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Topic: Regulatory subunit

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	Protein subunit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In structural biology, a protein subunit or subunit protein is a single protein molecule that assembles (or "coassembles") with other protein molecules to form a multimeric or oligomeric protein.
		The subunits of a multimeric protein may be identical, homologous or totally dissimilar and dedicated to disparate tasks.
		In some protein assemblies, one subunit may be referred to as a "regulatory subunit" and another as a "catalytic subunit." An enzyme composed of both regulatory and catalytic subunits when assembled is often referred to as a holoenzyme.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Protein_subunit (219 words)

	InterPro: IPR000704 Casein kinase II, regulatory subunit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The beta subunit is a highly conserved protein of about 25 kD that contains, in its central section, a cysteine-rich motif that could be involved in binding a metal such as zinc [ 4 ].
		Bidwai A.P. Reed J.C. Glover C.V. Cloning and disruption of CKB1, the gene encoding the 38-kDa beta subunit of Saccharomyces cerevisiae casein kinase II (CKII).
		Reed J.C. Bidwai A.P. Glover C.V. Cloning and disruption of CKB2, the gene encoding the 32-kDa regulatory beta'-subunit of Saccharomyces cerevisiae casein kinase II.
	www.ebi.ac.uk /interpro/IEntry?ac=IPR000704 (3140 words)

	Identification of the Regulatory Subunit of Arabidopsis thaliana Acetohydroxyacid Synthase and Reconstitution with Its ...
		Identification of the Regulatory Subunit of Arabidopsis thaliana Acetohydroxyacid Synthase and Reconstitution with Its Catalytic Subunit
		The enzyme from most bacteria is composed of a catalytic subunit, and a smaller regulatory subunit that is required for full activity and for sensitivity to feedback regulation by valine.
		The structure and properties of the regulatory subunit are reminiscent of the regulatory domain of threonine deaminase (EC 4.2.1.16), and it is suggested that the two proteins are evolutionarily related.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bichaw/2001/40/i23/abs/bi002775q.html (295 words)

	CHE 415 - General Biochemistry I - Mechanisms of Enzyme Regulation
		The enzyme is a large complex of six catalytic and six regulatory subunits, and is regulated allosterically by the binding of ATP (an activator) and CTP (an inhibitor).
		Experiments indicating the nature of the subunit interactions employed a mercurial reagent, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, to modify free sulfhydryl residues and inhibit the subunit interactions: this modification dissociated the dodecamer into dimers of regulatory subunits and trimers of catalytic subunits, reflecting the organization of the dodecamer.
		In this case, labeled catalytic subunits were mixed with unlabeled subunits, and the binding of the substrate to the unlabeled subunit was gauged with respect to its effect on the conformation of the labeled subunit.
	people.uis.edu /efish1/Che415/Lectur15/lectur15.htm (1639 words)

	Methylation of the Protein Phosphatase 2A Catalytic Subunit Is Essential for Association of B{alpha} Regulatory Subunit ...
		A C subunit carboxy-terminal octopeptide carboxy methylated on leucine 309 was synthesized and high-pressure liquid chromatography purified.
		The fraction (x) of unmethylated C subunit in the original sample is defined as the ratio (untreated to base treated) of C subunit signal quantitated with a Bio-Rad Fluor S-Max chemilumimager.
		subunit or MT was immunoprecipitated from the remainder of the lysates and the immunoprecipitates (IP) were analyzed by 10% SDS-PAGE and immunoblotted with a methylation-insensitive C subunit antibody (bottom) to determine the amount of C subunit coimmunoprecipitated in each case.
	www.molbiolcell.org /cgi/content/full/12/1/185 (8460 words)

	U.S. Patent: 5271941 - Antisense oligonucleotides of human regulatory subunit RI.sub..alpha. of cAMP-dependent protein ...
		Antisense oligonucleotides of human regulatory subunit RI-alpha of cAMP-dependent protein kinases are disclosed along with pharmaceutical compositions containing these oligonucleotides as the active ingredients.
		It is unlikely that free C subunit increase in cells exposed to RI.sub..alpha.
		The depletion of RI.sub..alpha., the type I regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, by means of an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide, especially with its phosphorothioate analog, leads to a successful halt of tumor growth in vivo with no symptoms of toxicity, suggesting great potential of this antisense oligodeoxynucleotide for clinical application.
	www.everypatent.com /comp/pat5271941.html (6729 words)

	Protein Kinase A
		Regulatory subunit: Two molecules of this subunit bind one another in an anti-parallel orientation to form a homodimer; for type I subunits (see below), this binding is covalent via disulfide bonds.
		Regulatory subunits may also have biologic activity distinct from their role in modulating catalytic subunit activity.
		The catalytic subunits of protein kinase A phosphorylate proteins at serine and threonine residues; the usual target sequence is [Arg-Arg-X-Ser/Thr-X], where X is a hydrophobic amino acid.
	arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu /hbooks/molecules/pka.html (816 words)

	Crystal Structure of a Protein Kinase A Complex
		In its unactivated state, PKA exists as a tetrameric complex of two catalytic subunits and a regulatory subunit dimer, but when the intracellular signaling molecule cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) binds to the regulatory subunit, it facilitates dissociation and activation of the catalytic subunits.
		While separate structures of these subunits were previously known, a group from the University of California, San Diego, is the first to determine (to a resolution of 2.0 Å) the structure of the PKA catalytic subunits bound to the regulatory subunit.
		The complex was stabilized against dissociation by crystallizing it in the presence of AMP-PNP, a nonhydrolyzable analog of ATP, and excess Mn Structure of a PKA complex consisting of a catalytically active C subunit (two lobes in gray and tan) and a regulatory R subunit (cyan).
	www-als.lbl.gov /als/science/sci_archive/111pka.html (1192 words)

	Dissecting interdomain communication within cAPK regulatory subunit type II{beta} using enhanced amide ...
		Li, Y. and Rubin, C.S. Mutagenesis of the regulatory subunit (RII-ß) of cAMP-dependent protein kinase ii-ß reveals hydrophobic amino acids that are essential for RII-ß dimerization and/or anchoring RII-ß to the cytoskeleton.
		Stein, J.C., Farooq, M., Norton, W.T., and Rubin, C.S. Differential expression of isoforms of the regulatory subunit of type II cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in rat neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes.
		Zick, S.K. and Taylor, S.S. Interchain disulfide bonding in the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase I. Biol.
	www.proteinscience.org /cgi/content/full/12/9/1980 (5340 words)

	epcondb.org \| DoTS Gene DG.51427
		100% identity to 100% of phosphoinositide-3-kinase, regulatory subunit, polypeptide 1 isoform 2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, regulatory, 1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, regulatory subunit, polypeptide 1 (p85 alpha); phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-asso
		100% identity to 98% of phosphoinositide-3-kinase, regulatory subunit, polypeptide 1 isoform 2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, regulatory, 1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, regulatory subunit, polypeptide 1 (p85 alpha); phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-assoc
		88% identity to 42% of phosphoinositide-3-kinase, regulatory subunit, polypeptide 1 isoform 1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, regulatory, 1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, regulatory subunit, polypeptide 1 (p85 alpha); phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-associ
	www.cbil.upenn.edu /epcondb/servlet/sv?page=gene&id=DG.51427 (354 words)

	Human protein: Q6P4G9 - Protein phosphatase 2, regulatory subunit B'', isoform 1. EMBL Bioinformatics Harvester
		The core enzyme of PP2A comprises a catalytic subunit (C) and a constant regulatory subunit (A).
		The B subunits are thought to determine the substrate specificity and the subcellular localization of the enzyme.
		pp2a consists of a common heterodimeric core enzyme, composed of a 36 kda catalytic subunit (subunit c) and a 65 kda constant regulatory subunit (pr65 or subunit a), that associates with a variety of regulatory subunits.
	harvester.embl.de /harvester/Q6P4/Q6P4G9.htm (850 words)

	Effect of an Asp905Tyr Mutation of the Glycogen-Associated Regulatory Subunit of Protein Phosphatase-1 on the ...
		Effect of an Asp905Tyr Mutation of the Glycogen-Associated Regulatory Subunit of Protein Phosphatase-1 on the Regulation of Glycogen Synthesis by Insulin and Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate Agonists -- Ragolia et al.
		Subunit Is Accompanied by Activation of Phosphorylase a.
		dissociation of the catalytic subunit from the regulatory subunit
	mend.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/13/10/1773 (5034 words)

	EXPRESSION OF A PROTEASOME REGULATORY SUBUNIT SENSITISES HELA CELLS TO CELL DEATH BY TREATMENT WITH SPINDLE POISONS AND ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Expression of a proteasome regulatory subunit sensitizes HeLa cells to cell death by treatment with spindle poisons and the proteasome inhibitor MG132
		S8/p45/TRIP1 is an AAA(ATPase Associated with a variety of cellular Activities) family ATPase subunit of proteasome19S regulatory complex (Ref.3).
		The proteasome is a downstream component of spindle checkpoint and drives mitotic anaphase progression by degrading polyubiquitylated mitotic regulatory proteins such as mitotic cyclins and securin.
	www.med.miami.edu /MNBWS/Yamada-.html (517 words)

	Acetohydroxyacid synthase (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		We have identified the regulatory subunit of the A.
		The enzyme is activated by the regulatory subunit and becomes sensitive to inhibition by the branched-chain amino acids.
		Duggleby, R.G. Identification of the regulatory subunit of Arabidopsis thaliana acetohydroxyacid synthase and reconstitution with its catalytic subunit.
	florey.biosci.uq.edu.au /~duggleby/rgd1b.htm (1663 words)

	HHMI News: Structural Studies Improve Understanding of Key Drug Targets
		That regulatory subunit features a flexible extension that inhibits the catalytic subunit by docking with the active site—maintaining PKA in a dormant state until it is triggered by cAMP.
		At the outset of the studies, the researchers constructed a special version of the two bound subunits that was stable enough to be crystallized and subjected to structural analysis using x-ray crystallography.
		The structure also reveals that the large lobe of the catalytic subunit acts as a stable scaffold for such functions as binding the regulatory subunit.
	www.hhmi.org /news/taylor.html (1205 words)

	Candida albicans Lacking the Gene Encoding the Regulatory Subunit of Protein Kinase A Displays a Defect in Hyphal ...
		Nucleocytoplasmic distribution of budding yeast protein kinase A regulatory subunit Bcy1 requires Zds1 and is regulated by Yak1-dependent phosphorylation of its targeting domain.
		Cloning and structural analysis of the gene for the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in Blastocladiella emersonii.
		Interactions between regulatory and catalytic subunits of the Candida albicans cAMP-dependent protein kinase are modulated by autophosphorylation of the regulatory subunit.
	ec.asm.org /cgi/content/full/3/1/190 (5860 words)

	Interactive Fly, Drosophila
		The trimer is composed of three subunits -- the so-called A and B subunits, plus a catalytic subunit: mammalian PP2A then, is composed of a catalytic 36-kD subunit, a 65kD regulatory subunit (the A subunit or PR65) and the B-subunit.
		The dimeric core complex (catalytic and A-subunit) may be combined with one of a number of regulatory subunits (the B-subunits) ranging in size from 54 to 74kD.
		Cloning of the B subunit PR55, coding for Twins protein, was accomplished through homology to the human homolog (Mayer-Jaekel, 1993 and Uemura, 1993).
	www.sdbonline.org /fly/dbzhnsky/twins1.htm (1306 words)

	A Small Domain in the N Terminus of the Regulatory alpha -Subunit Kv2.3 Modulates Kv2.1 Potassium Channel Gating -- ...
		The position of the A and B boxes, the S1 segment, and the proposed N-terminal regulatory domain (NRD) are indicated.
		Li M, Jan YN, Jan LY (1992) Specification of subunit assembly by the hydrophilic amino-terminal domain of the Shaker potassium channel.
		Shen NV, Pfaffinger PJ (1995) Molecular recognition and assembly sequences involved in the subfamily-specific assembly of voltage-gated potassium channels subunit proteins.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/19/16/6865 (5691 words)

	Mutations in the protein kinase A R1{alpha} regulatory subunit cause familial cardiac myxomas and Carney complex -- ...
		Mutations in the protein kinase A R1{alpha} regulatory subunit cause familial cardiac myxomas and Carney complex -- Casey et al.
		Jones, K.W., Shapero, M.H., Chevrette, M., and Fournier, R.E.K. Subtractive hybridization cloning of a tissue-specific extinguisher: TSE1 encodes a regulatory subunit of protein kinase A. Cell.
		Type II regulatory subunits are not required for the anchoring-dependent modulation of Ca channel activity by cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/106/5/R31 (4023 words)

	AAAS \| Science's STKE \| Okkenhaug et al., pp. pe1
		Tyrosine kinase receptors, such as the PDGF receptor, recruit the catalytic subunit of PI3K to the membrane through its associated regulatory subunit.
		The SH2 domains of the regulatory subunit bind phosphorylated tyrosines in the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor (or phosphorylated tyrosines in associated proteins, in the case of the insulin receptor).
		C. Jimenez, R. Portela, M. Mellado, J. Rodriguez-Frade, J. Collard, A. Serrano, A. Martinez, J. Avila, A. Carrera, Role of the PI3K regulatory subunit in the control of actin organization and cell migration.
	stke.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/full/OC_sigtrans;2001/65/pe1?ijkey=v9nQ1aoj34suI&keytype=ref&siteid=sigtrans (2755 words)

	Differential Effects of Haloperidol and Clozapine on [3H]cAMP Binding, Protein Kinase A (PKA) Activity, and mRNA and ...
		Immunolabeling of catalytic and regulatory subunit isoforms of PKA in cortex, hippocampus, and striatum was determined by
		Representative Western blots of regulatory and catalytic subunit isoforms of PKA in rat striatum are shown in Fig.
		Shuntoh H, Sakamoto N, Matsuyama S, Saitoh M and Tanaka C (1992) Molecular structure of the C beta catalytic subunit of rat cAMP-dependent protein kinase and differential expression of C alpha and C beta isoforms in rat tissues and cultured cells.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/301/1/197 (6712 words)

	HEC Binds to the Seventh Regulatory Subunit of the 26 S Proteasome and Modulates the Proteolysis of Mitotic Cyclins -- ...
		HEC Binds to the Seventh Regulatory Subunit of the 26 S Proteasome and Modulates the Proteolysis of Mitotic Cyclins -- Chen et al.
		regulatory subunit of the 26 S proteasome complex (5).
		MSS1 is the seventh regulatory subunit of the 26 S proteasome complex (5).
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/272/38/24081 (5281 words)

	Identification of a common amino acid polymorphism in the p85alpha regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase: ...
		Identification of a common amino acid polymorphism in the p85alpha regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase: effects on glucose disappearance constant, glucose effectiveness, and the insulin sensitivity index -- Hansen et al.
		Identification of a common amino acid polymorphism in the p85alpha regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase: effects on glucose disappearance constant, glucose effectiveness, and the insulin sensitivity index
		regulatory subunit is found in 31% of a random sample of young healthy
	diabetes.diabetesjournals.org /cgi/lookup?vol=46&fp=494&view=abstract (1018 words)

	Environmental Genome Project Research Activities - Gamma GCS Regulation-Regulatory/Catalytic Subunit Genes
		The non-protein thiol, glutathione (gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine, GSH) is a predominant cellular antioxidant and as such serves critical functions in the maintenance of cellular redox balance, provides protection against reactive oxygen species and is involved in the detoxication of xenobiotics either through direct reactions with reactive intermediates or via enzymatic conjugation reactions catalyzed by glutathione S-transferases.
		Exposure of cells to a number of xenobiotic agents results in a significant increase in the total intracellular GSH content, secondary to transcriptional up-regulation of the genes encoding the two protein subunits (catalytic and regulatory) of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS, EC 6.3.2.2), the rate-limiting enzyme in its de novo synthesis.
		It is hypothesized that transcriptional up-regulation of the two GCS subunit genes involves similar cis-elements, but distinct combinations of trans- factors, contributing to differential regulation in response to specific inducting agents.
	www.niehs.nih.gov /envgenom/abstract/r01-9749.htm (333 words)

	PKA 2 beta (regulatory subunit) (phospho S114) antibody (ab5829) datasheet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		PKA is composed of conserved catalytic subunits and regulatory subunits (R1 alpha, R1 beta, R2 alpha, and R2 beta).
		Upon adenylate cyclase activation, AMP binds to the regulatory subunits, and releases the catalytic subunit, which becomes active upon its dissociation from the regulatory subunit.
		PKA R2 beta is autophosphorylated by the catalytic subunit in the presence of ATP and is constitutively phosphorylated in many normal tissues including heart.
	www.abcam.com /?datasheet=5829 (1007 words)

	Nucleocytoplasmic Distribution of Budding Yeast Protein Kinase A Regulatory Subunit Bcy1 Requires Zds1 and Is Regulated ...
		cells the regulatory subunit is strongly concentrated in the nucleus.
		Type II regulatory subunit (RII) of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase interaction with A-kinase anchor proteins requires isoleucines 3 and 5.
		Bcy1, the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in yeast, is differentially modified in response to the physiological status of the cell.
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/21/2/511 (6399 words)

	Variants of the KCNMB3 regulatory subunit of maxi BK channels affect channel inactivation -- Hu et al. 15 (3): 191 -- ...
		Transmembrane domains are underscored; substituted amino acids are in boldface; the deletion of adenine 750 (delA750, numbered using the ß3c sequence) is marked with an arrowhead; the truncated part of the protein resulting from delA750 is in italics.
		Wild-type subunits are shown by solid circles, V1 by solid squares, V2 by solid triangles, V3 by solid diamonds, and V4 by open circles.
		Identification of a putative regulatory subunit of a calcium-activated potassium channel in the dup(3q) syndrome region and a related sequence on 22q11.2.
	physiolgenomics.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/15/3/191 (3667 words)

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