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Topic: Relative risk

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	Relative Risk
		For example, a relative risk of 2 associated with a risk factor means that persons with that risk factor have a 2 fold increased risk of having a specified outcome compared to persons without that risk factor.
		A relative risk of 0.5 means that persons with that risk factor have half the risk of the specified outcome (a protective effect) compared to persons without the risk (protective) factor.
		The relative risk is a statistic measured in cohort studies
	www.mindspring.com /~hlthdata/ex-rr1.html (232 words)

	FACSNET NewsBackgrounder \| Epidemiology for Journalists (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The index number is calculated by subtracting expected risk from the observed relative risk, dividing by the observed relative risk, then multiplying by the percent of presence of the risk in the general population.
		Even though the relative risk (5.0) is fairly high in this case (in environmental epidemiology, a relative risk greater than 2 or 3 is considered high), its effect on the entire U.S. population is fairly small, since few children nationwide are exposed to contaminated wells, and population attributable risk is low.
		Because the population attributable risk puts the relative risk in the context of the whole population, generally it's a more useful index for assessing public health effect, whereas relative risk is useful for assessing the risk to an individual.
	www.facsnet.org /tools/nbgs/a_thru_h/e/epidjourn.php3 (1974 words)

	Absolute Risk and Relative Risk - Patient UK
		For example, say you have a 1 in 10 risk of developing a certain disease in your life.
		The 50% is the relative risk reduction, and is referring to the effect on the '2'.
		For example, a 75% reduction in relative risk for something that has a 4 in a million absolute risk of happening brings the absolute risk down to 1 in a million.
	www.patient.co.uk /showdoc/27000849 (1256 words)

	Relative risk of breast cancer
		This way of expressing risk is more useful to the individual woman because it gives a pretty good idea of how having a given risk factor contributes to your chance of developing breast cancer.
		Relative risk numbers are derived through studies or analyses that involve comparing two groups of women that, as a whole, are pretty much identical in terms distributions of age, weight, health histories, etc. The women in one group have a certain risk factor and those in the other don't.
		Thus, that risk factor is said to increase the risk of breast cancer by 75%.
	www.susanlovemd.org /decision/a_9_2.htm (255 words)

	Susan Love MD-Frequently Asked Questions-relative risk
		Relative risk is a statistical method that is used to compare the difference in results between two groups that, as a whole, researchers believe are pretty much identical in terms of age, weight, health histories, etc. but in which one group has a possible risk factor.
		The difference in risk between the two groups is the relative risk of getting breast cancer for a woman whose mother has had breast cancer.
		Rather, it means their risk is 100 percent higher when the number of breast cancers seen in each group is compared - the difference between a 2 percent risk and 4 percent risk.
	www.susanlovemd.com /faq/statistics/statistical_1.html (1034 words)

	Relative Risk Reduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The relative risk is 0.00001/0.001 = 0.1 and the relative risk reduction is 1- 0.1 =.9 or 90% while the absolute risk reduction is 0.00001-0.001=-0.00099 or 0.099%.
		The absolute risk of death with disease B is.5 or 50% and the relative risk is.4/.5 = 0.8 or 80%.
		The relative risk reduction is 1-0.8 = 0.2 or 20% while the absolute risk reduction is 0.4-0.5=.1 or 10%.
	evidence.ahc.umn.edu /arr-s5.htm (230 words)

	Relative risk - MedCalc manual
		The relative risk is the ratio of the proportions of cases having a positive outcome in two groups included in a prospective study.
		The relative risk is the ratio of the proportions of cases having a positive outcome in the two groups.
		The relative risk for a positive outcome was 3.0 (0.36/0.12) with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 1.3 to 6.9.
	www.medcalc.be /manual/mpage08-08.php (344 words)

	Ovarian cancer risk [Sep 1998; 55-5] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The pooled relative risk from three studies for having an affected second degree relative was 2.5 (95% CI 1.5 to 4.3).
		The pooled relative risk from four studies for having an affected sister was 3.8 (95% CI 2.9 to 5.1).
		The pooled relative risk from three studies for having an affected mother was 6.0 (95% CI 3.0 to 11.9).
	www.jr2.ox.ac.uk /bandolier/band55/b55-5.html (472 words)

	Postgraduate Medicine: Nicotine Dependence Symposium: Trends in smoking-related diseases
		However, the evidence of a causal association is compelling in light of the consistency of the relationship between smoking and specific diseases, the strength of the association as measured by relative risk, and the presence of a dose-response effect (ie, the risk of disease is directly related to the intensity of exposure to cigarette smoke).
		In general, the relative risk of death due to coronary heart disease in smokers is two to four times greater than that in persons who have never smoked.
		On the basis of these and other epidemiologic studies, the estimated relative risk of both fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease is increased roughly twofold in light to moderate smokers and may be 6 to 15 times higher in heavy smokers.
	www.postgradmed.com /issues/1998/12_98/hays.htm (4123 words)

	Stats: Odds ratio versus relative risk
		A small relative change in the probability of a common event's occurrence can be associated with a large relative change in the opposite probability (the probability of the event not occurring).
		In the physician recommendation study, a small relative change in the probability of a recommendation in favor of catheterization corresponds to a large relative change in the probability of recommending against catheterization.
		The relative risk is easier to interpret and consistent with the general intuition.
	www.childrens-mercy.org /stats/journal/oddsratio.asp (2015 words)

	Relative risk meta-analysis
		This StatsDirect function examines the relative risk for each stratum (a single fourfold table) and for the group of studies as a whole.
		Please note that relative risk, risk ratio and likelihood ratio are all calculations for ratios of binomial probabilities, therefore, the approach to confidence intervals is the same for each of them.
		A chi-square test statistic is given with associated probability of the pooled relative risk being equal to one.
	www.statsdirect.com /help/meta_analysis/rrmeta.htm (580 words)

	relative risk of myocardial infarction (smoking, COC) - General Practice Notebook (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Cigarette smoking increases the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke in women under 45 years old; the increase will be greater if the woman is also taking the combined oral contraceptive pill (COC).
		The relative risk is increased by 10 or greater compared with non-smokers.
		The relative risk in heavy smokers using COCs may be as great as 20.
	www.gpnotebook.co.uk /cache/-1080426479.htm (154 words)

	Relative Risk and the Odds Ratio
		In Example 1, the risk factor is the whether the patient was under 30 years of age, or whether the patients was 30 years old or older.
		In Example 2, the risk factor is whether or not the patient displayed the hepatitis B core antigen.
		The risks, a/(a + b) and c/(c + d) no longer make sense, because they depend roughly on the relative number of cases to control subjects, which is a choice to be made by the researcher, not an intrinsic property of the study.
	www.math.bcit.ca /faculty/david_sabo/apples/math2441/section8/oddsratio/oddsratio.htm (4900 words)

	Ed231C: Relative Risk
		To a certain extent relative risk is a more intuitive concept then is odds ratio.
		In the case of rare events (probability less than.1) odds ratios and relative risk are nearly equal.
		This use of poisson regression to obtain relative risk is from an article by Guangyong Zou (A Modified Poisson Regression Approach to Prospective Studies with Binary Data.
	www.gseis.ucla.edu /courses/ed231c/notes3/rrisk.html (368 words)

	HDCN: Review of abstract by Michels et al. Antihypertensive medications and cardiovascular disease in a large ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The relative risk of cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality in patients taking calcium channel blockers has been widely debated in the last year.
		The relative risks of documented fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction and total cardiovascular events according to medication status are presented.
		Covariate analysis for relative risks are adjusted for history of angina pectoris and diabetes prior to 1988 as well as alcohol intake, smoking, body mass index, menopausal status, postmenopausal hormone use, aspirin intake, cholesterol level and exercise.
	www.hdcn.com /a7/7ashmich.htm (454 words)

	Survival Differences by Ethnicity/Race
		The exceptions to that trend were a 20 percent higher relative risk of cancer death for fl men with colorectal cancer and a 60 percent higher relative risk for fl women with breast cancer.
		Overall, relative risks for cancer death for all minority groups except Asian Americans were significantly higher for each of the four most common cancers and for all cancers combined.
		Asian men and women had the lowest relative risk (between 7 percent and 27 percent lower) for cancer death from the four common cancers.
	www.annieappleseedproject.org /surdifbyet.html (271 words)

	Confidence Intervals for Relative Risk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Background: The term relative risk, as used here, refers to any ratio measure of association that quantifies the risk of disease in an exposed group relative to an unexposed groups.
		Interpretations of relative risks, overall: When interpreting a relative risk, it always pays to recall that this statistics expresses risk in terms of the relative occurrence of a disease in an exposed group compared to an unexposed group.
		the strength of the assocation (the further the odds ratio or relative risk is from one, the stronger is the association between E and D), and
	www.sjsu.edu /faculty/gerstman/hs161/hint10-9.htm (478 words)

	Odds Ratio vs Relative Risk
		In a prospective study, either a Randomized Clinical Trial or a Cohort study, use Relative Risk.
		So, if one were able to do a prospective study, and generate the Relative Risk (or Risk Ratio)...
		Relative Risk (or Risk Ratio) = (a / (a+b)) / (c / (c+d))
	www.musc.edu /dc/icrebm/oddsratio.html (134 words)

	Relative risk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The ratio of risk in the treated group (EER) t risk in the control group (CER).
		The relative risk reduction is the difference between the EER and CER (EER-CER) divided by the CER, and usually expressed as a percentage.
		Relative risk reduction can lead to over-estimation of treatment effect.
	www.jr2.ox.ac.uk /bandolier/booth/glossary/Rrisk.html (74 words)

	Examples 16
		This information is especially important for binary outcomes, because effect measures (such as risk ratio and risk difference) should be interpreted in relation to the event rate.
		It follows that results should not be presented solely as summary measures, such as relative risks.
		For example, in a trial that compared medical with surgical therapy for carotid stenosis, analysis limited to those participants who were available for follow-up showed that surgery reduced the risk of transient ischemic attack, stroke, and death.
	www.consort-statement.org /examples16.htm (660 words)

	Safety Glossary Definition - Relative risk
		Most commonly, it refers to the risk of harm among a population exposed to a potentially damaging substance, compared to the risk amongst an unexposed population.
		This definition may also be called the "risk ratio" or the "odds ratio".
		Relative risk may also be used to describe ratio of the cumulative incidence rate in the exposed population to the cumulative rate in the unexposed population.
	physchem.ox.ac.uk /MSDS/glossary/relative_risk.html (80 words)

	Michigan Environmental Relative Risk Reports 1992-1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Environmental Relative Risk Program was initiated in September 1991 with the creation of three multi-disciplined committees composed of scientists, citizens, and representatives of governmental agencies, respectively.
		The purpose of each committee was to identify and evaluate known and suspected environmental problems, decide which problems were of particular concern, and assign a relative rank to each by comparing the risks it posed to the environment and quality of life.
		Based on a review of relative risk report and additional background papers prepared by the scientists' committee, the 24 risk issues were re-grouped into the categories listed in Table 2.
	www.michigan.gov /deq/0,1607,7-135-3308_7255-11654--,00.html (462 words)

	Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk by Use of Multiple-Risk-Factor Assessment Equations : A Statement for Healthcare ...
		Relative and absolute risk estimates for CHD in men as determined for Framingham scoring.
		Relative risk estimates for each age range are compared with baseline risk conferred by age alone (in the absence of other major risk factors).
		Relative and absolute risk estimates for CHD in women as determined for Framingham scoring.
	circ.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/100/13/1481 (6171 words)

	Tips for learners of evidence-based medicine: 1. Relative risk reduction, absolute risk reduction and number needed to ...
		Relative risk reduction, absolute risk reduction and number needed to treat -- Barratt et al.
		B: Trials involving a group of patients at high risk for the adverse outcome and another group of patients at low risk for the adverse outcome.
		risk reduction is presented as a percentage or a proportion
	www.cmaj.ca /cgi/content/full/171/4/353?etoc (2481 words)

	Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk by Use of Multiple-Risk-Factor Assessment Equations : A Statement for Healthcare ...
		risk represents the ratio of the incidence in the exposed population
		At the midpoint of this gradation is the average risk for the
		Relative risk is graded and color coded to include below average, average, moderately above average, and high-risk categories.
	circ.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/100/13/1481?ijkey=7oYImJK7KMMZM (6156 words)

	Relative risk of fun in the sun
		And it seems that however deadly a risk, if it is common and well understood -- like absorbing vast amounts of cancer-causing solar radiation by sunbathing -- the less we worry about it.
		Yet federal standards require that the lifetime risk of dying from toxic air emissions be 1 in 1 million, or four times lower.
		The Natural Resources Defense Council says the current standard for arsenic poses an unacceptable cancer risk, defined as posing a lifetime risk of dying from cancer at more than 1 in 10,000.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2001/07/09/ED230125.DTL (677 words)

	RR
		Relative Risk or Risk Ratio (sometimes also called Hazard Ratio or Odds Ratio, but as the meaning of odds is quite different in, for example, racing circles, this is to be avoided) is at the very heart of the dispute between epidemiology and real science.
		In epidemiologic research, [increases in risk of less than 100 percent] are considered small and are usually difficult to interpret.
		This strict view of RRs may be relaxed somewhat in special circumstances; for example in a fully randomised double blind trial, as opposed to an observational study, which produces a result with a high level of significance.
	www.numberwatch.co.uk /RR.htm (378 words)

	10 Alcohol
		In order to focus on how alcohol affects the risk of crashing, the drivers judged to be responsible in multiple-vehicle crashes were combined with drivers in single-vehicle crashes to produce a sample 3,305 case drivers responsible for their crashes.
		The effect of alcohol on the risk of being responsible for a crash is plotted in Fig.
		Relative risk of fatal crash involvement by BAC, age, and gender.
	www.scienceservingsociety.com /ts/text/ch10.htm (12804 words)

	Patient Information: Cigarette Smoking Increases Relative Risk for Squamous Cell Carcinoma
		Cigarette smoking by women increases the relative risk for squamous cell carcinoma.
		This risk increases with longer duration and intensity of smoking and is present with exposure to environmental tobacco smoke as well, being as high as three times that of women who are nonsmokers and are not exposed to environmental smoking.
		Some studies demonstrate an increased risk for current smokers only as opposed to former smokers, suggesting that carcinogens in cigarette smoke exert a late-stage effect on carcinogenesis.
	www.nccc-online.org /patient_4.php (169 words)

	Cancer Issues - Childhood Cancer Survivors Face Higher Breast Cancer Risk
		Survivors of Hodgkin's disease are already known to be at higher risk for breast cancer, but doctors at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston found that chest radiation exposure for other cancers, such as Wilms' tumor, the most common kidney cancer in children, also increased the risk for breast cancers.
		Among these women, Kenney found those had received chest radiation had a relative risk of breast cancer 25 times that of women of a similar age in the general population.
		"Relative" is a key word, here, said Kenney, because the risk of breast cancer for women in this age group, which is the mid-30s, is very low, so women who have survived a childhood cancer should not assume that they are going to get breast cancer.
	www.cancerissues.com /ms/news/521807/main.html (742 words)

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