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Topic: Reliability theory

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	Life Enhancement:: The Reliability of Life Extension - Oct. 2004
		Consequently, reliability theory enables us to think of aging as the increased risk of failure of the machine that constitutes our biological system.
		Yet Gavrilov and Gavrilova seriously maintain that reliability theory applies to biological aging because it is possible to think of humans in terms of their redundant parts—parts that do not, by themselves, age.
		Reliability theory predicts a precipitous drop in mortality, a great increase in longevity, and perhaps 5000-year lifespans.
	www.life-enhancement.com /article_template.asp?ID=987 (877 words)

	Press Release for new theory of aging
		This fundamental theory of aging and longevity is grounded in a predictive mathematical model that accounts for questions raised by previous models that have addressed the mechanisms of aging, mortality, survival, and longevity.
		The theory explains why relative differences in mortality rates of compared populations (within a given species) vanish with age, and mortality convergence is observed due to the exhaustion of initial differences in redundancy levels.
		Therefore, reliability theory seems to be a promising approach for developing a comprehensive theory of aging and longevity integrating mathematical methods with specific biological knowledge.
	www.geocities.com /lagavril/press_release.html (1005 words)

	AMS Research Seminars
		Reliability theory allows researchers to predict the age-related failure kinetics for a system of given architecture (reliability structure) and given reliability of its components.
		From the reliability perspective, the increase in initial redundancy levels is the simplest way to improve survival at particularly early reproductive ages (with gains fading at older ages).
		Therefore, reliability theory seems to be a promising approach for developing a comprehensive theory of aging and longevity integrating mathematical methods with specific biological knowledge and evolutionary ideas.
	www.ams.ucsc.edu /seminars/oct10_05b.html (596 words)

	Generalizability Theory
		G theory reinterprets classical reliability theory as a theory regarding the adequacy with which one can generalize from a sample of observations to a universe of observations from which it was randomly sampled.
		It was Cronbach’s vision to reinterpret classical reliability theory as a theory regarding the adequacy with which one can generalize from a sample of observations to a universe of observations from which it was randomly sampled.
		G theory can also be applied to the analysis of score profiles, composites, and difference scores, and extensions have been developed to estimate variance components via maximum likelihood, Bayesian, and covariance structure methods and for studying the dependability of any facet of observation.
	www.psychology.sdsu.edu /faculty/matt/Pubs/GThtml/GTheory_GEMatt.html (3154 words)

	Reliability theory Summary
		In this case, the reliability of the answer is not limited by the estimating ability of the measurement taker, but by the precision (and correct calibration) of the measuring device.
		Reliability theory developed apart from the mainstream of probability and statistics.
		When reliability is considered from the perspective of the consumer of a technology or service, actual reliability measures may differ dramatically from perceived reliability.
	www.bookrags.com /Reliability_theory (1077 words)

	Reliability
		Reliability tells us how accurate and trustworthy a test is. Because of this, reliability will be your friend when you are defending the results of your test.
		The calculation of the reliability coefficient for two interval or ratio measures is the same as the calculation for the Pearson r that we discussed earlier.
		Often researchers consider test-retest reliability to be a better measure of temporal stability, which refers to consistency of test scores, rather than true reliability, which is defined as the ratio of true to observed variance.
	xnet.rrc.mb.ca /tomh/reliability.htm (1636 words)

	Reliability Theory: Lesson 1
		Reliability theory provides a way to examine a multiple component system calculating its overall reliability, the probability that the system will work.
		Suppose the reliability of component c is 80% while the reliability of component d is 40%.
		Now our main question is what is the reliability of the entire system.
	www.columbia.edu /~umk1/Reliability/Lesson1R.html (620 words)

	Expert: Reliability, Maintainability, Safety, and Training Expert
		Reliability analysis seeks to expose such weaknesses for correction resulting in a more robust system design that will improve product/service life cycle costs.
		In reliability, Expert believes the engineer must have first-hand knowledge of the physics of failure of components and parts, as well as the operating environments pertaining to the application of system designs.
		As Systems Reliability Engineer to a leading aerospace manufacturer responsible for the design and construction of the External Tank for the space shuttles (as part of the Space Transportation System deployed over the next twenty years), Expert became a quick study of space environments.
	www.intota.com /viewbio.asp?bioID=765501&perID=721991 (1688 words)

	Reliability Theory Explains Human Aging
		But the theory is so general in scope that it can be applied to understanding aging in living organisms as well.
		In reliability theory, aging is defined through the increased risk of failure.
		The University of Chicago researchers were able to adapt reliability theory to biological aging by thinking of humans as a collection of redundant parts that do not, in themselves, age.
	www.prweb.com /releases/2004/10/prweb165644.htm (897 words)

	The Relability Of Concept Mapping -- ConceptSystems.com
		In this sense, it is meaningful to speak of the reliability of the similarity matrix or the reliability of the map in concept mapping, but not of the reliability of individual statements.
		Although the assumptions underlying reliability theory for concept mapping are different from traditional reliability theory, the methods for estimating reliability would be familiar to traditionalists.
		Since we know that reliability is affected by the number of items on a test (or persons in a concept mapping project), these correlations based on only part of the participant sample do not accurately reflect the correlational value we would expect for the entire participant sample.
	www.conceptsystems.com /papers/reliability_mapping.cfm (4163 words)

	IEEE Spectrum: Why We Fall Apart
		With the reliability theory's view of aging, researchers now have, generally at least, a why and a how of aging.
		Reliability theory suggests that there might be no single underlying aging process.
		The authors of this article detailed the mathematics behind the reliability theory of aging in The Biology of Life Span: A Quantitative Approach (Taylor and Francis, New York, 1991) and more recently in "The Reliability Theory of Aging and Longevity" in the Journal of Theoretical Biology, Vol.
	www.spectrum.ieee.org /archive/1550/4 (643 words)

	Theory of Reliability
		In both cases, the word reliable usually means "dependable" or "trustworthy." In research, the term "reliable" also means dependable in a general sense, but that's not a precise enough definition.
		We assume (using true score theory) that these two observations would be related to each other to the degree that they share true scores.
		A reliability of.5 means that about half of the variance of the observed score is attributable to truth and half is attributable to error.
	www.socialresearchmethods.net /kb/reliablt.htm (1374 words)

	Reliability Theory of Aging in PowerPoint Form
		But the theory is so general in scope that it can be applied to understanding aging in living organisms as well.
		In reliability theory, aging is defined through the increased risk of failure.
		Reliability theory is, like evolutionary considerations of aging, a "why" theory rather than a "how" theory.
	www.fightaging.org /archives/000494.php (602 words)

	Reliability Theory Applied To Aging And Longevity
		This is one offshoot of a new “reliability theory of aging and longevity” by two researchers at the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago.
		In their paper, “The Reliability Theory of Aging and Longevity” (Journal of Theoretical Biology 213, 527-545), Leonid Gavrilov and Natalia Gavrilova offer a comprehensive new theory to explain why people (and other biological species as well) deteriorate and die more often with age.
		This fundamental theory of aging and longevity is grounded in a predictive mathematical model that accounts for questions raised by previous models addressing the mechanisms of aging, mortality, survival and longevity.
	www.unisci.com /stories/20021/0212023.htm (471 words)

	ADVANCE for Directors in Rehabilitation \| Editorial
		The reliability engineering approach to understanding aging is based on ideas, methods and models borrowed from reliability theory, which was developed in the late 1950s to describe the failure and aging of complex electrical and electronic equipment.
		However, the theory is so general in scope that it can be applied to understanding aging in living organisms as well.
		The researchers were able to adapt reliability theory to biological aging by thinking of humans as a collection of redundant parts that do not, in themselves, age.
	rehabilitation-director.advanceweb.com /common/Editorial/Editorial.aspx?CC=47685 (713 words)

	Computational Algebra Applications in Reliability Theory -- from Wolfram Library Archive
		Reliability analysts are typically forced to choose between using an "algorithmic programming language" or a "reliability package" for analyzing their models and lifetime data.
		This paper shows that computational languages can be used to bridge the gap to combine the flexibility of a programming language with the ease of use of a package.
		This paper considers three diverse reliability problems that are handled easily with a computational algebra language: system reliability bounds, lifetime data analysis, and model selection.
	library.wolfram.com /infocenter/Articles/1499 (115 words)

	[No title]
		Further support for this observation can be found in Miller (1986) where it was shown that a single realization or observation of a reliability growth process, that is, one sequence of failure times, is not sufficient to discriminate between processes.
		Reliability estimates for nonhomogeneous Poisson process models come directly from equation 3 and by noting that the event M(T)>i is equivalent to the event Tint, where T' is a random variable for the ith failure time.
		Exponential Order Statistics The exponential order statistics approach to modeling software reliability, studied by Downs (1985; 1986), Miller (1986), and Ross (1985a; b) is essentially equivalent to the preceding approach except that it provides a more intuitive feeling for the actual failure process.
	www.cse.cuhk.edu.hk /~lyu/paper_pdf/theory.doc (2035 words)

	A Reliability Theory of Knowledge :: Nullified and Released by [WDYL] & [DGT] Teams
		Two prominent theories of knowledge to arise out of this controversy are the Causal Theory of Knowledge, as advocated by Alvin Goldman; and the Reliability Theory of Knowledge as advocated by Fred Dretske.
		Dretske’s reliability theory of knowledge is superior justified true belief and Goldman’s causal theory because it eliminates accidentality of knowledge and places proper limitations on those things which could be considered knowledge.
		By relying on conclusive evidence, or evidence which could not exist if it were not for the truth of the proposition in question, reliability theory is like a Volvo, it is accident-proof.
	www.whiteglovecollection.com /2cord/publish/printer_44.shtml (2299 words)

	Institute for Healthcare Improvement: Reliability
		Reliability theory — a scientific method of evaluating, calculating, and improving the overall reliability of a complex system — has been embraced by and used effectively in industries such as manufacturing, nuclear power, and aircraft carriers to improve the rate at which a system consistently produces appropriate outcomes and prevents adverse events.
		But the IOM also notes that other endeavors that are as complex, fluid, and high-risk as providing health care benefit from the application of reliability principles.
		The report cites nuclear aircraft carriers as “an example of organizational performance requiring nearly continuous operational reliability despite complex interrelated patterns among many people.” Applying reliability theory to health care has the potential to help reduce “defects” in care or care processes, increase the consistency with which appropriate care is delivered, and improve patient outcomes.
	www.ihi.org /IHI/Topics/Reliability (235 words)

	Reliability Analysis Training Seminars from ReliaSoft
		ReliaSoft offers a complete array of reliability engineering training courses designed to advance the knowledge and skill set of the practicing engineer and also to quickly bring up to speed those engineers newly assigned to the field.
		reliability training course collection uniquely combines instruction in the theoretical background for each subject with the reliability analysis software tools designed to put the principles/theory into practice.
		Reliability Overview Courses: These one-day courses have been designed to introduce basic reliability concepts, methodologies and implementation benefits for management and a general audience.
	www.reliasoft.com /seminars (344 words)

	[No title]
		The theory behind software reliability is presented, and some of the major models that have appeared in the literature from both historical and applications perspectives are described.
		The reliability is therefore a reflection of both the number of faults that have been detected and the amount of failure-free operation.
		However for this case, the reliability growth is induced by the shape parameter a rather than the scale parameter y(i).Any of the classical models can be made Bayesian by specifying appropriate distributions for one or more of their parameters.
	www.cse.cuhk.edu.hk /~lyu/paper_pdf/Software_Reliability_Theory.doc (12320 words)

	ASQ: Links: Reliability
		The Equipment Reliability Institute is an engineering school that focuses on the reliability and durability of equipment in the aircraft, automobile, telecom systems and satellite industries.
		The European Safety and Reliability Assn. (ESRA) is a nonprofit umbrella organization with a membership consisting of national professional societies, industrial organizations and higher education institutions.
		Reliability Center Inc. has a Web site with features such as forums on various topics, a newsletter and articles, links to other organizations, a definitions page and a search service.
	www.asq.org /links/reliability.html (377 words)

	AFAR: The Reliability Theory of Aging
		Another theory of why organisms age, called reliability theory, attempts to apply mathematical theories of reliability often used in engineering to predict systems failure in machines.
		Once they have finished their reproductive years, it takes variable lengths of time for enough of an animal’s subsystems to fail for redundancy to be eliminated and leave the animal vulnerable to death upon further system failure.
		Some scientists, such as Leonid Gavrilov and Natalia Gavrilova, who have written extensively on the biological applications of reliability theory, believe that reliability theory is compatible with many aspects of the evolutionary senescence theory of aging and that combining aspects of the two theories may yield improved understanding.
	websites.afar.org /site/PageServer?pagename=IA_b_the_reliability (325 words)

	EPSY5720cml59 Basic measurement theory, objectives, and needs assessment
		A test which is reliable has a large true score component and a small error score component in each score that it describes.
		Reliability deals with the ability of a measure to rank order the same group in the same way on multiple administrations of the same instrument.
		Reliability can be measured by giving the same test twice (test-retest), by giving equivalent tests (parallel forms), by dividing the test into two parts and correlating the parts (split half).
	home.okstate.edu /homepages.nsf/e06a860dccf8ff9386256874007f07d0/c2876d3885293e5e862568cb00722ae7!OpenDocument (5309 words)

	The Maintenance Theory Jungle
		The evidence of the flood of maintenance theory can be demonstrated in the results of the literature searches of Reference 3 which shows an approximate doubling of publications, directly related to maintenance management, in each subsequent five year period from 1976.
		By contrast to the mathematical school, the reliability school is less concerned with the use of failure data and statistics and more concerned with priori (before the event) analysis and with mandatory or economic failure avoidance depending on perceived failure consequences.
		Many of the early theories on maintenance espouse the very core principles of maintenance and are considered to be as relevant now as they were when first documented.
	www.plant-maintenance.com /articles/maintenance_jungle.shtml (3836 words)

	Scientific Lecture "Reliability theory of aging"
		This presentation explains a new approach to aging problem based on the general theory of systems failure also known as the reliability theory.
		Reliability theory provides a clear and useful answer to the question "What is aging?" and it also provides a scientific legitimacy for the idea of anti-aging interventions.
		Gavrilov is the founder of a new reliability theory of aging and longevity, which has already received significant attention.
	www.longevity-science.org /Reliability-Theory-of-Aging-2004.html (421 words)

	Reliability Standards & Handbooks
		Included are concepts and principles of reliability growth, advantages of managing reliability growth, and guidelines and procedures used to manage reliability growth.
		The second is a simple method called the parts count reliability prediction technique, using primarily the number of parts of each category with consideration of part quality, environments encountered, and maturity of the production process.
		It is used for reliability program planning and includes task descriptions for basic application requirements including sections on program surveillance and control, design and evaluation, development and production testing.
	www.enre.umd.edu /publications/rs&h.htm (1583 words)

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