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Topic: Relativistic rocket

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	ScienceDaily: Relativistic rocket
		Generally a rocket that achieves at least 50% of light velocity is a relativistic rocket.
		A 0.10c velocity interstellar rocket is thus considered to be a non-relativistic rocket because its motion is very accurately described by newtonian physics alone.
		The thrust of a rocket using newtonian physics is equal to the mass of the propellant expelled per second times the exhaust velocity of the rocket.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/relativistic_rocket (2756 words)

	Rocket
		Monopropellant rocket A monopropellant rocket (or " monoprop rocket ") is a catalyst.
		Nova rocket The Nova rocket was a rocket proposed as a successor to the Mars.
		A rocket is a vehicle, missile or aircraft which obtains thrust by the react...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/rocket.html (1794 words)

	ScienceDaily: Special relativity
		Using the relativistic mass definition, the mass of an object may vary depending on the observer's inertial frame in the same way that other properties such as its length may do so.
		"Relativistic mass" should not be confused with the "longitudinal" and "transverse mass" definitions that were used around 1900 and that were based on an inconsistent application of the laws of Newton: those used F=ma for a variable mass, while relativistic mass corresponds to Newton's dynamic mass in which p=mv and F=dp/dt.
		Physics textbooks sometimes use the relativistic mass as it allows the students to utilize their knowledge of Newtonian physics to gain some intuitive grasp of relativity in their frame of choice (usually their own!).
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/special_relativity (5148 words)

	A Flaw of General Relativity, a Fix, etc. - Bad Astronomy and Universe Today Forum
		The equivalence principle implies that the laws of motion for a uniform gravitational field are the same as the laws of motion for a relativistic rocket.
		The velocity of the rocket relative to the crew is zero, yes, but the velocity that’s being used here is the rocket’s (or the crew’s) velocity relative to the galaxies in question.
		The second one shows that the motion (path) of the light beam in a uniform gravitational field is the same as the motion of the light beam in the uniformly noninertially accelerating rocket (a relativistic rocket).
	www.bautforum.com /showthread.php?p=450803#post450803 (4545 words)

	The Relativistic Rocket
		The acceleration of the rocket must be measured at any given instant in a non-accelerating frame of reference travelling at the same instantaneous speed as the rocket (see relativity FAQ on accelerating clocks).
		The relativistic mass of each traveller's rocket is continually decreasing throughout their trip (since it's being converted to exhaust energy).
		If his rocket's total relativistic mass at the halfway point were the same as Laurel's (28m), with a fuel:payload ratio of 1, Hardy would need to decrease the relativistic mass all the way down to m at the end, which would require more fuel than Laurel had needed.
	math.ucr.edu /home/baez/physics/Relativity/SR/rocket.html (2092 words)

	The Relativistic Rocket
		The acceleration of the rocket must be measured at any given instant in a non-accelerating frame of reference travelling at the same instantaneous speed as the rocket.
		The proper time as measured by the crew of the rocket will be denoted by T and the time as measured in the non-accelerating frame of reference in which they started will be denoted by t.
		The relativistic equations for a rocket with constant acceleration a are,
	www.electronspin.org /faqs/General/Relativity/SR/rocket.html (1254 words)

	[No title]
		We are interested in an equation that gives the velocity incre- ment, "delta-V," of the rocket stage in terms of the ratio of the initial mass of the stage to the final mass, the "mass ratio".
		For a fusion/antimatter rocket, however, the mass depletion is the sum of the propellant mass (out of the "nozzle," or accelerator) and the mass converted to energy in the fusion or matter/antimatter- annihilation reaction.
		The rocket equation (as cut from one of Rex's lates E-mails) is: Vend = the velocitie at the end of the acceleration burn or the Delta V in our case.
	www.ibiblio.org /lunar/school/InterStellar/newslets/SSD_NLet_5_13_96 (2051 words)

	Atomic Rocket: Aliens
		Relativistic rockets, if their owners turn out to be less than benevolent, are both totally unstoppable and totally destructive.
		You mention self-replicating machines in point 3, and while it is true that relativistic rockets require planetary power supplies, it is also true that we can power the whole Earth with a field of solar cells adding up to barely more than 200-by-200 kilometers, drawn out into a narrow band around the Moon's equator.
		Attacking with relativistic rockets may be a good idea if there are only two technological species, but if there are two then it seems to me that it is likely there will be more.
	www.projectrho.com /rocket/rocket3aa.html (6477 words)

	A Flaw of General Relativity, a New Metric and Cosmological Implications
		The gantry’s free-fall velocity relative to the rocket is given by eqs.
		They apply to a rocket accelerating relative to its gantry that floats in flat spacetime of indefinite extent, and where the crew feels a constant acceleration, which is measurable only in successive inertial frames momentarily comoving with the rocket (6).
		Each chart is of a relativistic rocket accelerating from its gantry, to a final velocity listed as an initial velocity in the caption, with the order of values on both axes reversed (to turn the chart upside down).
	zanket.home.att.net (3837 words)

	Relativistic Rocket Travel
		This is a short explanation of how one finds the distance and time travelled in both the reference frame of the rocket and that of the "fixed stars", in terms of how much of the initial mass is fuel, what the properties of the fuel are, and what the acceleration is.
		where T is the proper time of the rocket, t is the proper time of the fixed stars, and beta = v/c, with v the velocity of the rocket relative to the fixed stars.
		For each small acceleration of the rocket in its own reference frame, one must take into account this change, and "boost" the rocket frame such that the velocity of the rocket in its own frame stays zero.
	www.rzg.mpg.de /~bds/space/rocket.html (956 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This is the basis for most modern rockets, which work by using a combination of both solid-state and liquid fuel booster rockets to accelerate the rocket away from the Earth.
		Fusion is cleaner an would allow the rocket to move faster than a fission-propelled rocket, but is still dangerous to build and control.
		This allows relativistic travel, but is bounded by Einstein's theory that speed has a limit: nothing can move faster than the speed of light.
	www-scf.usc.edu /~aaronwon/project/nls.htm (1943 words)

	Works of Karl Schroeder
		In a Sanger photon rocket, matter and antimatter are annihilated together to produce gamma rays, which are reflected out the back of the rocket to produce thrust.
		But being as the matter and antimatter are receding at relativistic velocity when they collide, the radiation from their annihilation is redshifted with respect to the vehicle.
		Such a rocket would resemble a high-energy lightsail; it would carry its own light source, however, and be capable of travelling to Alpha Centauri and back at near-lightspeed without refueling.
	www.kschroeder.com /1024584436/index_html (1410 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Frame "1" is a "rocket" or moving frame, moving at ; velocity V with respect to the lab frame.
		; ; V - 3-vector or 3xN array, the velocity of the rocket frame as ; seen by an observer in the lab.
		NU0 * RATIO is the frequency seen by the rocket observer.
	cow.physics.wisc.edu /~craigm/idl/down/srvdopp.pro (594 words)

	Re: How fast can one go with ionic propulsion ?
		The "rocket equation" relates the final speed of a rocket to the amount of fuel it carries and its "specific impulse".
		"relativistic rocket equation", which includes the effects of Einstein's special theory of relativity.
		However, the basic concept is the same as the regular rocket equation.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/oct2001/1003424712.Eg.r.html (295 words)

	Anthony Arthur Chan, Scholarly Interests Report, Rice University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Relativistic electrons are a serious hazard to scientific and communications spacecraft and to humans in space.
		Time-dependent simulation models of the relativistic electrons and modular magnetospheric field models are being developed in collaboration with other Rice faculty and graduate students, and with other research groups.
		A research version of a plasma rocket which uses magnetically-confined high-temperature plasma is currently being developed at the ASPL.
	cohesion.rice.edu /administration/fis/report/FacultyDetail.cfm?DivID=1&DeptID=60&RiceID=642 (875 words)

	Rockets and Conveyor Belts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The classic example is the rocket, where exhaust gases leave the system, thus decreasing the mass of the rocket with time.
		The force on the rocket is actually zero, so the force term does not enter the momentum balance equation.
		Thus, the acceleration of the rocket depends on the exhaust velocity of the ejected gas, the rate at which the gas is being ejected, and the mass of the rocket.
	www.physics.nmt.edu /~raymond/classes/ph13xbook/node113.html (654 words)

	Flying to Valhalla (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The premise of near-light-speed anti-matter fueled rockets is accepted by just about everybody, and Charles Pellegrino appears to have fully researched the subject.
		His "relativistic rockets" are not part of the problem I have.
		In Charles view, the whole universe is populated with beings huddling in silence, who, when the first hint of intelligence communicating with radio waves is detected, launch a "relativistic rocket" towards it, hoping to destroy the newcomers before they decide to destroy them first.
	members.shaw.ca /chris.procter/rev/valhalla.htm (525 words)

	Faster Than Light
		If a rocket A is travelling away from me at 0.6c in a Westerly direction, and another B is travelling away from me at 0.6c in an Easterly direction, then the total distance between A and B as seen in my frame of reference is increasing at 1.2c.
		The true speed of rocket A relative to rocket B is the speed at which an observer in rocket B observes his distance from A to be increasing.
		The standard model is a relativistic quantum field theory which incorporates the nuclear and electromagnetic forces as well as all the observed particles.
	math.ucr.edu /home/baez/physics/Relativity/SpeedOfLight/FTL.html (5278 words)

	Paradoxes Resolved, Origins Illuminated - A Relativistic Rocket (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Let's say (1-d)m is the portion burnt as rocket* fuel, that leaves dm as the rocket* itself, where d is in [0,1].
		What I wanted to show with this oversimplistic rocket was that it's very unlikely for mass to be accelerated to high values of GAMMA (without help from outside).
		It would be more accurate to say that energy is collected from various sources, thus infinitessimally decreasing the kinetic and relativistic masses of many macro-particles and temportarily storing it as kinetic energy and relativistic mass of two very fast-moving subatomic particles---a proton and an anti-proton.
	www.metaresearch.org /msgboard/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=721 (1756 words)

	SPACE.com -- Zap! Rockets Trigger Lightning, Scientists Discover X-rays
		Scientists fired rockets into raging Florida thunderstorms and learned that lightning produces not just bright flashes and a lot of noise, but also intense bursts of radiation believed to be X-rays.
		The rocket generally survives this torture and parachutes back to the ground, but Dwyer points out that the fate his team was tempting involves a risk NASA would never take, at least not after
		Researchers at the lab are also creating safety guidelines for airplane construction that considers what happens when an airliner is struck by lightning "and the magnetic field is wandering around the plane," said Martin Uman, a University of Florida researcher who leads the lab.
	www.space.com /businesstechnology/technology/rocket_lightning_030130.html (1153 words)

	[No title]
		RANGER 3, launched on January 26, 1962, was intended to land an instrument capsule on the surface of the Moon, but problems during the launch caused the probe to miss the Moon and head into solar orbit.
		The rocket firing of Hagoromo was optically confirmed using the Schmidt camera (105-cm, F3.1) at the Kiso Observatory in Japan.
		Since no human-built rocket is hefty enough to send Ulysses far out of the ecliptic plane, it went to Jupiter instead, and stole energy from that planet by sliding over Jupiter's north pole in a gravity-assist manuver in February 1992.
	www.textfiles.com /internet/FAQ/faq-spacesci.txt (12955 words)

	The Relativistic Rocket Applet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		You type the distance of the trip (measured in light years) and the acceleration of the rocket (measured as a multiple of Earth's gravity).
		The rocket will accelerate at that rate for half of the trip, then decelerate at the same rate for the second half of the trip.
		The time for the trip is measured in two ways: (1) As seen by a person who stays behind on Earth, and (2) as measured by you on the ship.
	ucsu.colorado.edu /~obrian/applets/Rocket/Voyage.html (241 words)

	Ordway 1958
		“Rocket to the Moon” gives a general coverage of plans and programs designed to assure the conquest of the Moon, a history of lunar voyages in the fictional literature, a résumé of knowledge of the Moon, lunar flight attempts, etc.
		Typical entries are: properties of liquid rocket fuels, data on meteors entering the Earth’s atmosphere, basic designs of spaceships, and radiation from a fl body to empty space.
		Zaehringer, A. Wyandotte (Michigan), 1958: American Rocket Co., 306 pages, OP A revised and expanded edition of a book that first appeared in 1955, it is concerned with interior ballistics, processing solid propellants, exterior ballistics, static and dynamic testing, applications of solid rockets, propellant technology, hybrid rockets, and safety.
	www.boggsspace.com /ordway_part_4.htm (2192 words)

	Unit 7 Quiz #1 (99)
		Suppose the time taken for light to bounce to and fro between the parallel mirrors of a light clock is 1 second, in the frame of reference of this light clock.
		A woman standing on the ground sees a rocket ship move past her at 95% the speed of light.
		When traveling past earth at relativistic speeds, occupants of earth tell her that the ship appears contracted in length.
	www.glenbrook.k12.il.us /gbssci/phys/thender/quizzes/u7/q199.html (553 words)

	Two dimensional relativistic collision (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Some Modern Physics and Special Relativity textbooks use a two dimensional collision of point particles to find the dependence of mass with velocity; however their figures are for non relativistic trajectories.
		This program shows this relativistic collision from two reference systems: the laboratory and a rocket.
		It is posible to analyze the collision from other points of view: in a Minkowski diagram and in a non relativistic treatment.
	www.physics.orst.edu /~rubin/nacphy/CPapplets/Relativ/Dinamen.html (229 words)

	Wikiversity:Special Relativity - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks
		A common misstatement about relativity is that SR cannot be used to handle the case of objects and observers who are undergoing acceleration (non-inertial reference frames), but this is incorrect.
		The standard approach to find relativistic laws to the corresponding non-relativistic ones is to find four-vectors to replace space vectors.
		If the velocity is zero the relativistic mass and the rest mass become equal.
	en.wikibooks.org /wiki/Wikiversity:Special_Relativity (3192 words)

	ilovephysics.com :: Free online physics help, tutorials, forum, and cool stuff / A Flaw of General Relativity, a Fix, ...
		The relativistic distortion factor is used to arrive at the gravitational distrotion factor.
		The whole of (2) is relativistic, because this equation is just a rearrangement of the relativistic rocket equations.
		Consider a relativistic problem involving a rocket accelerating at 1 Earth gravity as the crew feels, for 1 year in the gantry’s frame.
	www.ilovephysics.com /forum/viewtopic.php?pid=704 (3175 words)

	The Space Arena Board
		A particularly interesting chapter describes the clandestine development of the V-2 rocket in Germany and its impact on postwar rocket research and satellite development in the U. and Soviet Union.
		It is a detailed, technical discussion of the various rockets, both Russian and American, that have made space exploration possible.
		A chapter at the end discusses the future and surveys exotic propulsion systems that currently lie on the frontiers of science, like nuclear, ion, solar, laser, and a few other means of propulsion that will shape the spaceflight and space policy decisions of tomorrow.
	www.space-frontier.org /cgi-bin/BBS/MoonBase/read/3856 (2067 words)

	Science Forum - Search (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		SR's application in rocket equations has itw own justification different than that of free falling particle onto a star with tidal force.
		That does not erase the fact that both had same world lines once but one of them deviated due to the acceleration during relative motion and the other one has no change due to the acceleration durin...
		In short, the frame that is free falling on a BH would attain relativistic velocity near the BH and tidal forces (say if you free fall on the BH head down and as you approach nearer your head will ha...
	www.thescienceforum.com /search.php?search_author=everneo (565 words)

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