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Topic: Relexification

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	Relexification - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Relexification is a term from linguistics used in pidgin and creole studies for the mechanism by which one language changes its lexicon to that of another language.
		In the context of constructed languages, the term is applied to the process of creating a language by substituting new vocabulary into the grammar of an existing language, often one's native language.
		A literary example of relexification is the comical quasi-Latin used by a character in James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (p.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Relexification (455 words)

	Lecture 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		They claim that relexification is a cognitive function by which a new lexical entry is created by copying the lexical entry of an already established lexicon and replacing the phonological representation of this copied entry with one from another language but the process will be constrained by the semantics of the source and lexifier languages.
		Relexification of various substratum languages on the basis of a single superstratum language provides the speakers of the substratum with a common vocabulary.
		Relexification is an individual activity and each speaker relexifies his/her own lexicon therefore the process of relexification is not uniform across the community (different people might end up with different words for the same thing).
	www.ecu.edu.au /ses/research/CALLR/sociowww/3_1_3.htm (2625 words)

	Contributor17 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Relexification means that a borrowing language adopts “empty phonetic strings” from a foreign language, while providing those strings with its own native syntactic and semantic functions.
		We have essentially two methodological options for establishing the claim of double relexification in Yiddish: (a) broaden the study of comparative Yiddish-German-Slavic grammar, and/or (b) show how it is possible to predict most of the Yiddish lexical corpus—in all of its componential variety.
		In Wexler 2002 I chose the second path, because corpus predictablity is a major diagnostic text for the relexification hypothesis (and invalidates the hypothesis of largescale Slavic influence on an allegedly Germanic Yiddish), and because the results are more striking and quicker to obtain than by a painstaking comparison of Yiddish, German and Slavic grammars.
	www.israelshamir.net /Contributors/Contributor17.htm (8343 words)

	Carrier Pidgin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		[t]he linguistic mechanism of ‘relexification’ was initially introduced into theoretically oriented discussion based on the case of so-called ‘mixed languages;’ Specifically, the phenomenon was first defined explicitly in Muysken’s analysis of Media Lengua, a mixed language spoken in Ecuador (1981).
		[t]he topic of relexification became the subject of further discussion in the linguistic literature only when it was suggested, in the mid-eighties, that this mechanism might underlie the genesis of creole languages, specifically, when Lefebvre and her associates put forward the novel, and controversial, Relexification Hypothesis for creole genesis.
		arguing] that relexification is a unitary mechanism given by the language faculty, and the reason for its varied outcome results from factors involving the conditions under which it applies” (p.
	radoc.net /RADOC-16-WEXREV.htm (1563 words)

	[No title]
		This theory is ultimately unprovable and was largely abandoned in the 1970s, but there is still a convincing case to be made for the relexification of the language that became modern Chabacano from Portuguese to Spanish vocabulary.
		A good case for relexification can also be made for the only two other creoles based on Spanish, which are found in the Caribbean area: Papiamentu in the Netherlands Antilles, and Palenquero in northern Colombia.
		In all three cases, it is the near mutual intelligibility of Portuguese and Spanish that gives the theory of relexification its plausibility, to say nothing of the most obvious evidence: the modern remnants of Portuguese in all three creoles.
	filipinokastila.tripod.com /chaba11.html (4861 words)

	Anthropological Linguistics Vol. 44, no. 4
		According to one version of the Relexification Hypothesis, creole genesis is an instance of incomplete second-language acquisition whereby substrate speakers systematically fail to acquire the structural properties of their distant target, the superstrate (lexifier) language.
		The output of relexification is an "early creole" with substrate-derived grammar and with superstrate- derived phonetic strings.
		To date, the most thoroughly argued technical implementation of this version of the Reflexification Hypothesis is the study of Haitian Creole by Claire Lefebvre.
	www.indiana.edu /~anthling/v44-4.html (312 words)

	HF ENG 111 Language and Society: Lecture 13, page 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The relexification theory suggests that all pidgins and creoles go back to a Portuguese-based West African pidgin which has later been relexified, filled with new words from other languages.
		The case of Saramakkan (a creole spoken in inland Suriname): a halfway-stage of relexification from Portuguese to English.
		This would suggest that the relexification from Portuguese to English was well under way when the English lost this colony to the Dutch.
	www.hf.ntnu.no /engelsk/staff/johannesson/111SoS/L13-O03.htm (391 words)

	Full Transfer and Relexification
		This paper argues that these differences arise not from divergent underlying mechanisms, but rather from the quality and quantity of “target language” input: In creole genesis, this input is extremely limited, and the “target language” serves primarily as the source for the relexification process alone.
		In more typical second language acquisition (particularly, in tutored acquisition), the input is robust and persistent, and it is typically the case that morphosyntactic parameters are reset.
		It is suggested that the historicist emphasis of creole studies and the cognitive emphasis of second language studies obscure potentially valuable insights across the two subfields and urged that scholars in each community become better acquainted with the controversies and findings of the other.
	www-uilots.let.uu.nl /events/lectures/elitu_sprouse.htm (283 words)

	Linguistics: an interdisciplinary journal of the language sciences: The interplay of relexification and levelling in ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The interplay of relexification and levelling in creole genesis and development(*).
		This paper bears on the relationship between relexification and levelling, two processes that play a role in creole genesis and development.
		Relexification of several substratum languages on the basis of a single/major superstratum language provides the creole community with a common lexicon, hence a common language.
	highbeam.com /doc/1G1:76843377/The+interplay+of+relexification+and+... (216 words)

	LINGUIST List 14.2533: Historical Ling/Lang Description: Wexler (2002)
		In it, Wexler uses the relexification hypothesis to support his claim that ''the contemporary Ashkenazic Jews are unlikely to be, in any significant sense, the direct descendants of the Palestinian Jews of the Roman period'' (543).
		This second relexification occurred relatively recently (he dates it to the 15th/16th centuries), which suggests that an eastern Slavic speaking Jewish population was already in place at an earlier date.
		A major point Wexler raises is that his work on the relexification hypothesis for Yiddish ''suggests that it may be more prudent to speak of three genetically different Jewish language groups on the territory stretching from Germany in the west to Belarus' and Ukraine in the east'' (69).
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/14/14-2533.html (1637 words)

	Gloss in Omeros
		The relexification of Patwa per Dalphinis (186), with addenda.
		The shift from the article a in Row 1 to the article la in the relexified phraes in Rows 5-8 reflects the still governing morphophonemic rules of Patwa, relexification notwithstanding, since the postpositive article la must follow open vowels; the morphophonemic centre of Patwa still holds.
		There is no mystery about the cause of relexification, which results both from the prestige and ubiquity of English on the islands and from the relatively low status of the creole in its deep most "French" forms.
	www.ualberta.ca /~glang/gloss.htm (2003 words)

	aaus-list @ ukrainianstudies.org -- [aaus-list] [SEELANGS] New book on (Slavic) history of Yiddish
		USD 128.00 ISBN 3-11-017258-5 (Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs 136) This study applies the relexification hypothesis to the genesis of Yiddish.
		The present study, rich in data (much of it presented as entries to a projected etymological dictionary), also suggests new diagnostic tests for identifying relexification.
		Evidence for the two-tiered relexification hypothesis in Yiddish: From Upper Sorbian to German and from Kiev-Polessian to Yiddish 4.1.
	www.ukrainianstudies.org /aaus-list/0209/msg00047.html (509 words)

	WOEBOT: What is Relexification? It's a
		That's what Relexification is. As far as I'm concerned this is a gold nuggett of information when it comes to talking about the Ardkore continuum.
		Reynolds has made the point in the past that Ardkore uses the existing structure of Reggae (The DJ, the Dancehall, the Dubplate) and fills it with, well whatever.
		Ardkore (and Hip-Hop), often the spawn of the Jamaican diaspora, is a Relexification of Reggae.
	www.woebot.com /movabletype/archives/000438.html (192 words)

	The Pidgins and Creoles in Education (PACE) Newsletter
		Allen has coined the term FLLA for the specific context of St Lucia where French, once the official language of the island and the lexifier language of St Lucian Creole, was replaced by a competing international language (English) in the 19th century.
		Chapter four examines the degree of lexical influence that occurs through the contact of two languages, including topics such as language choice, code-switching, word-borrowing, and bilingualism.
		Chapter seven, contrary to past literature on St Lucian French Creole, concludes by stating that these French Creoles today are not undergoing relexification, a process normally attributed to the pidginization stage of language develop-ment.
	www.hawaii.edu /satocenter/pace/6-theses.htm (598 words)

	Substratal Influence on the Morphosyntactic Properties of Krio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		According to Lefebvre (1993:254), relexification resulted in the reanalysis of “all levels of the grammar [of creoles] within the limits imposed by the theory of parametric variation.” Lefebvre further proposes that relexification is a radical rather than a gradual process.
		According to Lumsden (1999), creolization is a process of second language acquisition by adults, and relexification is one of three mental processes that influence the development of creole grammar.
		He defines relexification as a common adult learning strategy in which the learner “builds new lexical entries by combining new phonological forms with the syntactic and semantic information of lexical entries that are already established” (Lumsden 1999:129).
	journals.dartmouth.edu /cgi-bin/WebObjects/Journals.woa/2/xmlpage/1/article/266?htmlAlways=yes (6559 words)

	Colorado College Psychology Dept: Plagiarism
		Plagiarized version (because of relexification) : States of awareness happen when the system controlling awareness receives access to the workings of unconscious mechanisms (LeDoux, 1996).
		You must understand fully the text you want to paraphrase; this means you must read it very carefully and know the context in which the information is found.
		Better paraphrase: It is often difficult to understand what it is like to be jobless because it is a matter that is seldom open to public display (Trippett, 1982).
	www.coloradocollege.edu /dept/py/Plag.html (1278 words)

	OSIS Web: OSIS Bible Tool
		It is not properly a translation, but a demonstration of what a tlhIngan Hol (Klingon Language) Bible would look like.
		In addition, the Rev. Glen Prochel published a book, Good News for the Warrior Race, which presents the gospels and other selected scriptures in parallel with a "Star Trek" English paraphrase.
		Lastly, the project presented here, the Klingon Language Version, is actually a relexification of the World English Bible and serves as a demonstration of what a complete Klingon Bible would look like.
	www.crosswire.org /study/index.jsp?section=fun (631 words)

	LINGUIST List 17.572: Phonology: Allen: 'Sainte-Lucie: Relexificatio...'
		This dissertation, prefaced by Allen (Masters thesis, 1992), is a phonological study of loanwords originating from different varieties of standard and local English that have entered into the St. Lucian and Dominican French Creoles.
		Chapter three provides a 3-page comprehensive diachronic survey of the theories of creolization, decreolization, recreolization, relexification, and adlexification.
		Chapter four discusses varying degrees of lexical influence between the two languages, including topics such as language choice, codeswitching, word-borrowing, and bilingualism.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/17/17-572.html (315 words)

	Linguistic question - Alternate History Discussion Board
		Bulgarian has slavic words but a mostly non-slavic grammar.
		Relexification is often the result of invasion where either the locals take up the words of language of the invaders but with the grammar from their original language or vice versa.
		The transition from pidgin to creole to fully fledged language can take as little as 3 generations.
	www.alternatehistory.com /discussion/showthread.php?t=615 (458 words)

	Kachru, Desai, and English as "Neutralizing Alternative" in India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		He writes that no writer or subject can claim "ownership of meaning." Based on his theory any postcolonial discourse demarginalizes its subject simply by existing.
		One way of generating this demarginalizing discourse of which Ashcroft writes, is by a strategy which Chantal Zabal calls relexification, a term first used by Loreto Todd.
		In the case of postcolonial English Literature for example, relexifcation means to write using "English vocabulary but indigenous structures and rhythms." Those who utilize this technique use English to simulate another language and therefore reaffirm New's observation that non-European writers are not merely using English but also modifying it.
	www.postcolonialweb.org /india/desai/brandon3.html (536 words)

	No Title
		Hard to keep Sp/Portuguese C/P's apart, since borrowing is often inaccurate.
		``Relexification" means vocabulary can be almost totally replaced with new vocab from another donor language, or perhaps relexified with later ``standard" loans from the same donor language.
		There are separate processes of development, but the various different kinds are sort of ``dialects" of an overall system.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~haroldfs/540/handouts/pijcreol/pijcreol.html (792 words)

	Activiteit 7th Soy
		A new theory of the genetic position of Tai-Kadai (=Tai and related languages) will be presented.
		It will be argued that Proto-Tai-Kadai was not a sister language of Proto-Austronesian (Benedict) but a daughter of Proto-Austronesian, having some innovations in common with Malayo-Polynesian, and that the non-Austronesian vocabulary in Tai-Kadai is the result of relexification by a mainland language with Austroasiatic and/or Hmong-Mien affinities.
		In this talk I will discuss the historical view that Hakka and other local cultures in southern China are originally from the North.
	www.tcc.leidenuniv.nl /index.php3?m=117&c=105 (174 words)

	CRLC Newsletter # 7, July 2005
		I have tried to outline the mechanisms of language mixing being deployed by a people who are experiencing intensive contact between their two languages.
		The mechanisms seem to define the onset of a relexification process, with English lexemes retaining their abstract lexical structures / subcategorisation features in Ewe morphosyntactic frames.
		What is happening in this bilingual speech community may be seen as constituting a window onto the mechanisms of language change that obtained in some speech communities in earlier times.
	crlc.anu.edu.au /newsletter/edition7.html (3613 words)

	Relexification in Creole and Non-Creole Languages : With special attention to Haitian Creole, Modern Hebrew, Romani and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Relexification in Creole and Non-Creole Languages : With special attention to Haitian Creole, Modern Hebrew, Romani and Rumanian Julia Horvath (Herausgeber), Paul Wexler (Herausgeber) Harrassowitz, Otto GEFUNDEN
		Relexification in Creole and Non-Creole Languages : With special attention to Haitian Creole, Modern Hebrew, Romani and Rumanian Julia Horvath (Herausgeber), Paul Wexler (Herausgeber) Harrassowitz, Otto
		Relexification Relexification in in Creole Creole and and Non-Creole Non-Creole Languages Languages : : With With special special attention attention to to Haitian Haitian Creole Creole Modern Modern Hebrew Hebrew Romani Romani and and Rumanian Rumanian Julia Julia Horvath Horvath (Herausgeber) (Herausgeber) Paul Paul Wexler Wexler (Herausgeber) (Herausgeber) Harrassowitz Harrassowitz Otto Otto
	kilo.putschisten.de /Relexification_in_Creole_and_Non-Creole_Languages_:_With_special_attention_to_Haitian_Creole,_Modern_Hebrew,_Romani_and_Rumanian_Julia_Horvath_(Herausgeber),_Paul_Wexler_(Herausgeber)_Harrassowitz,_Otto.html (178 words)

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