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Topic: Reichsdeutsche

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	Volksdeutsche Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This is the loosest meaning of the term, which was used mainly during the Weimar Republic.
		In a stricter sense, '''volksdeutsch''' came to mean ethnic Germans living abroad but ''without'' German citizenship, i.e., the juxtaposition with '''reichsdeutsch''' was sharpened to denote difference in citizenship as well as residence.
		Both those who became Volksdeutsche by signing the list and Reichsdeutsche retained German citizenship during the years of Allied military occupation, after the establishment of East Germany and West Germany in 1949, and later in the reunified Germany.
	www.echostatic.com /Volksdeutsche.html (903 words)

	Encyclopedia: Volksdeutsche (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This is in contrast to Imperial Germans (Reichsdeutsche), German citizens living within Germany.
		The period of German history from 1919 to 1933 is known as the Weimar Republic IPA (German Weimarer Republik).
		The General Government (in full General government for the occupied Polish areas, in German Generalgouvernement für die besetzten polnischen Gebiete) was the name given by Germany to the governing authority in Poland after its occupation by the Wehrmacht in September and October 1939.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Volksdeutsche (2505 words)

	history1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In Detroit, the "Reichsdeutsche", immigrants from the "Reich", or Germany proper, considered the Ostschwaben to be "impure" in their German ethnicity, and often treated them as lower class.
		Because of the strong political influence of the Hungarians over that part of the Hapsburg Empire, the language of the Ostschwaben came to include many words and expressions native to the Magyars.
		Contrary to what the "Reichsdeutsche" believed, the Schwaben were, apparently, more German than Hungarian after all.
	www.carpathiaclub.com /History/history1.htm (2247 words)

	Ehrenkreuz
		Kriegsteilnehmer in diesem Sinne waren alle Reichsdeutsche, die in dem Zeitraum vom 01.08.1914 bis zum 31.12.1918 auf deutscher Seite oder auf der Seite der Verbündeten Kriegsdienst geleistet hatten, d.h.
		Als Frontkämpfer hingegen galt jeder Reichsdeutsche, der innerhalb des v.g.
		Reichsdeutsche in diesem Sinne waren auch die Kriegsteilnehmer, die aufgrund der Bestimmungen des Versailler Vertrages ihre Reichsangehörigkeit verloren hatten.
	www.auszeichnungen-online.de /Seite2Ehrenkreuz.htm (825 words)

	Expulsion of Germans after World War II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The factual accuracy of this section is disputed.
		The expulsion of Germans after World War II was the mass deportation of people considered Germans (both Reichsdeutsche and Volksdeutsche) from Soviet-occupied areas outside of the Soviet occupation zone of Germany, and is one major part of the German exodus from Eastern Europe after World War II.
		The process, aiming at ethnically homogenous nation states started before the Potsdam Conference (which ordained ordered and humane transfer and organized details of the transfer).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_after_World_War_II (2864 words)

	[Projekat Rastko] Carl Kosta Savich - "Prinz Eugen" SS Division, 1941-1945
		The officers and NCOs were almost entirely national Germans (Reichsdeutsche), Germans from Germany proper, while the enlisted men were Volksdeutsche, ethnic Germans outside the Reich, from Yugoslavia, Romania, and Hungary.
		The Reichsdeutsche had a low opinion of the fighting ability of the Volksdeutsche, whom they dismissed as Mussulmaenner, Muslims, a term used by concentration camp guards to describe prisoners with little chance of survival.
		Nevertheless, Himmler and Berger were staunchly committed to exploit the manpower of ethnic Germans outside the Reich.
	www.rastko.org.yu /rastko-bl/istorija/kcsavic/csavich-eugen_e.html (3332 words)

	German_exodus_from_Eastern_Europe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Late towards the end of the war German authorities ordered the evacuation of areas close to the advancing front.
		Not only people who had been citizens of Nazi Germany (Reichsdeutsche) but also ethnic Germans (Volksdeutsche) were successfully evacuated (around 5 million people) before the rest were overrun by the Red Army.
		The remaining ethnic German residents, some of whom had become German citizens during the world war, were expelled or fled from present-day Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Kaliningrad Oblast, and other East European countries.
	www.comicscomics.com /search.php?title=German_exodus_from_Eastern_Europe (243 words)

	Warsaw Uprising Witnesses: German Atrocities IX
		Having removed part of this barricade and thus enabled tanks to pass, we were brought in the direction of Zelazna Street, where we were halted, and ordered to put up our hands.
		We were asked several times if there were no Volks-or Reichsdeutsche among us.
		Next we were searched; everything of value, such as rings, watches and cigarettes, was taken from us.
	www.warsawuprising.com /witness/atrocities9.htm (1502 words)

	The NDSU Libraries: Germans From Russia
		When contrasted to the Reichsdeutsche, German-Russians may have been akin to "stomach" Germans, Frederick C. Luebke's somewhat inelegant term for a group of German-Americans.
		Having observed this phenomenon in western North Dakota, a Roman Catholic priest wrote: "To the average German, the German-Russian was an Ausländer.
		For the Reichsdeutsche, Germany was a distinct place - their historic homeland, their native land, their nation.
	www.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu /grhc/history_culture/history/iseminger.html (7223 words)

	The human rights dimensions of population
		The failure of the Minorities Treaties and the ensuing war provided an air of acceptability for the concept of compulsory transfer in Europe as a solution to social and political problems related to ethnicity.
		Following Adolf Hitler's policy of Umsiedlung (resettlement), Benito Mussolini actually instigated the Italo-German agreement on obligatory transfer of the Reichsdeutsche (expatriate German citizens) and the voluntary transfer of Volksdeutschen (ethnic Germans) to the Reich from the Süd Tirol, a territory ceded to Italy from Austria in the Treaty of St. Germain of 1919.
		Reichsdeutsche in Italy were given three months to move and Volksdeutsche were to "opt freely and spontaneously" to emigrate as automatic German citizens by 31 December 1942 or to remain in Italy.
	www.unhchr.ch /huridocda/huridoca.nsf/2848af408d01ec0ac1256609004e770b/b2d29625e398c58380256766005955a9?OpenDocument (15186 words)

	SGA-01/2002-Zimmermann (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Den Aufbau der NSDAP betreuten zwar reichsdeutsche Funktionäre, doch ist dies kein Hinweis auf eine erzwungene Gleichschaltung.
		In der Verwaltung waren dagegen viele reichsdeutsche Beamte vertreten.
		Einigen Berichte zufolge machten sich einige Reichsdeutsche bereits über das angebliche Pflichtbewusstsein der Sudetendeutschen lustig.
	sga.euweb.cz /001/clanky/zimmermann-001.htm (4529 words)

	Osprey Publishing - The Waffen-SS (3)
		Stern measures were taken against Croatian obstruction; the numbers were bulked out by transfers of Muslims from the ranks of the Croatian forces, and the Germans soon resorted to blatant conscription.
		Leadership was provided by (predominantly) Volksdeutsche and some Muslim officers of the Croatian Army, and by a Reichsdeutsche and Volksdeutsche cadre transferred from the 7.
		The Muslim troops were unique within the SS in being permitted to have their own religious teachers (imams) serving with them.
	www.ospreypublishing.com /title_detail.php?title=S5910&view=spread&view=extract (834 words)

	Die Firmengeschichte (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Brönner's accountancy firm Reichsdeutsche Treuhand-Revision AG is the fourth company of its kind to be registered in Germany.
		Brönner's Reichsdeutsche Treuhand-Revision AG becomes one of the largest independent accountancy companies in Berlin.
		Activities of the company are affected by war and post-war conditions.
	www.broenner.org /history.html (263 words)

	SEHEPUNKTE - Rezensionsjournal für die Geschichtswissenschaften - 3 (2003), Nr. 2
		April 1938 das Einfallstor für die wirtschaftliche Penetration Österreichs durch reichsdeutsche Unternehmen.
		Diese Tochtergesellschaften konnten ähnlich wie einheimische oder reichsdeutsche Unternehmen versuchen, ihre Marktposition durch "Arisierungsaktivitäten" zu festigen oder auszubauen.
		Zusammenfassend kann festgestellt werden, dass sich sowohl die Schweizer Diplomatie als auch die schweizerischen Unternehmen bei der "Arisierung" in Österreich in etwa so verhielten, wie man es aufgrund der vorliegenden Forschungen zur Rolle der Schweiz in Flüchtlings- und anderen Fragen sowie zum Verhalten schweizerischer Unternehmen im "Altreich" erwarten konnte.
	www.sehepunkte.historicum.net /2003/02/2332.html (1400 words)

	English summary of "Rhetorik und Realpolitik..." (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The ethnic expulsion of Reichsdeutsche and Volksdeutsche from Central and Eastern Europe during and following WWII entailed the most extensive population transfers in modern history.
		This study highlights the position of Britain and significant British actors vis-a-vis the expulsion and flight of Volksdeutsche and Reichsdeutsche from Central and Eastern Europe.
		Great Britain is interesting in this context for a number of reasons, not least of which is the claim of recent research that Great Britain may have played a more essential role in the rise of the Cold War than has hereto been maintained.
	viadrina.euv-frankfurt-o.de /~wsgn/fst/band3english.html (4674 words)

	Guardian Century \| 1940-1949 \| Airborne troops landed behind enemy lines
		German officers were captured in their beds in several places, and it became clear that the anti-air-landing precautions were not nearly as thorough as the Germans had been trying to make out for the past two years.
		The Reichsdeutsche was usually either a boy in his teens or an elderly veteran of the last war.
		There were some units of Volksdeutsche who had had German nationality forced upon them after the Hitlerian conquests of Poland and Czechoslovakia, as well as a number of Italians.
	century.guardian.co.uk /1940-1949/Story/0,6051,127645,00.html (1406 words)

	Inroads: German immigrants and the Nazi past (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		They had come to Germany before the war under voluntary and forcible Nazi-resettlement schemes, during the war in flight from the Red Army, and after the war as expellees and deportees.
		Reichsdeutsche or German nationals had also experienced various forms of migration before, during and after the war, as Nazi-settlers in central Poland (Warthegau), as evacuees from western German cities that were bombed by the Allies, or as refugees from the eastern German territories in flight from the Red Army.
		Some Germans had migrated again, from the Soviet Zone of Occupation to western zones of occupation or under voluntary resettlement schemes within western Germany, before emigrating overseas.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa4014/is_200407/ai_n9467223 (1435 words)

	Volksdeutsche (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This is in contrast to the Reichsdeutsche[?] (literally "Germans of the realm"), who were citizens of eastern Germany lands, taken over by Soviets.
		Both groups, Volksdeutsche by signing the list, and Reichsdeutsche retained German citizenship during the 50 years of allied military occupation and the establishment of the GDR and FRG in 1949, later Bundesrepublik Deutschland.
		Volksdeutsche translates to folks German, German folks, German people or ethnic Germans as it would be called today.
	www.city-search.org /vo/volksdeutsche.html (710 words)

	The NDSU Libraries: Germans From Russia
		They struggled with the problem of what to call various groups because the members did not agree, even among themselves, as to labels.
		Warren Henke, in a section called "Reichsdeutsche: Germans," deals with persons who came directly from Germany--and there were quite a few of them.
		Timothy Kloberdanz took on the labor of writing the extensive section on "Volksdeutsche: The Eastern European Germans." He projects a panoramic view of the German-Russian people who settled in North Dakota.
	www.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu /grhc/info/book_reviews/sherman2_review.html (431 words)

	A Chorus of Different Voices: German-Canadian Identities by Helfried W. Seliger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Since the notion of `Germanness' as the essential quality that would define a German is already vague and problematic, the concept of a distinct German-Canadian identity must be even more so.
		Differences in religious creed, regional affiliation (Volksdeutsche versus Reichsdeutsche), social background, and so on leave a common language as the sole defining factor, a factor which no longer applies to most second-generation `German-Canadians,' either past or present.
		On the other hand, positing a distinct cultural heritage as the defining quality for German-Canadians is fraught with another danger, namely that of reducing cultural traditions to `easily digested commodities' which in turn reflect stereotypes that have little relevance to contemporary German culture.
	www.utpjournals.com /product/utq/691/voices122.html (724 words)

	Voices from Ravensbrück - Manuscript Section, University Library in Lund (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Sometimes they came for labour, some were political prisoners.
		The prison staff consisted of: Obersturmführer Schmieding, Oberscharführer Rauhschopf and 14 guards, some of them Reichsdeutsche, some Volksdeutsche from Bydgoszcz.
		Each of the new arrivals was beaten, especially when his belongings were being taken away - if a cigarette butt was found, for example, and especially if a medallion with the Virgin Mary was found - they were beaten to the words: "May the Virgin Mary help you."
	www.lub.lu.se /handskrift/projekt-ravensbruck/interview326-1.html (2387 words)

	Volks- und Reichsdeutsche : Politikforum - Forum für politische Diskussion und Information - Politik - Nachrichten - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Reichsdeutsche sind Deutsche die innerhalb des Reichsgebietes leben
		Meine Familie, aus den Sudeten, galt deshalb als volksdeutsch und nicht als reichsdeutsch obwohl Böhmen mal zum Reich gehörte, aber eben nur zum ersten Reich
		Reichsdeutsche können - wie es die Bezeichnung schon sagt - nur Bewohner oder korrekter: Bürger des Deutschen Reiches sein
	www.politikforum.de /forum/archive/5/2004/11/2/83799 (627 words)

	News @ Serbian Unity Congress \| Bosnia's Nazi Past: The Kama Division, Carl Savich, August 18, 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In furtherance of this objective, each regiment of Kama had a mullah, a religious expert on the Koran, and each battalion had an imam, the religious leader of the local Muslim community who conducts prayer services in mosques.
		Fredo Gensicke, a Reichsdeutsche SS sergeant who was transferred to the Kama Division on July 20, 1944, described the religious fanaticism of the Bosnian Muslim troops in Kama as follows:
		The best battle ready units within the Division were those that came from the Reich, like the artillery, signals and assault gun detachments, There were forever complications with the Bosnian soldiers.
	news.suc.org /bydate/2005/August_18/24.html (2206 words)

	Kurt Scharr
		Trotz des durch die Sektion Innsbruck geäußerten Anschlusswillens, der mit der Namensänderung auch nach außen hin dokumentiert werden sollte, sah Schönbichler nach wie vor eine Notwendigkeit darin, dass Reichsdeutsche auch weiterhin auf der sektionseigenen Franz-Senn-Hütte höher besteuert würden als österreichische Mitglieder; Letzteres natürlich zum Ärger deutscher Sektionen.
		In einer ausführlichen Denkschrift wies der Alpenverein darauf hin, dass zwischen Hütten reichsdeutscher und österreichischer Sektionen besitzrechtliche Unterschiede bestünden.
		Der Alpenverein leitete daraus ab, dass reichsdeutsche Hütten, die auf vereinseigenem Boden standen (31) von der Sequestrierung durch Italien auszunehmen waren.
	www.eforum-zeitgeschichte.at /1_2002a1.html (11688 words)

	Geheimnisse um Antaktika (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Weltkrieges in einer großangelegten Absetzungsbewegung mit unbekannten Ziel den Alliierten entkamen.
		Diese Aussagen begründeten wohl neben dem bereits genannten Zitat von Großadmiral Dönitz die Legende einer Absetzung reichsdeutscher Streitkräfte in die Gefilde der Antarktis.
		Außerdem stellt sich bei einem solch umfangreichen Unternehmen wie der erwähnten Absetzung reichsdeutscher Einheiten immer auch die Frage nach der Logistik und de dauerhaften Versorgung einer solchen geheimen Basis.
	www.alien.de /fischinger/artikel68.html (3995 words)

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