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Topic: Refusenik (Soviet Union)

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	Refusenik (Soviet Union) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Refusenik (Hebrew: מסורב, transliterated: mesorav; or: אסיר ציון, transliterated: asir tzion, literally means: Prisoner of Zion) or Otkaznik (Russian: отказник, from "отказ", English equivalent: refusal, rejection) was an unofficial term for individuals, typically but not exclusively Soviet Jews, who were denied permission to emigrate abroad by the authorities of the former Soviet Union.
		Refuseniks included Jews who were desiring to emigrate on religious grounds and Jews seeking to emigrate to Israel for national/Zionist aspirations and relatively secular Jews desired to escape an undercurrent of the state-sponsored anti-Semitism.
		The coming to power of Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union in the mid-1980s and his policies of glasnost and perestroika, as well as a desire for better relations with the West led to major changes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Refusenik_(Soviet_Union) (611 words)

	Refusenik - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The word refusenik entered English language as a part of the Cold War lexicon to refer to those who were refused certain human rights, notably forbidden to emigrate.
		Refusenik (Soviet Union): Jewish citizens of the former Soviet Union who were refused permission to emigrate.
		Refusenik (Israel): Israeli soldiers and reservists who refuse to serve in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) under certain conditions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Refusenik (154 words)

	Refusenik (Soviet Union): Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A large number of Soviet Jews applied for exit visas to leave the Soviet Union, especially in the period following the 1967 Six-Day War (Six-Day War: Tension between Arabs and Israeli erupted into a brief war in June 1967; Israel emerged as a major power in the Middle East).
		One of the founders (in 1976) and the spokesman of the refusenik (refusenik: more facts about this subject) movement in Moscow Helsinki Watch Group (Helsinki Watch Group: helsinki watch was an independent ngo created in mid-1970s to monitor compliance to the...
		With the collapse of the Soviet Union (collapse of the Soviet Union: more facts about this subject) at the end of the decade, the term "otkaznik" largely passed into history.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/refusenik_soviet_union (512 words)

	CSP "Alternative NSR"--1989 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Soviet Encouragement of Chaos in Afghanistan: This is all the more true in light of the fact that Soviet policy in Afghanistan has been designed to create the conditions for civil war between the factions of the mujaheddin in the event that Soviet troops were withdrawn.
		In short, the Soviet Union is still very much in a position to pursue its longstanding objectives in Afghanistan, namely maintaining hegemonic influence over Afghan domestic affairs and intervening as necessary to prevent the emergence of a sovereign and independent regime on its southern border.
		The number of known refuseniks is down to about a hundred families, a very low number relative to the thousands of refuseniks who found themselves stranded in the Soviet Union in the early 1980's with no hope of leaving.
	www.security-policy.org /papers/studies/altnsr89.html (8956 words)

	Search Results for "Soviet"
		...The bicameral legislature of the former Soviet Union, with members elected in one house from the population at large and in the other from the constituent national...
		Soviet A native or inhabitant of the former Soviet Union....
		Soviet politician who was general secretary of the Communist Party from 1982 to 1984....
	www.bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?FILTER=col61&query=Soviet (286 words)

	H-Net Review: David Shneer on They Did Not Dwell Alone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		So the refusenik problem was central to Israeli diplomacy, and since the Dutch ambassador represented Israeli interests to the Soviet Union, the Dutch were also at the forefront of the international political problem that Jewish emigration became in the 1970s.
		The constant refusal of the Soviet authorities to allow large-scale emigration, the harassment of applicants, and the maltreatment and persecution of those who were refused permission, in turn, generated pressure from the West.
		The amendment arose as a response to the extortionist "diploma tax" the Soviet government charged to educated emigrants to "repay the government for free higher education." The issue made worldwide news and plunged the plight of Soviet Jews into the center of American politics and America's relationship with the Soviet Union.
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=29670937594203 (2793 words)

	Blat: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Because, in the Soviet Union, the Gosplan (Gosplan: gosplan () was the committee (ministry)...
		In Soviet republics abundancy of blatnoys was taken to such extremes as impossibilty of gaining some post or enrolling at some prestigious majors in universities without proper connections.
		Economy of the Soviet Union (Economy of the Soviet Union: the economy of the soviet union was based on a system of state ownership and administrative...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/blat (153 words)

	After the Collapse
		Although the already-inefficient centrally planned Soviet economy was increasingly strained by the absence of strong guidance from the top — as evident in the USSR's growing social problems, especially expanding alcohol abuse and declining life expectancy — the economy did not appear to have reached the breaking point.
		As I traveled widely in the Soviet Union on lecture tours, I was also able to see life outside of Moscow's "beltway." By the time I left the Soviet Union for the United States in January of 1973, I thought the Soviet totalitarian system was ugly, overbearing, and inefficient.
		Despite its internal problems, the Soviet Union had tens of thousands of nuclear warheads and a global force-projection capability; it was certainly not a "paper tiger." I could not imagine that the process of reform would, rather than strengthening the Soviet Union, become unstoppable and destroy it altogether.
	partners.nytimes.com /books/first/s/simes-collapse.html (5253 words)

	NCSJ - Soviet Jewry in the Post-War Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This remark provoked an increase in applications from Soviet Jews, primarily in the Baltic republics, for emigration to Israel in 1965 and 1966.
		As the plight of the Jews in the Soviet Union worsened, Jews in the West began to react with concern.
		The Soviet Jewry advocacy movement in the West reacted to the downward trend in emigration with increasing urgency.
	www.ncsj.org /AuxPages/history.shtml (2444 words)

	Commentary Magazine - The Jews of Hope, by Martin Gilbert (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Try as they might, Soviet authorities have been notably unsuccessful in their efforts to crush the movement for Jewish emigration and the associated struggle for Jewish religious and cultural rights.
		For the refuseniks, the rule of law is nonexistent.
		...That hundreds of thousands of Soviet citizens were prepared to abandon the first nation of socialism for a country relentlessly portrayed by the official media as a principal outpost of world fascism was undoubtedly a severe blow to the Kremlin's pride...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V79I6P73-1.htm (1738 words)

	Upper Midwest Jewish Archives // Collections // Organizational Holdings
		The Soviet Jewry movement was organized in the mid-1960s to advocate for religious freedom and emigration rights for Jews living in the Soviet Union.
		During the Soviet era, Jews were not allowed to practice their religion in the Soviet Union, were faced with continuing anti-Semitism, and were routinely denied visas to emigrate to Israel or the West.
		Despite the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991, the movement continued to help with the emigration and resettlement of Soviet Jews until 1995.
	special.lib.umn.edu /umja/col/org/sov_jew_scope.html (1265 words)

	National Conference on Soviet Jewry - Issues (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Influence the governments of the former Soviet Union to address seriously the rise in anti-Semitism, and take action against it through enforcement of legislation on racial incitement, increased protection of its Jewish communities, and creation of educational programming for the majority populations.
		Urge the former Soviet Union governments to continue to move towards a rule of law society by creating, adopting, implementing and institutionalizing legislative, judicial and law enforcement reforms that aid in the protection of religious and ethnic minorities.
		Given the uncertainty of the political and economic situation in the successor states to the former Soviet Union, ("FSU") the Jackson-Vanik Amendment continues as a guarantor of the right to emigrate from in the FSU.
	www.ncsj.org /issues.shtml (1625 words)

	Alexander Lerner \| The San Diego Union-Tribune
		Alexander Lerner, an eminent cyberneticist and a leading member of the "refusenik" movement that promoted Jewish emigration from the former Soviet Union, has died, a spokeswoman for an Israeli science institute said Tuesday.
		He was fired from his position as head of the Department of Large Systems Control Theory at the Soviet Academy of Sciences in 1971 when he applied for permission to go to Israel.
		Lerner's decision to apply for an Israeli exit permit resulted in the sudden cancelation of his privileges as a senior member of the Soviet elite: a five-room apartment in Moscow, a summer home in the country, two cars and frequent foreign travel.
	www.signonsandiego.com /uniontrib/20040710/news_1m10lerner.html (345 words)

	TIME Magazine Archive Article -- World Notes SOVIET UNION -- Sep. 21, 1987
		Last February, after a series of public protests, the Soviet Union's best-known refusenik was abruptly released from labor camp after serving 3 1/2 years on charges stemming from his activities as a Hebrew teacher.
		Soviet authorities announced that they were approving his 16-year-old request to emigrate to Israel.
		Moscow's move is evidently intended to gain favor with the West in anticipation of a summit this fall between President Reagan and Soviet Leader Mikhail Gorbachev.
	www.time.com /time/archive/preview/0,10987,147649,00.html (318 words)

	j. - Former refusenik sees conditions getting worse for ex-Soviet Jews
		The number of anti-Semitic incidents in the former Soviet Union is steadily rising, according to one expert, who says his former country "is not a good place for Jews.
		The small offices in the former Soviet Union are staffed by three to five workers each and aided by a network of 25 volunteers.
		The main function of the bureaus is to force the courts to hear human rights cases by publicizing them both in the former Soviet Union and in the West.
	www.jewishsf.com /content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/5588/edition_id/104/format/html/displaystory.html (620 words)

	Refuseniks
		Although many refuseniks were highly educated, they often had to accept whatever jobs were offered them (for example, cleaning streets at night) to avoid being arrested as "parasites" (a Soviet classification for any able-bodied person unemployed for two months).
		The refuseniks themselves served as the leadership of the Russian Jewish revival that started after the 1967 Six-Day War.
		With the rise of Gorbachev's policy of glasnost (greater openness and freedom), most of the longest-waiting refuseniks were permitted to leave, after having spent many of what should have been the most productive years of their lives unemployed, in fear of arrest, and under constant attack by their peers and neighbors.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/History/Human_Rights/refuseniks.html (749 words)

	Refusenik (Soviet Union) - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Refusenik (Soviet Union) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Refusenik (Soviet Union) - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Refusenik (Soviet Union).
		Here you will find more informations about Refusenik (Soviet Union).
		The orginal Refusenik (Soviet Union) article can be editet
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Refusenik-Soviet-Union.html (449 words)

	History of Science Society \| HSSOnline.org
		Because of the rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union in international relations, a competition necessarily involving science and technology, a large literature exists on science and technology policy in the Soviet Union.
		Soviet science policy in the period 1945-1975 is treated in Mark Adams, "Biology After Stalin: A Case Study," Survey, No. 102, Winter 1977-1978, pp.
		An interesting article on the growth of scientific personnel in the USSR, portraying the Soviet overtaking of the United States in the number of research workers, is Louvan Nolting and Murray Feshbach's "R and D Employment in the USSR" Science 1 Feb. 1980, 207:493-503.
	www.hssonline.org /teach_res/essays/graham/grahamp10.html (619 words)

	History of Science Society -- Newsletter Article
		The history of science and technology in Russian and the Soviet Union is a field of study that is underdeveloped in the West, and good books on the subject in English or other West European languages are correspondingly rare.
		Although not on Soviet science, his paper must be seen in the context of Soviet events that fundamenrally affected its form and substance.
		The profound influence of the Russian tradition of morphology on the formulation of Soviet Darwinism is the subject of Mark Adams, "Severtsov amd Schmalhausen: Russian Morphology and the Evolutionary Synthesis," in The Evolutionary Synthesis: Perspectives on the Unification of Biology, edited by Ernst Mayr and William Provine (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1980), pp.
	depts.washington.edu /hssexec/newsletter/1997/graham.html (6888 words)

	A Country Like Any Other: The State Department and the Soviet Union (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Office of Soviet Union Affairs (the Soviet desk) is in the Bureau of European Affairs along with such close American NATO allies as Britain, West Germany, and Canada.
		George Keq.nans prescription for dealing with Soviets articulated in 1946, was based on the assumption that the U.S. should not search for a community of aims with Moscow because such community simply did not exist Man was against, as he put it, acting chummy with the Soviets or making fatuous gestures of good will.
		Yet a better knowledge of the Soviet Union is likely to produce Foreign Service Officers whose instincts are less likely to emphasize accommodation of Moscow and who are less naive about the security risks involved in the assignment to Moscow.
	new.heritage.org /Research/RussiaandEurasia/bg682.cfm (3079 words)

	Sample text for Library of Congress control number 98047287
		Although the already-inefficient centrally planned Soviet economy was increasingly strained by the absence of strong guidance from the top -- as evident in the USSR's growing social problems, especially expanding alcohol abuse and declining life expectancy -- the economy did not appear to have reached the breaking point.
		While not a major development, this latter change in Soviet behavior demonstrated one important fact -- that, at least at the margins, Brezhnev and his colleagues were prepared to give in to U.S. efforts to influence Soviet domestic policies.
		Even at the beginning of the Gorbachev era, the willingness -- indeed, the determination -- to introduce major change in the Soviet Union was hardly limited to the general secretary and his close advisors.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/samples/simon052/98047287.html (4795 words)

	Winds of Change.NET: HUMANITY: Christianity Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Soviet Union and its European vassal states were under the dominion of aging terror-wielding apparatchiks.
		Soviet Life' was a coffee table pictorial publication, proudly endorsing the softer side of the Soviet workers' paradise, pitched to Americans.
		The enormous role of the Church in putting an end to the Soviet Union is due in no small part to his vision and his moral leadership and as such we all feel a sense of loss at his passing.
	www.windsofchange.net /archives/cat_humanity_christianity.php (4840 words)

	Union of Councils for Soviet Jews: Who we are
		The Union of Councils (UCSJ) is an independent grass-roots organization dedicated to Jewish security, freedom, sustenance, and dignity & knowledge through human rights advocacy and its Yad L'Yad Partnership Program in the former Soviet Union.
		The former Soviet Union is a volatile region.
		The Union of Councils for Soviet Jews (UCSJ) is a 501(c)(3) charitable organization.
	www.fsumonitor.com /join.shtml (559 words)

	Union College
		Nevertheless, he spent several years after graduation screening Soviet submarines and lowering their electromagnetic levels to the point where American submarines wouldn't detect them.
		He also started having "minor run-ins" with the KGB - due to his status as both a "refusenik" (someone who had been turned down for emigration from the Soviet Union) and as member of the underground.
		After five years of waiting to emigrate while the KGB made his life "uncomfortable," Iossel was finally granted permission to leave the Soviet Union in 1986, when Gorbachev came to power and tensions eased.
	www.union.edu /N/DS/s.php?s=1661 (1262 words)

	Jews in Russia, the Countries of the Former Soviet Union, Central and Eastern Europe
		The Holocaust in the Soviet Union: Studies and Sources on the Destruction of the Jews in the Nazi-Occupied Territories of the USSR, 1941-1945.
		Soviet Jewish Aliyah, 1989-1992: Impact and Implications for Israel and the Middle East.
		Kosmin, Barry A. The Class of 1979: the "Acculturation" of Jewish Immigrants From the Soviet Union.
	www.lib.uchicago.edu /e/su/slavic/jbib/jbibrus.html (1144 words)

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