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Topic: Relative poverty

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	BBC NEWS \| UK \| Poverty ranking is all relative
		For example, the Unicef ranking shows the child poverty rate in the United States is greater than in Hungary but fails to show that 50% of median income in the year 2000 was $24,000 (£12,282) is the US and $7,000 (£3,582) in Hungary.
		But reducing relative poverty of all Britons has been one of the key aims of the Labour government since Tony Blair was elected in 1997.
		And falling relative poverty rates in recent years have been attributed to changes such as the introduction of means-tested tax credits and pension credits.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/uk_news/6361349.stm (530 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Relative poverty
		Relative poverty is a poverty measure based on a poor standard of living or a low income relative to the rest of society.
		Relative poverty is the condition of having fewer resources or less income than others within a society or country, or compared to worldwide averages.
		Relative poverty is defined as the minimum economic, social, political and cultural goods needed to maintain an acceptable way of life in a particular society.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Relative-poverty (347 words)

	United Nation Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
		While the issue of poverty has been the direct or indirect focus of development initiatives in Asia and the Pacific since the end of the colonial era (1940s to 1950s), the issue of urban poverty has gained prominence only in the last two to three decades.
		While absolute poverty can be eradicated, relative poverty can only be alleviated, because what is minimally accepted today may vary over time, from villages to urban areas and from country to country.
		Measures such as poverty lines and Gini-coefficients are used to measure absolute and relative poverty in terms of incomes and affordability.
	www.unescap.org /pdd/PRS/PovertyIssues/tackling.asp (1272 words)

	Poverty - MSN Encarta
		Relative poverty is the condition of having fewer resources or less income than others within a society or country, or compared to worldwide averages.
		In developed countries, relative poverty often is measured as having a family income less than one-half of the median income for that country.
		Some people believe that poverty results from a lack of adequate resources on a global level—resources such as land, food, and building materials—that are necessary for the well-being or survival of the world’s people.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761577020/Poverty.html (1878 words)

	Poverty - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Poverty is the state of being without the necessities of daily living, often associated with need, hardship and lack of resources across a wide range of circumstances.
		Poverty may be seen as the collective condition of poor people, or of poor groups, and in this sense entire nation-states are sometimes regarded as poor.
		For example, the relief of poverty was recognised as a legal charitable purpose by the English Statute of Charitable Uses (Statute of Elizabeth) in 1601.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/p/o/v/Poverty.html (1817 words)

	A Dollar a Day :: What is Poverty? (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Relative poverty measures are the simplest ways to determine the extent of poverty in individual countries.
		Absolute poverty measures set a ‘poverty line’ at a certain income amount or consumption amount per year, based on the estimated value of a ‘basket of goods’ (food, shelter, water, etc.) necessary for proper living.
		Poverty is set at an income of $2 a day or less, and extreme poverty is set at $1 a day or less.
	library.thinkquest.org /05aug/00282/over_whatis.htm (1006 words)

	Progress on poverty, 1997 to 2003/4
		Because incomes generally continue to rise, raising the relative poverty threshold, the actual reduction in child poverty is lower: there are likely to be about one million fewer children in poverty in 2003/4 than in 1997.
		Pensioner poverty will be lower in 2003/4 than in 1997 but the size of the fall is very sensitive to the measure of income used: a one million fall based on income after housing costs but only one quarter of this based on income before housing costs.
		With a relative poverty line that rises with the growth in incomes, child poverty in 2003/4 is estimated to be one million less than in 1997.
	www.jrf.org.uk /knowledge/findings/socialpolicy/043.asp (1824 words)

	Urban Poverty Alleviation
		The extent and nature of poverty, as defined by its three aspects and its impact on marginalizing and alienating segments of the urban society, are difficult to measure.
		Commitments to poverty alleviation are dispersed throughout the Habitat Agenda in Chapter III entitled Commitments (sections on Adequate Shelter for All, Sustainable Human Settlements, Enablement and Participation, and Financing Shelter and Human Settlements).
		However, while alleviating absolute poverty, all these efforts may fail to alleviate relative poverty if the infrastructural and human resources base for the sustainable and rapid growth of the knowledge economy is not created.
	www.unescap.org /huset/hangzhou/urban_poverty.htm (5315 words)

	apophenia: poverty is relative - update on Being Poor
		Even though we tend to demarcate poverty in terms of material good (including the necessities like food), the lack of and struggle for material items is only a fraction of the story of poverty.
		Poverty must not be measured globally, but instead measured relative to the local culture in which one exists; the impact of perceived poverty on social status and mental health happens locally.
		While poverty is primarily a locally relevant experience, as you start to participate globally, the understanding of where you sit globally starts to emerge.
	www.zephoria.org /thoughts/archives/2005/09/11/poverty_is_rela.html (1094 words)

	EconLog, Poverty vs. the Moon Mission, Arnold Kling: Library of Economics and Liberty
		Exactly, rafinlay, the poverty line has been redefined upwards so many times that if it were used for practically any another country in the world, you would find that that country was completely filled with poor people.
		Relative poverty is a measure of disparity in incomes (I know, duh).
		An increase in relative poverty has serious negative implications for the system which abides rules that have the effect, intentionally or accidentally, of consolidating wealth (in relative terms).
	econlog.econlib.org /archives/2005/09/poverty_vs_the.html (847 words)

	International Migration and Multiculturalism
		Relative poverty defines poverty in relation to the economic status of other members of the society: people are poor if they fall below prevailing standards of living in a given societal context.
		Social scientists' understanding of poverty, on the other hand, is critical of the economical idea of free choice models where individuals control their own destiny and are thus the cause of their own poverty.
		Hypotheses that typically play a role in sociological theories of poverty are based on the idea that individuals are influenced by the physical and cultural context in which they live, and it gives importance to gender and household structure.
	www.unesco.org /most/migration/glossary_poverty.htm (593 words)

	Bourgignon: Absolute poverty, relative deprivation and social exclusion
		In particular, relative poverty is often found to be related to or synonymous of ‘inequality’ and therefore of no primary relevance for ‘actual’, that is ‘absolute’ poverty issues and policy.
		Poverty, absolute or relative, would not be a problem if it were known to be purely transitory, that is limited for all poor to very short periods of time.
		Permanent relative poverty is a situation where some individuals in society have simply no chance of ever having an income larger than some limited proportion of the mean or median income of society.
	www.inwent.org /ef-texte/poverty/bourgign.htm (2502 words)

	AEI - Events
		Furthermore, relative poverty could be reduced by simply levying higher taxes on members of the middle class, who would lower their standard of living and therefore the relative poverty threshold.
		This method, which measured relative poverty, suggested that the level of poverty in the United States was higher--sometimes much higher--than that observed in the advanced European economies and in Canada and Australia.
		Poverty measures and comparisons can be influenced by a number of factors that differ across countries, and I have analyzed those factors to find out if they affect the major conclusions about absolute and relative poverty.
	www.aei.org /events/filter.,eventID.879/summary.asp (793 words)

	Future Tory government to tackle relative poverty says Tory leader
		Conservative party leader David Cameron will be describing poverty as an economic waste and a moral disgrace in his forthcoming speech to mark the 25th anniversary of the Scarman report on the Brixton riots.
		He defines relative poverty as some people not having things that others take for granted while absolute poverty is the total lack of material possession.
		Clark is of the opinion that previous Tory governments had neglected the people at the fringes of poverty and the very poor thus alienating them and cause distrust and anger.
	www.earthtimes.org /articles/show/10862.html (504 words)

	Defining and Re-Defining Poverty
		Social policy advocates, including the CCSD, have strongly defended a relative definition of poverty, arguing that to be poor is to be distant from the mainstream of society and to be excluded from the resources, opportunities and sources of subjective and objective well-being which are readily available to others.
		Measured by the LIM (a poverty line using one-half of median income), poverty in the mid-1990s was almost 11% in Canada, compared to less than 5% in the Scandinavian countries and 16% in the United States.
		Relative poverty in Canada could be significantly lowered through changes to the tax and transfer system, increases to low wages, and higher rates of employment.
	www.ccsd.ca /pubs/2001/povertypp.htm (3539 words)

	Economics Interactive
		absolute poverty: People are absolutely impoverished if the minimum amounts of food, clothing and shelter necessary for survival absorb all of their income, and they live a razor’s edge existence.
		relative poverty: People are relatively impoverished if the customary (average) standard of living in their society requires more spending than the income they have available.
		Poverty, which is a “lack of wealth or material comfort,” is no exception.
	www.unc.edu /depts/econ/byrns_web/Economicae/Essays/Poverty_RelAbs.htm (523 words)

	Poverty Analysis - Choosing and Estimating a Poverty Line
		Relative poverty lines: These are defined in relation to the overall distribution of income or consumption in a country; for example, the poverty line could be set at 50 percent of the country’s mean income or consumption.
		For monetary measures, these absolute poverty lines are often based on estimates of the cost of basic food needs (i.e., the cost a nutritional basket considered minimal for the healthy survival of a typical family), to which a provision is added for non-food needs.
		In order to ensure wide understanding and wide acceptance of a poverty line, it is therefore important to ensure that the poverty line chosen does resonate with social norms (with the common understanding of what represents a minimum).
	web.worldbank.org /WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTPA/0,,contentMDK:20242879~menuPK:435055~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:430367,00.html (677 words)

	Global Poverty
		Issues of poverty are many and complex: Initiatives must address interwoven but distinct issues such as children's rights, women's rights, epidemics such as HIV/AIDS, access to clean water and sanitation, and preservation of the world's natural resources—just to name a few.
		Extreme (or absolute) poverty: Living in extreme poverty (less than $1 a day) mean not being able to afford the most basic necessitites to ensure survival.
		Moderate poverty: Moderate poverty, defined as earning about $1 to $2 a day, enables households to just barely meet their basic needs, but they still must forgo many of the things-education, health care-that many of us take for granted.
	www.netaid.org /global_poverty/global-poverty (586 words)

	Poverty - Measuring Poverty
		Relative poverty measures the extent to which a household's financial resources falls below an average income threshold for the economy.
		The problem of pensioner poverty is particularly acute for those totally dependent on the basic state pension.
		In particular the widening of the coverage of value added tax to household energy supplies and the hike in tobacco duties is thought to have had a regressive effect on the distribution of income.
	www.tutor2u.net /economics/content/topics/poverty/measuring_poverty.htm (807 words)

	Andrew Leigh » Blog Archive » The Peter Saunders Wars
		Although Peter points out that relative poverty doesn’t measure inequality at the top of the distribution, it’s clearly highly correlated to inequality at the bottom of the distribution.
		To me, poverty is the lack of sufficient resources to sustain life in a non-struggling way (and here I mean really struggling, not the “oh isn’t it hard to pay an expensive mortgage and maintain two cars” type of struggling).
		One common practice (intentional or not) of those who like their poverty measures to be relative is to write about it as if they are discussing absolute measures.
	andrewleigh.com /?p=733 (1208 words)

	A Progressive Viewpoint: On Relative Poverty
		For a start, relative poverty is an arbitrary concept: somebody grabbed a few numbers out of the air and decided that the relative poverty line was 60% of the median income.
		As relative poverty is relative to average incomes, relative poverty can never be conquered, unless all incomes are absolutely equal.
		In fact the whole concept of relative poverty was dreamed up by lefties who got fed up because by Mrs Thatcher's day absolute poverty had pretty much been abolished in this country.
	aprogressiveviewpoint.blogspot.com /2006/11/on-relative-poverty.html (237 words)

	ODI WebLog : Theories of relativity: linking poverty, inequality and development
		Cameron’s analogy of an escalator refers to severe poverty; that, according to Conservative calculations, if the poverty line was set at 40% of the value of the median national income and not the conventional European Union figure of 60%, poverty levels would have increased since 1997.
		In addition to poverty gap arguments, Cameron contended that there has been a lack of appreciable improvement in persistent poverty or social mobility, and that health inequalities are widening.
		Not only is poverty relative in the sense of comparisons of income and assets, etc., to those around you, but, as Layard (2003) argues, status matters – our broader wants and desires are derived from society, especially from within reference groups.
	blogs.odi.org.uk /blogs/main/archive/2007/03/12/Martin_Prowse.aspx (843 words)

	Christian Doctrine from Bible Theology Ministries Article 00022 Poverty is Relative
		From long personal experience of poverty (our combined income is less than the official lowest living wage and the poverty level!), I know that poverty is relative.
		Well, if the one in poverty does not have a ‘reserve’ to start off the period after his debts have been removed, he will simply incur more debt again, because he has insufficient income to pay ordinary bills that come in regularly.
		I believe this is because I have not brought debt or poverty upon myself and have chosen not to give in to the usual despair of those in poverty.
	www.christiandoctrine.net /doctrine/articles/article_00022_poverty_is_relative_web.htm (2511 words)

	Poverty - Definitions
		Absolute poverty thresholds vs. relative poverty thresholds --- As explained by a National Academy of Sciences panel, “Absolute thresholds are fixed at a point in time and updated solely for price changes….
		Poverty spell --- Number of months in poverty as measured using panel data from a longitudinal survey (excluding spells underway in the first interview month of the panel).
		If their income is less than half their poverty threshold, they are below 50% of poverty; less than the threshold itself, they are in poverty (below 100% of poverty); less than 1.25 times the threshold, below 125% of poverty, and so on.
	www.census.gov /hhes/www/poverty/definitions.html (1644 words)

	Office for Social Inclusion - What is Poverty?
		People are living in poverty if their income and resources (material, cultural and social) are so inadequate as to preclude them from having a standard of living which is regarded as acceptable by Irish society generally.
		Using the “relative poverty line”, of 60 per cent of the annual median income, the preferred European Union measure, poverty rose 11.3 percent between 1994 and 2000 in Ireland.
		The relative trends suggest that not all incomes in Ireland grew at the same rate and that low incomes grew at a slower rate than did higher incomes (or relative poverty would also have fallen).
	www.socialinclusion.ie /poverty.html (2979 words)

	One in six children live in relative poverty
		One in six of the developed world's children live in relative poverty - that is, below the national poverty line in their country - according to a new report from Unicef.
		The report looked at both absolute poverty, which was defined as households with incomes below the official poverty line in the United States, and relative poverty, defined as households with an income below 50% of the median in the country studied.
		Whether measured by relative or absolute poverty, the top six places in the child poverty league, in which children fare better, are occupied by the same six nations: Sweden, Norway, Finland, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Denmark.
	www.studentbmj.com /back_issues/0700/news/225b.html (302 words)

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