies must be allowed access to the Montagnards both in Cambodia and Vietnam to ensure that receive the protection afforded to them by the 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees.
		Refugees International president emeritus Lionel Rosenblatt recently surveyed Montagnard conditions in Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
	www.commondreams.org /cgi-bin/newsprint.cgi?file=/news2005/0721-05.htm (423 words)

	International Law Blog: Renee Dopplick
		Given that domestic laws to define the RSD requirements frequently derive from and are influenced by international laws, it is important to understand the main source of refugee protections and definitions, the UN Refugee Convention of 1951.
		The current international definition of "refugee" comes from the United Nations Convention and Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees, also known as the UN Refugee Convention, which entered into force on 28 July 1951.
		To provide fair and efficient processing for all refugees would require a case-by-case determination, which is sometimes untenable due to the time, legal resources, and financial obligations to ascertain the relevant facts of every case prior to refugee status determination, particularly during times or emergency or in relation to imminent national security risks.
	www.insidejustice.com /law/index.php/intl/2005/06/20/world_refugee_day (1608 words)

	CBBB Wise Giving Alliance
		Refugees International (RI) meets the CBBB Standards for Charitable Solicitations.
		RI states that it works with governments, international organizations, and private agencies to ensure that refugees' internationally recognized rights are upheld and their basic needs and concerns are met.
		RI advocates travel to countries where refugees live including Afghanistan, West and East Africa, Columbia and the Middle East where they assess the treatment and needs of the refugees.
	www.give.org /reports/care_dyn.asp?1003 (471 words)

	International
		Global and local issues about refugees, related international conflicts and resettlement experiences will be the focus of The World at Your Doorstep: A Conference on Refugees in San Diego, to be held February 12 in the Gardner Room at UC San Diego’s Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies (IR/PS).
		"Refugees, forced from their homes by political repression and military conflict, have become a pressing global issue." said IR/PS Professor Miles Kahler, a key organizer of the conference.
		The first session (10-11:30 a.m.), A Global Perspective on Refugees, International Conflict and Response will focus on the conflicts that are forcing people to flee their homelands, as well as the reasons behind the conflicts.
	ucsdnews.ucsd.edu /newsrel/international/refugee.htm (557 words)

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