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Topic: Reinforcement

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	Reinforcement Theory
		Reinforcer stops the class, tells Sally she's a naughty girl who broke Rule 24 and now must leave the classroom and go to the principle's office.
		Reinforcer stops the class, tells Bad Bill he's a naughty boy who broke Rule 24 and now must leave the classroom and go to the principle's office.
		Reinforcer is totally confused at this point and she goes back to the teacher's lounge complaining about this stupid reinforcement theory.
	www.as.wvu.edu /~sbb/comm221/chapters/rf.htm (2311 words)

	features of operant conditioning
		Most of these schedules of reinforcement can be divided into schedules in which the contingency depends on the number of responses and those where the contingency depends on their timing.
		Reinforcing the first response an animal makes after the SD light has been on for 20 seconds and ignoring responses it makes during that 20 seconds would correspond to such a schedule.
		If the value of the first reinforcer is now reduced, for example by presenting it in the animals' home cage in conjunction with a chemical which makes the rat nauseous, then, when the rat returns to the Skinner box he will produce much less of the first type of behavior.
	www.brembs.net /operant (2203 words)

	Reinforcement and Punishment in Psychology 101 at AllPsych Online
		The term reinforce means to strengthen, and is used in psychology to refer to anything stimulus which strengthens or increases the probability of a specific response.
		Applying the reinforcer after a specific amount of time is referred to as a fixed interval schedule.
		Reinforcing someone after a variable amount of time is the final schedule.
	allpsych.com /psychology101/reinforcement.html (1006 words)

	reinforcement
		Varieties of reinforcement are used by the teacher either to provide feedback to the students about the quality of their responses or stamp in or stamp out certain behaviour in the students.
		Reinforcement may be positive or negative, verbal or non verbal ad immediate or delayed.
		But sometimes it is necesary to provide reinforcement after a pause or after a lapse of time or after further deliberations.
	www.geocities.com /charlottesimpson2/reinforcement.html (188 words)

	Reinforcement Methods and Challenging Behaviors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Reinforcement effects can be enhanced if a student or client is able to choose (i.e., self-select) from available preferences in contrast to having those items or activities presented arbitrarily by another person (reference 8).
		The comparison would be the difference between a teacher allowing a student to pick one of four available reinforcers when he or she responds correctly on an academic task versus the teacher picking a reinforcer and presenting it to the student.
		The programmed sensory reinforcement was oral stimulation made accessible to the child by allowing her to chew on a designated and acceptable stimulus noncontingently during instructional sessions that were associated with high rates of stereotypy.
	www.thearc.org /faqs/reinforc.html (3668 words)

	Reinforcement - SourceWatch
		Reinforcement is a measure of biological reactions to a desirable substance or situation.
		Most commonly used in research involving addictive substances, reinforcement is measured in laboratories by the tendency of research animals to respond with seeking behaviors when given a substance then deprived of the same substance.
		By associating a concept with ideas known to offer reinforcing properties, propaganda techniques such as motherhood terms exploit the biological tendency of humans to respond favorably to ideas that have been experienced as pleasurable.
	www.sourcewatch.org /index.php?title=Reinforcement (331 words)

	Reinforcement
		This occurrence of positive and negative reinforcement and the outcomes are known as the laws of effect because behaviors will alter do to the effect of the reinforcement.
		Within the reinforcement theory, it is important to realize that using positive reinforcers is beneficial for they can lead an employee’s behavior improve or repeat.
		Applying the ABC’s to the reinforcement theory is important, for sometimes when the antecedent provokes a behavior, it is important to recognize why an employee behaved in such a fashion.
	astro.temple.edu /~yperez/reinforcement.htm (501 words)

	Reinforcement Learning
		Visual input, for example, is initially too complex for the nervous system to deal with it directly, and one option is for the nervous system to first reduce the number of dimensions by extracting regularities such as tendencies for regions to be of constant color and for edges to be continuous.
		If an agent is in a particular state and takes a particular action, we are interested in any immediate reinforcement that's received but also in future reinforcements that result from ending up in a new state where further actions can be taken, actions that follow a particular policy.
		But the sum of all future reinforcements may be infinite when there is no terminal state, and besides, we may want to weight the future less than the here-and-now, so instead a discounted cumulative reinforcement is normally used: future reinforcements are weights by a value gamma between 0 and 1 (see below for mathematical details).
	www.cs.indiana.edu /~gasser/Salsa/rl.html (2197 words)

	Educational Psychology Interactive: Operant Conditioning
		After the reinforcement, a new time period (shorter or longer) is set with the average equaling a specific number over a sum total of trials.
		In positive reinforcement, a positive reinforcer is added after a response and increases the frequency of the response.
		In negative reinforcement, after the response the negative reinforcer is removed which increases the frequency of the response.
	chiron.valdosta.edu /whuitt/col/behsys/operant.html (1628 words)

	Reinforcement theory - WikEd
		Positive reinforcer: Presenting a reward after a desired behavior (delivering food pellet after pressing bar) Positive reinforcement is observed when a behavior is followed by a consequence that INCREASES the behavior's likelihood of reoccurring.
		It is done in such a manner that the reinforcer is not predictable, so the student maintains or even increases the pace of his output.
		Skinner's theory, as well as other reinforcement techniques were later applied to classroom settings with the idea that using reinforcers could increase the frequency of productive behaviors and decrease the frequency of disruptive behaviors.
	wik.ed.uiuc.edu /index.php/Reinforcement_theory (1303 words)

	1988 - Instructional Reinforcement<- School Improvement Research Series (SIRS)
		Before discussing the uses and effectiveness of instructional reinforcement in the modern classroom, it may be well to specify just what we mean by "reinforcement." Suppose we ask, "Does reinforcement increase the behaviors which lead to learning and thus improve learning outcomes?" This seems, at first, to be a sensible question and a worthwhile one.
		Reinforcement does not undermine intrinsic motivation when the recipient perceives it as a symbol of success rather than an attempt to control his or her behavior.
		The effects of (1) verbal reinforcement of on-task behavior, (2) verbal reinforcement of accurate responses and (3) tangible reinforcers (tokens or edibles) for both on-task behavior and accurate responses were investigated.
	www.nwrel.org /scpd/sirs/2/cu3.html (6532 words)

	Positive Reinforcement Tutorial
		Note that if positive reinforcement were being taught in a standard course, much more background material would be provided about the concept to give students an appropriate context in which to understand the concept, relate it to other concepts, and eventually to be able to apply the concept.
		The first item is an example of positive reinforcement because presentation of attention was dependent upon the target behavior of being on-feet, and this resulted in an increase in the level of the target behavior.
		The first item is an example of positive reinforcement, because presentation of points was dependent on flexing the elbow, and the procedure caused an increase in the level of flexing the elbow.
	psych.athabascau.ca /html/prtut/reinpair.htm (2007 words)

	RL FAQ
		Reinforcement learning (RL) is learning from interaction with an environment, from the consequences of action, rather than from explicit teaching.
		Reinforcement learning: A survey, by Kaelbling, L.P., Littman, M.L., and Moore, A.W., in the Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 4:237--285, 1996.
		Reinforcement learning is a big topic, with many large branches and under-explored side areas.
	www.cs.ualberta.ca /~sutton/RL-FAQ.html (4030 words)

	SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT
		The switch from continuous reinforcement (every response followed by reinforcer) to extinction (no response followed by reinforcer) is quite obvious.
		Fixed schedules deliver reinforcement on a constant (fixed) ratio or interval, eg., for the 20th response or for the first response after 28 seconds have passed since the last reinforcement.
		Variable schedules deliver reinforcement on a schedule that varies around an average value (after every 5th, 10th, 20th or 50th response with an average of 20 responses, or after every 4th, 12th, 28th or 54th second with an average of 28 seconds).
	www.indiana.edu /~p1013447/dictionary/sked.htm (904 words)

	Positive Reinforcement
		By positively reinforcing the behavior you are increasing the likelihood of the behavior occurring again.
		Punishment comes from you and reinforcement comes from you; in neither case is the dog working "just for you." You might as well use the tool that works, is easy to use, and does the least harm.
		For the reinforcement to be associated with the intended behavior, the food must be delivered within 1 second of the occurrence of the behavior.
	www.dogmanners.com /foodtraining.html (1324 words)

	EC-S1/S3 Lesson 7b: Strategy to Practice: Positive Reinforcement
		Reinforcement is a word that you will often hear in discussions of young children’s challenging behavior in the early childhood setting.
		Reinforcement is a stimulus that follows and is contingent upon a behavior and increases the probability of a behavior being repeated.
		If it is impossible to deliver reinforcement immediately, verbal reinforcement should be given, and the child should be told when he or she can expect to receive other reinforcement.
	ici2.umn.edu /elink/ecs1s3/ecs1s3_7b.html (994 words)

	Reinforcement Theory - Persuasion Context
		The examples of reinforcement cited in the research cover such a broad range, from an 'A' to a verbal "nice shirt," that the only commonality appears to be their positive nature.
		According to Reinforcement Theory, the people in the areas that received the reinforcement and the campaign will have the greatest change in attitude toward organ donation.
		The next should be the group that received the reinforcement without the campaign closely followed by those who received the campaign but not the reinforcement.
	www.uky.edu /~drlane/capstone/persuasion/reinforce.htm (487 words)

	communal reinforcement
		Communal reinforcement is the process by which a claim becomes a strong belief through repeated assertion by members of a community.
		It also explains how testimonials reinforced by other testimonials within the community of therapists, sociologists, psychologists, theologians, politicians, talk show hosts, etc., can supplant and be more powerful than scientific studies or accurate gathering of data by disinterested parties.
		Communal reinforcement explains, in part, why about half of all American adults deny evolution occurred and believe that God created the universe in six days,* made the first man and woman out of clay, and a snake talked the woman into disobeying an order from God thereby causing all our problems.
	skepdic.com /comreinf.html (232 words)

	BM-S3/S4/S4 Lesson 1: Positive Reinforcement
		The behavior that the reinforcement is increasing may be desirable or undesirable behavior.
		Although positive reinforcement simply describes anything that you, the student’s teacher, or the student’s peers present to the student that increases his or her particular behavior, positive reinforcement in this case applies to things that people do to teach a behavior skill so that the desirable behavior increases.
		However, these things may not necessarily be positive reinforcements, as a reinforcement must increase a specific behavior.
	ici2.umn.edu /elink/bms3s4s5/bms3s4s5_1.html (835 words)

	In-Vitro Reinforcement
		IVR is presumed to produce learning by differentially reinforcing activity by those neurons involved in generating more adaptive behavior.
		In-Vitro Reinforcement (IVR): Results of a standard experimental procedure (Stein, 1997; Stein, Xue, and Belluzzi, 1993a; 1994; Stein and Belluzzi, 1989) that demonstrates changing neural activity due to the infusion of the neuromodulator, dopamine.
		A neuron (usually a pyramidal cell from the CA1 area of the hippocampus) that exhibits a characteristic multi-spike burst (mediated by activity of L-type Ca channels) is monitored in-vitro.
	www.unc.edu /~skemp/Science/smkSciIVR.html (1245 words)

	Intermittent reinforcement - WikEd
		Intermittent Reinforcement is a term that orginated from B.F. Skinner's theories on Operant Conditioning and Behavorism.
		Intermittent reinforcement - [reinforcement] is given only part of the times the animal gives the desired response.
		It is often used instead of continuous reinforcement once the desired response is conditioned by continuous reinforcement and the reinforcer wishes to cut down or eliminate the the number of reinforcements neccessary to encourage the intended response.
	wik.ed.uiuc.edu /index.php/Intermittent_reinforcement (981 words)

	Amazon.com: Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction (Adaptive Computation and Machine Learning): Books: Richard S. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Reinforcement learning, one of the most active research areas in artificial intelligence, is a computational approach to learning whereby an agent tries to maximize the total amount of reward it receives when interacting with a complex, uncertain environment.
		The authors emphasize that all of the reinforcement learning methods that are discussed in the book are concerned with the estimation of value functions, but they point out that other techniques are available for solving reinforcement learning problems, such as genetic algorithms and simulated annealing.
		Reinforcement learning has become very important in the communications industry of late, as well as in queuing networks.
	www.amazon.com /Reinforcement-Learning-Introduction-Adaptive-Computation/dp/0262193981 (2355 words)

	Fine-Diameter Reinforcement works with existing resins., Owens Corning
		Reinforcement solution, suited for parts down to 0.15 mm thick, helps reduce reinforcement loading without compromising part strength or stiffness.
		MicroMax reinforcements offer reduced part wall thickness of up to 40 percent compared to parts made with standard glass fiber inputs and will provide a positive aid for the continuing trend to miniaturize advanced electronic components as well as bring further performance enhancements.
		MicroMax reinforcements, which is being produced at the company's Ibaraki plant in Japan, has already had a limited offering in the Japanese marketplace where it has received a very positive response from molder customers actively engaged in producing parts for electronic applications.
	news.thomasnet.com /fullstory/496860/rss (876 words)

	Schedules of Reinforcement
		The opportunity for reinforcement is independent of the organism's effort-- forces beyond the control of the individual determine when reinforcement is available, and only after it becomes available will behavior be reinforced.
		For example, in a VI 1' schedule, reinforcement may become available immediately after the last reinforcement, or it could be a few minutes before it again becomes available, but over a period of time, it will average out to once a minute.
		On average, the first response after the passage of a specified period of time has elapsed since the last reinforcement, produces reinforcement, but from one reinforcement to the next, the required amount of time to have passed is unpredictable.
	employees.csbsju.edu /tcreed/pb/schedules.html (1653 words)

	1.6 History of Reinforcement Learning
		The history of reinforcement learning has two main threads, both long and rich, which were pursued independently before intertwining in modern reinforcement learning.
		We define reinforcement learning as any effective way of solving reinforcement learning problems, and it is now clear that these problems are very closely related to optimal control problems, particularly those formulated as MDPs.
		A secondary reinforcer is a stimulus that has been paired with a primary reinforcer such as food or pain and, as a result, has come to take on similar reinforcing properties.
	www.cs.ualberta.ca /~sutton/book/1/node7.html (3141 words)

	Dr. P's Dog Training: Confusing Consequences
		It is important to note that the goal of reinforcement is to increase the likelihood of the behavior in the future, while the goal of punishment is to decrease the likelihood of the behavior in the future.
		I believe that a second reason for the confusion of negative reinforcement and punishment (which is very related to the first reason) is the use of a popular slogan by the behaviorists -- "Accentuate the Positive".
		A final reason for the confusion of negative reinforcement and punishment is the fact that they are interrelated.
	www.uwsp.edu /psych/dog/LA/DrP2.htm (1102 words)

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