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Topic: Reindeer

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	Reindeer - MSN Encarta
		Reindeer, common name for a deer native to the subarctic and arctic regions of Europe and Asia.
		Reindeer are sturdy, short-legged animals, having a brownish coat that is dark in the summer and light in winter; the long hairs under the neck, the fur just above the hooves, and the region about the tail are almost white.
		Reindeer range in height from 87 to 140 cm (34 to 55 in) tall at the shoulder.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761571587/Reindeer.html (257 words)

	BC Farm Products A-Z - Reindeer
		Reindeer are mammals which live to 10 to 15 years of age.
		Reindeer farming is in its infancy stages in BC.
		Reindeer are transported to processing facilities where the animals are slaughtered and processed.
	www.agf.gov.bc.ca /aboutind/products/livestck/reindeer.htm (682 words)

	Reindeer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Reindeer are found throughout Scandinavia (including Iceland); in Finland; at Spitsbergen; in Russian Europe including Northern Russia and Novaya Zemlya; in Russian Asia, to the Pacific Ocean; in North America on Greenland, Canada and Alaska.
		Domesticated reindeer are mostly found in Northern Scandinavia and Russia, and wild reindeer are mostly found in North America, Greenland and Iceland (introduced by humans in the 18th century).
		A handful of reindeer from Norway were introduced to the South Atlantic island of South Georgia (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) in the beginning of the 20th century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reindeer (1529 words)

	reindeer
		The Reindeer found in Northern Europe is known, rather obviously as the North European Reindeer.
		Reindeer were an important source of food for early man, in the Pleistocene.
		Reindeer are the characteristic deer of the North.
	www.geocities.com /magicgoatman/reindeer.html (531 words)

	NPR : Life Among 'The Reindeer People'
		It was at this moment, while elders prayed to the sun for success in hunting, an increase in reindeer, strong sons and beautiful daughters, that each person was said to be borne aloft on the back of a reindeer which carried its human passenger towards a land of happiness and plenty near the sun.
		Their costumes sometimes include imitation reindeer antlers, occasionally tipped with wings or feathers, placed on the headdress or attached to the shoulders at the very point where reindeer are tattooed on the Pazyryk mummies.
		One shaman is suckled by a white reindeer during his initiatory vision as he incubates in a bird's nest on a branch high in the tree that links earth and sky.
	www.npr.org /templates/story/story.php?storyId=5199713 (2178 words)

	THE INTRODUCTION, INCREASE, AND CRASH OF REINDEER ON ST. MATTHEW ISLAND
		By 1963, the density of the reindeer on the island had reached 46.9 per square mile and ratios of fawns and yearlings to adult cows had dropped from 75 and 45 percent respectively, in 1957 to 60 and 26 percent in 1963.
		No reindeer were seen and, even though large groups of reindeer should have been visible under these conditions, we believed that we failed to see them because of the relatively high speed of the plane and reluctance of the pilot to fly at a low altitude over the mountainous terrain.
		That starvation was the cause of death of the reindeer during this period was verified by examination of the medullae of the long bones among the skeletal material.
	dieoff.org /page80.htm (7098 words)

	Reindeer information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In the case of reindeer, males and females both grow antlers, that are deciduous, solid antlers which grow from permanent bases or pedicles on the frontal bones of the skull; genus-Rangifer (reindeer and caribou), species-tarandus (reindeer).
		Reindeer look a lot like their wild North American cousins, the caribou, but are somewhat (8-10 inches) shorter, and there is a difference in color.
		Reindeer are believed by many to be the first domesticated animals with a written reference to herding in a 9th century letter from Norway’s King Ottar to Alfred the Great which mentioned his fine herd of over 600 reindeer.
	www.reindeer.ws /info.htm (748 words)

	Reindeer or Caribou- Rangifer tarandus
		The Reindeer lives in the cold tundra of the far north, and is well adapted to this habitat.
		The Reindeer is the only species of deer in which the females carry antlers as well as the males.
		Reindeer are found in the northern coniferous forests and the open barren tundra plains of the far north.
	www.worlddeer.org /reindeer.html (1276 words)

	Arctic Wildlife - Arctic Studies Center
		Reindeer and Caribou look different, but they probably are the same species.
		Reindeer are slightly smaller and were domesticated in northern Eurasia about 2000 years ago.
		Reindeer flesh is fine grained and slightly dry, but better than ordinary deer meat.
	www.mnh.si.edu /arctic/html/caribou_reindeer.html (398 words)

	Alaska Reindeer Industry: History and Timeline
		Reindeer program continues as an integral part of the educational system, with district superintendents of schools also being superintendents of the Reindeer Service, and local school teachers serving as local reindeer supervisors.
		The Governor of the Territory of Alaska assumes responsibility for reindeer supervision on November 1, 1929.
		Reindeer herds continue to diminish; the low point is apparently reached in 1950, with 25,000 deer.
	www.alaskool.org /projects/reindeer/history/iser1969/RDEER_1.html (2029 words)

	Bear Country USA
		Wild reindeer are found in Scandinavia and northern Russia.
		Although similar, there are fundamental differences in the behavior of reindeer and their wild cousins, caribou.
		Reindeer eat lichen in winter and spring, and grass, birch and willow leaves, mushrooms.
	www.bearcountryusa.com /information.asp?ID=2 (324 words)

	reindeer — FactMonster.com
		Reindeer have long fur, light brown in summer and whitish in winter, with dense woolly undercoats.
		Reindeer are gregarious and migratory; they travel hundreds of miles between their summer and winter grounds in herds of up to 200,000 animals.
		Reindeer living in a wild state in Eurasia are probably descended in part from domesticated strains.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/sci/A0841479.html (410 words)

	Reindeer / Caribou
		Despite the long history of cultural contacts and movements across Beringia, reindeer Husbandry was evidently not transmitted to North America until Chukchi and Sami herders and Chukotkan reindeer were brought to Alaska in the late 19th century to teach herding to Eskimos.
		For instance, during the 1960's the number of reindeer on the Chukotsk Peninsula rose to 100,000, exceeding the capacity of the winter range.
		The future of the reindeer industry is an important question in Beringia, especially on the Chukotkan side, where it is a mainstay of subsistence and economic life.
	www.nps.gov /bela/html/rangifer.htm (1528 words)

	eNature: Articles: Detail (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The wild herds of Alaska and Canada are known for their mass migrations, while large numbers of those in Eurasia are domesticated, raised for fur, meat, milk, and as work animals.
		Whether you call them reindeer or caribou, one thing is certain: they are physically well suited to pull a sleigh full of toys and a right jolly old elf.
		Reindeer and caribou are unique among deer in that the females grow antlers, too.
	www.enature.com /feature/feature_news.asp?storyID=545 (599 words)

	The Real Story of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
		Despite living in such chilly conditions, reindeer not only share many of the same parasites that plague other ruminants, such as the warble fly, but also are preyed upon by around twenty different parasites that are specific to them.
		True, reindeer are the only deer species for which both sexes have antlers—bone, often branched, that is covered with a thin layer of skin, or "velvet," rich in blood vessels.
		Reindeer are well adapted to living in a snowy landscape, though one that is more barren than the kind found on Christmas cards.
	www.christmaspast.info /stories/realstory/rudolf.html (1403 words)

	The Reindeer People (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		For thousands of years, reindeer herders have roamed the taiga of northern Mongolia, a hauntingly beautiful wilderness of mountains, forest, rock and ice which straddles the country's border with Siberia.
		"Reindeer are more than simply the animal which provides a livelihood in the taiga," says Daniel Plumley of the Totem Peoples Project, an NGO based in New York state.
		The researchers have found that a significant portion of the reindeer population is plagued by Brucella suis, bacteria that cause a serious form of brucellosis.
	www.homelands.org /worlds/mongolia.html (922 words)

	KiteCD - Animals - mammals, reindeer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Reindeer are sometimes called "camels of the frozen north." These mammals are of the Cervidae family.
		Reindeer are large animals although their size depends largely on their type.
		Reindeer meat is eaten, bones are crushed to consume the marrow, and blood is put into soup.
	members.aol.com /KiteCD2/an_MReindeer.htm (1596 words)

	Reindeers.
		The reindeer is a hooved animal related to the other kind of deers lat: cervus that can be found in most parts of the world, but not as closely as a quick look at a reindeer might make one think since the reindeer in some respects is unique.
		Reindeer are marked with a set of marks cut in the ears, such marks shows ownership but also makes identification easier for the owner who can be an individual, a family or a community.
		The reindeer graze throughout the year in areas called reindeer herding districts which vary in size from 1000 to 5 000 km2 in Scandinavia.
	boreale.konto.itv.se /bovts.htm (1041 words)

	GarLyn Zoo in Michigan's Upper Penimnsula...Cougar,Wolf,Black Bear and more!
		Reindeer are fabulous animals and are one of the oldest animals on the North American continent, dating back thousands of years.
		Reindeer (as with most members of the deer family) shed and grow new antlers every year.
		A couple of interesting behaviors that reindeer have is that they seem to drink with their feet.
	www.garlynzoo.com /reindeer.htm (306 words)

	Reindeer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Reindeer have a brownish colored coat that is light in the winter and dark in the summer.
		Reindeer have large hooves that help them travel easily on snow.
		The reindeers' original habitat ranges from Norway to northern Asia.
	www.blm.gov /ak/animals/reindeer.html (124 words)

	Reindeer at The Virtual Vine
		The footprint becomes the reindeers head (heel is the nose) and the handprints are the two antlers.
		The point is the reindeers nose, and the two pieces sticking up are the antlers.
		However, when she did the model book, she made the reindeer going the wrong way and the ribbon is a little too short, but you get the idea.
	www.thevirtualvine.com /reindeer.html (1966 words)

	The psychedelic secrets of Santa Claus
		Reindeer were the sacred animals of these semi-nomadic people, as the reindeer provided food, shelter, clothing and other necessities.
		Reindeer are also fond of eating the amanita mushrooms; they will seek them out, then prance about while under their influence.
		In fact, reindeer will seek out human urine to drink, and some tribesmen carry sealskin containers of their own collected piss, which they use to attract stray reindeer back into the herd.
	www.cannabisculture.com /articles/3136.html (1722 words)

	CVC's Animals of Christmas
		All domesticated reindeer may have derived from those ancient stocks, for modern attempts to domesticate animals from wild caribou populations have not succeeded.
		Despite the long history of cultural contacts and movements across Beringia, reindeer husbandry was not seen in North America until Chukchi and Sami herders brought Chutotkan reindeer to Alaska in the late 19th century to teach herding to Eskimos.
		Reindeer are to Caribou as domestic dogs are to wolves, as pigs are to the wild boar, as friesian-holstein cattle are to the ancient wild cattle of the old world.
	www.cvc.org /christmas/reindeer.htm (1309 words)

	Reindeer Printout- EnchantedLearning.com
		The reindeer (also called the caribou) is a medium-sized member of the deer family.
		Some reindeer migrate in huge herds from the coastal Arctic to the tundra.
		Reindeer have a life span of about 10 years in the wild.
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/mammals/deer/Reindeerprintout.shtml (264 words)

	SAN FRANCISCO / Yes, they're real; no, they don't fly / Reindeer drop in -- from Oregon -- for the holidays (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The reindeer are likely to shed their antlers before they leave San Francisco, but they'll still hang onto them longer than their male counterparts do.
		He watched as his new seasonal workers -- reindeer rental is costing the zoo $12,000 -- munched nonstop on the grass in their pen.
		The reindeer industry changed drastically in 2002, when an outbreak of chronic wasting disease in other kinds of deer prompted many states to ban all cervids.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/11/20/BAGJRFRFS41.DTL (936 words)

	Most Frequently Asked Questions About Santa's Reindeer
		A hard look at the evidence suggests that at least some of Santa's reindeer were females (the ones giving the directions, no doubt), some may have been young bulls, and some may have been neutered males.
		Through this magic corn, the strength of the Reindeer is increased threefold, their stamina increased to infinity and their hooves can manipulate the air as though it were solid ground.
		Thus, nine Reindeer would be able to pull a sleigh with 13,500 pounds of toys for an unlimited amount of time.
	petcaretips.net /santas-reindeer.html (652 words)

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