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	Austria-Hungary - MSN Encarta
		It was established in 1867 under Francis Joseph I, the emperor of Austria and king of Hungary.
		The compromise was an agreement between the Habsburg Emperor Francis Joseph and the Magyar rulers of the kingdom of Hungary.
		Austria was formed during the Napoleonic Wars, a series of wars fought from 1799 to 1815 between France, led by Napoleon I, and a number of European nations.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761579967/Austria-Hungary.html (1400 words)

	Reichsrat (Austria) Information
		Between 1861 and 1865 (Austria) and mainly 1867 and 1918, the Reichsrat was the parliament of Cisleithania, the Austrian part of Austria-Hungary, which was officially known as "the kingdoms and lands represented in the Reichsrat" (German die im Reichsrat vertretenen Königreiche und Länder).
		It consisted of the Herrenhaus (House of Lords) and the Abgeordnetenhaus (House of Deputies).
		Throughout its existence, the effectiveness of the Reichsrat suffered heavily from conflicts between the numerous constituent ethnic groups of the monarchy.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Reichsrat_(Austria) (148 words)

	Reichsrat (Austria) - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Between 1861 and 1865 (Austria) and mainly 1867 and 1918, the Reichsrat was the parliament of Cisleithania, the Austrian part of Austria-Hungary, which was officially known as "the kingdoms and lands represented in the Reichsrat" (German die im Reichsrat vertretenen Königreiche und Länder).
		It consisted of the Herrenhaus (House of Lords) and the Abgeordnetenhaus (House of Deputies).
		Throughout its existence, the effectiveness of the Reichsrat suffered heavily from conflicts between the numerous constituent ethnic groups of the monarchy.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Reichsrat_%28Austria%29 (195 words)

	Austria-Hungary - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		On June 28, 1914, Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, heir presumptive to his uncle the Emperor Franz Josef (Franz Josef's only son had died under still-mysterious circumstances, and Mexican republicans had executed the Emperor's brother), visited the Bosnian capital Sarajevo where Bosnian Serb militants of the nationalist group The Black Hand assassinated him.
		At the victors promptings, both Austria and Hungary became republics, exiling the Habsburg family.
		In April 1919 Vorarlberg, the westernmost province of Austria, voted by a large majority to join Switzerland; however both the Swiss and the Allies ignored the vote.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/a/u/s/Austria-Hungary_d732.html (3242 words)

	austria-hungary - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		Hungarian dissatisfaction grew partially from Austria's suppression, with Russian support, of the Hungarian liberal revolution of 1848 – 1849.
		On June 28, 1914, Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, heir to his childless uncle the Emperor Franz Josef (Franz Josef's only son had died under still-mysterious circumstances, and Mexican republicans had executed the Emperor's brother), visited the Bosnian capital Sarajevo where Bosnian Serb militants of the nationalist group Young Bosnia assassinated him.
		In April 1919 Vorarlberg, the westernmost province of Austria, voted by a large majority to join Switzerland; however both the Swiss and the Allies ignored the vote.
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/Austria-Hungary (3042 words)

	Virtual Vienna Net: Austria's History
		Austria emerged from the Second World War and the sufferings associated with it as a state that feels secure in its existence and which plays a decisive role in Europe.
		The Frankish ruler Charlemagne (747-814) established on the territory of present-day Austria the Carolingian March, or border province, between the rivers Enns, Raab and Drava.
		Austria's emergence as a major power was mainly due to the brilliant military leader Prince Eugene of Savoy, who served under three emperors (Leopold I, Josef I and Karl VI) and proved to be not only an outstanding military commander but also a fine statesman.
	www.virtualvienna.net /austria/about/austria_history.html (1778 words)

	ipedia.com: Austria-Hungary Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Austria-Hungary, also known as the "Dual Monarchy", was a dualistic state (1867-1918) in which the kingdom of Hungary enjoyed self-government and representation in joint affairs (principally foreign relations and defence) with the western and northern lands of the Austrian Empire under the Emperors (who were also Kings of Hungary) of the Habsburg dynasty.
		On June 28, 1914, Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, heir to his childless uncle the Emperor Franz Josef, visited the Bosnian capital Sarajevo where he was assassinated by Bosnian Serb militants of the nationalist group Young Bosnia.
		The Empire had previously lost ethnically Italian areas to Piedmont due to nationalist movements sweeping through Italy, and the threat of losing the southern territories inhabited by Slavs to Serbia was felt by many Austro-Hungarians to be imminent.
	www.ipedia.com /austria_hungary.html (2619 words)

	AUSTRIA
		Austria (German language: Österreich, Croatian: Austrija, Hungarian: Ausztria, Slovenian: Avstrija) is a landlocked country in central Europe.
		Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy consisting of nine federal states and is one of six European countries that have declared permanent neutrality.
		Austria is a member of the United Nations (since 1955) and the European Union (since 1995).
	www.solarnavigator.net /geography/austria.htm (385 words)

	Österreichisch-ungarische Monarchie, Doppelmonarchie (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The constitution of the Austrian lands was based on the Fundamental Laws of 1867, that of the individual Crown Lands on a decree of 1861 (15 land regulations).
		The Reichsrat consisted of the Herrenhaus (Upper House) with 291 (1914) members and the Abgeordnetenhaus (House of Deputies) with 516 members (elected by the people for 6 years).
		The peace treaties of Saint-Germain (1919 with Austria) and Trianon (1920 with Hungary) confirmed the distribution of the lands of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy to the
	aeiou.iicm.tugraz.at /aeiou.encyclop.o/o818181.htm;internal&action=_setlanguage.action?LANGUAGE=en (575 words)

	last minute Reichsrat_ Austria - last-minute-report.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Austria became engaged in the war with Revolutionary France, which lasted until 1797 and at the beginning proved unsuccessful for Austria.
		Austria, shorn of Hungary, was proclaimed a republic in 1918.
		Austria attaches great importance to participation in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and other international economic organizations, and it has played an active role in the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE).
	www.last-minute-report.com /Reichsrat_%28Austria%29 (1157 words)

	Search Results for "Reichsrat"
		The jurisdictions of the Reichstag and Reichsrat were limited to...
		The Reichsrat, composed of delegates from 18 states (no one of which was to have more than...
		...Storthing or Storting [Norway], Rigsdag [Denmark], Riksdag [Sweden], Cortes [Spain], Reichsrath or Reichsrat [Austria], Volksraad [Dutch]; Dail Eireann [Sinn Fein];...
	www.bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?FILTER=&query=Reichsrat (243 words)

	Austria-Hungary
		Austria-Hungary, also known as the "Dual Monarchy", was a dualistic state (1867-1918) in which the kingdom of Hungary enjoyed self-government and proportional representation in joint affairs (principally foreign relations and defence) with the western and northern lands of the Austrian Empire under the Emperors (who were also Kings of Hungary) of the Habsburg dynasty.
		The full name of the federation was "The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Holy Hungarian Stephen's Crown" (Die im Reichsrat vertretenen Königreiche und Länder und die Länder der heiligen ungarischen Stephanskrone).
		Austria-Hungary had been established by a compromise between the Hungarian nobility and the Habsburg monarchy in an attempt to maintain the old Austrian Empire.
	publicliterature.org /en/wikipedia/a/au/austria_hungary.html (226 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
		The gradual advance of Christianity in Austria towards the east is shown in the shifting of the abode of the early rulers of the Babenberg (Bamberg) line from Melk, on the Kahlenberg, to Vienna.
		God sent the rulers of Austria to do His work, and that they did it is an honour exceeding that of the quickly fading garlands which victory twines about the victor's chariot.
		Karl Werner, the son of a teacher, was born at Hafnerbach in Lower Austria and died in 1888.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/02121b.htm (16964 words)

	Istria on the Internet - Heraldy - Austria-Hungary
		The monarchy was very often called unofficially the Dual Monarchy and consisted of two independent states: the kingdoms and lands represented in the council of the empire (Reichsrat), unofficially called Austria (q.v.) or Cisleithania; and the “lands of St Stephen’s Crown,” unofficially called Hungary (q.v.) or Transleithania.
		The unity of the monarchy was expressed in the common head of the state, who bore the title Emperor of Austria and Apostolic King of Hungary, and in the common administration of a series of affairs, which affected both halves of the Dual Monarchy.
		In 1748 it was joined with the Duchy Parma and Piacenza, and became part of Austria together with Parma and Piacenza in 1847.
	www.istrianet.org /istria/heraldry/austria-hungary (4057 words)

	1913: Marxism and the National Question
		The development of the press and the theatre, the activity of the Reichsrat (Austria) and of the Duma (Russia) were helping to strengthen "national sentiments." The intelligentsia that had arisen was being imbued with "the national idea" and was acting in the same direction....
		This explains why the Social-Democrats in Austria, when they adopted their national programme at Brünn (1899) [10] in the spirit of the resolution of the South-Slav Social-Democratic Party (with certain insignificant amendments, it is true), approached the question in an entirely non-Russian way, so to speak, and, of course, solved it in a non-Russian way.
		Austria will develop towards national autonomy step by step, by a slow process of development, in the course of a severe struggle, as a consequence of which legislation and administration will be in a state of chronic paralysis.
	www.ucc.ie /acad/socstud/tmp_store/mia_2/Library/reference/archive/stalin/works/1913/03.htm (17958 words)

	Cisleithania
		Cisleithania (German Zisleithanien) was the name of the Austrian part of Austria-Hungary, the Dual monarchy which was created in 1867 and dissolved in 1918.
		Each crownland had a regional assembly, the Landtag, which sent representatives to the Reichsrat until 1873, when the population was granted universal suffrage based on class differences (high classes got more influence during elections).
		The Reichsrat (with 498 members) was a stage of nationalist struggle between Germans and Slavs, more notably Czechs.
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/c/ci/cisleithania.html (228 words)

	CRL - Austria
		The Allied Commission for Austria represented the governments of the United States, United Kingdom, France and the Soviet Union, which occupied Austria during the years 1945-1955.
		These meetings initially were concerned with food supplies in the city of Vienna, the establishment of the Allied Commission, and the extension of the jurisdiction of the provisional government to all of Austria.
		The Executive Committee (EXCO) included deputies to the Commanders in Chief, and the meetings concerned administrative and economic problems in Austria, such as food rationing, political activities of democratic parties, freedom of the press, trade unions, transportation, confiscation of Nazi property, and the encouragement of light industry.
	www.crl.edu /content.asp?l1=5&l2=22&l3=39&top=4 (560 words)

	Germany: The Second Reich
		This confederation was dominated by Austria, which as a large imperial power was politically and economically superior to the smaller Germanic states.
		In the 1860's the dominance of Austria was challenged by Prussia and the process of unification and codification of German law began.
		This economic union excluded Austria, illustrating a growing German sense of identify and a lesser dependency upon the largest of the Germanic states.
	www.schoolshistory.org.uk /ASLevel_History/week1_thesecondreich.htm (1865 words)

	The Austrian Constitution of 1867
		The Reichsrat is composed of a House of Lords and a House of Representatives.
		The Reichsrat shall be convened annually by the Emperor, during the winter months when possible.
		The competence of the Reichsrat extends to all matters which relate to the rights, obligations, and interests common to the countries represented therein, in so far as these matters are not to be handled in common, in consequence of the agreement of the countries of the Hungarian crown with the other countries of the monarchy.
	www.h-net.org /~habsweb/sourcetexts/auscon.htm (1361 words)

	First World War.com - Who's Who - Count Karl von Sturgkh
		Sturgkh retained the Education portfolio until November 1911, at which point (and in the midst of ongoing parliamentary disagreement between Czech and German nationalists) he was appointed Austria's Minister-President.
		Preferring to rule via dictat rather than by consultation and negotiation, Sturgkh's relationship with parliament was never a happy one in spite of his initial success in securing passage of a fresh military programme in 1912-13.
		It was converted into a makeshift hospital during the war (an action he viewed with satisfaction in light of his contempt for the Reichsrat).
	www.firstworldwar.com /bio/sturgkh.htm (309 words)

	Karl Graf von Stürgkh
		Ever since March 1914, Austria’s government was a dictatorship based on Article 14 of the Constitution of 1867, which forced the closure of the Reichsrat.
		Immediately, there were widespread calls for the convocation of the Reichsrat according to constitutional law, but Stürgkh resolutely defied them, demanding that the focus of the government was exclusively toward the prosecution of the war.
		In late July 1914, Stürgkh agreed to establish the army’s Kriegsüberwachtungsamt (KÜA), an office to monitor subversion in those areas of the country not considered “war zones.” Thus, Austria was transformed from a civilian dictatorship into a military dictatorship.
	www.geocities.com /veldes1/sturgkh.html (977 words)

	Austria-Hungary - Thagodz Wiki
		Its economic and social life was marked by a rapid economic growth through the age of industrialization and social modernization through many liberal and democratic reforms.
		Hungarian dissatisfaction grew partially from Austria's suppression, with Russian support, of the Hungarian liberal revolution of 1848–49.
		In Austria and Hungary, separate republics were declared at the end of the war in November.
	www.thagodz.com /search/wiki/?title=Austria-Hungary (4318 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Austria : Domestic Policy, 1867-1893
		What was left of Austria had two rudimentary constitutions, the FEBRUARY PATENT (of 1861, foreseeing a central REICHSRAT) and the OCTOBER DIPLOMA (of 1860, foreseeing regional diets in a federal constitution).
		The Emperor was, for Austria, unwilling to accept the principle of a constitutional monarchy (in case of Hungary he regretted to have given them that much authority); attempts for political form were at times considered, as a tool to reach a short-term political goal, not as an issue on its own merit.
		Parliamentary activity, limited in authority as it was, therefore was distorted - by the franchise which favoured the nobility and the wealthier classes, by the attitudes different ethno-political groups took toward parliamentary policy, by the confusing competition of two constitutional systems.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/germany/au186793dom.html (947 words)

	MEIN KAMPF by Adolf Hitler: Volume 1, Chapter 3 - General Political Considerations Based on my Vienna Period
		The revolution of 1848 may have been a class struggle everywhere, but in Austria it was the beginning of a new racial war.
		The rejection and abolition of the Reichsrat would have left the House of Habsburg the sole governing force, a thought which, especially for me, was utterly intolerable.
		The Pan-German movement in Austria had the merit of completely doing away with this nonsense, to the horror of all theoretical pedants and other fetish-worshiping isolationists in the government.
	www.mondopolitico.com /library/meinkampf/v1c3.htm (10375 words)

	Marxism & the National Question - Joesf Stalin
		It might appear that "national character" is not one of the characteristics but the sole essential characteristic of a nation, and that all the other characteristics are, properly speaking, only conditions for the development of a nation, rather than its characteristics.
		In Austria parliamentarism prevails, and under present conditions no development in Austria is possible without parliament.
		We spoke above of the waverings of one section of the Caucasian Social-Democrats who were unable to withstand the nationalist "epidemic." These waverings were revealed in the fact that, strange as it may seem, the above-mentioned Social-Democrats followed in the footsteps of the Bund and proclaimed cultural-national autonomy.
	www.tamilnation.org /selfdetermination/nation/stalin.htm (16472 words)

	The Weimar Constitution
		A Reichsrat [upper house] will be formed for the representation of the German states in federal legislation and administration.
		After joining the German Federation, Austria will be entitled to be represented in the Reichsrat by a number of votes proportional to her population.
		The Reichsrat may protest against laws passed by the Reichstag.
	web.jjay.cuny.edu /~jobrien/reference/ob13.html (1452 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Austria, Domestic Policy 1849-1866
		In 1861 the REICHSRAT (Imperial Council) was introduced, a diet for the entire Habsburg monarchy which had rather limited authority.
		The Reichsrat was bicameral, consisting of a HERRENHAUS (House of Lords) and an ABGEORDNETENHAUS (House of Representatives).
		Turning Points in the Development of Parliamentarism in Austria : From Revolution to Neoabsolutism; October Diploma and February Patent, from Austria's Parliament
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/germany/au184966dom.html (250 words)

	1913: Marxism and the National Question
		It is therefore not surprising that the Austrian Social-Democratic politicians should first of all try in one way or another to find a solution for the national conflicts – of course on the basis of the existing parliamentary system, by parliamentary methods....
		To repeat: the concrete historical conditions as the starting point, and the dialectical presentation of the question as the only correct way of presenting it – such is the key to solving the national question.
		of the peoples of Austria is possible only on the basis of equal rights and by avoiding all oppression.
	www.findthelinks.com /marxist_archive/stalin/03.htm (18621 words)

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