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Topic: Religion in Communist Czechoslovakia

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	Czechoslovakia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Czechoslovakia (1918-1993) Czechoslovakia was founded after the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire.
		From 1968 to 1989, Czechoslovakia seemed to be a country of a politically apathetic population ruled by aging communist hard liners and bureaucrats.
		Czechoslovakia emerged from the rubble of the Habsburg Empire in 1918.
	www.geohistory.com /GeoHistory/GHMaps/GeoWorld/czhek.html (2519 words)

	Persecution of Churches and Believers under the Communist Regime in Slovakia
		In the eyes of the communist regime, the Catholic Church symbolized a connection to the Slovak war republic that was strongly subordinated to fascist Germany and applied its nonhuman racial politics.
		The new communist strategy toward the church as a potential source of resistance was intended to break the churches’ institutional network wherever possible and to control (through a combination of legal restrictions and co-opting) whatever was left.
		The communist daily Pravda wrote on September 17, 1976, that “atheistic education is a fundamental element in educating a new worldview.” It would seem that after 1989 it would be sufficient to push the pendulum of state-versus-church relations to a neutral position.
	www.religiousfreedom.com /Conference/Dc/kusa.htm (4786 words)

	History of Czech Republic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Although Czechoslovakia was the only east European country to remain a parliamentary democracy from 1918 to 1938, it was plagued with minority problems, the most important of which concerned the country's large German population.
		The communist leadership allowed token reforms in the early 1960s, but discontent arose within the ranks of the Communist Party central committee, stemming from dissatisfaction with the slow pace of the economic reforms, resistance to cultural liberalization, and the desire of the Slovaks within the leadership for greater autonomy for their republic.
		The astonishing quickness of these events was in part due to the unpopularity of the communist regime and changes in the policies of its Soviet guarantor as well as to the rapid, effective organization of these public initiatives into a viable opposition.
	www.historyofnations.net /europe/czechrepublic.html (1756 words)

	Crusader 35 Page 28
		In Red China, for example, the communist leadership has acted in an identical fashion in carefully preserving a highly publicized, schismatic, "Patriotic" Catholic Church, the hierarchy of which is not in communion with Rome.
		On the other hand, during times of crisis, when the communist state is threatened, communism is more than willing to seize whatever weapons are at hand to assure its ultimate survival, whether these be modest concessions in military affairs, "democratic reforms," or certain tightly circumscribed, but highly advertised "freedoms" for religious groups.
		Religion is, apart from its spiritual significance, a vital and extremely powerful element in a nation's cultural psyche.
	www.fatimacrusader.com /cr35/cr35pg28.asp (2246 words)

	Vaclav Havel hero file
		Political opponents are removed from positions of influence, education is socialised, private ownership of property is limited, all power is centred on the party, and domestic interests are subordinated to those of the Soviet Union.
		Later, the Communist Party is purged of all reformist elements, including Dubcek, and a "normalisation" program is introduced to return Czechoslovakia to prereformist conditions.
		Havel is elected interim president of Czechoslovakia on 29 December, promising to lead the nation to free and democratic elections.
	www.moreorless.au.com /heroes/havel.html (3622 words)

	Killing for religion
		Religion is a contract between God and humanity, and all of its conditions favor and benefit us.
		Religion is nothing more than an assemblage of the principles laid down by God for human happiness and security in both worlds and for the realization of justice in practical life.
		The religion chosen by God Almighty to ensure individual and collective human felicity in both worlds, and which He revealed through all Prophets, is Islam.
	www.islamanswers.net /jihad/religion.htm (1519 words)

	Cox, There is Good News and Bad News
		But religion would never be a factor in the public sector, the "political realm." The dead would bury the dead.
		The main contenders seem to be either the religion of consumer/capitalism (with its own myths and rituals) or some characteristically Chinese form of Christianity, or maybe a mixture of the two.
		Supported by a wide range of denominations and groups, the ICWJ is rebuilding the old alliance between religion and labor, and a moment when the labor movement is poised either to burst into a new activism or continue to decline.
	www.wpunj.edu /newpol/issue40/Cox40.htm (2340 words)

	Communist state - China-related Topics CM-CP - China-Related Topics
		Communist governments (in the sense of "governments that were - or claimed to be - in the process of moving towards a communist society") typically arose during times of general international unrest.
		Communist societies have existed throughout history, and many exist today, but it was not until the 20th century that highly organized Communist Parties based on Marxist-Leninist ideology gave rise to Communist states.
		The history of Communist states is often closely related to the history of noncommunist regimes, and to the history of the communist movement in general.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Communist_state (4276 words)

	Czechoslovakia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Czechoslovakia (Czech and Slovak: Československo, or (increasingly after 1990) in Slovak Česko-Slovensko) was a country in Central Europe that existed from October 1918 until 1992 (with a government-in-exile during the World War II period).
		Czechoslovakia arose in October 1918 as one of the successor states of Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I.
		The Communist 1960 Constitution of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic with major amendments in 1968 (Constitutional Law of Federation), 1971, 1975, 1978, and in 1989 (at which point the leading role of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia was abolished).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Czechoslovakia (2113 words)

	Communism Alive and Menacing
		Convinced that Western interpretations of developments in the Communist Bloc were seriously flawed, he combined his study of Soviet long-range strategy with his inside knowledge of KGB and Leninist thinking in New Lies for Old.
		Golitsyn condemns the participation of Communist leaders at Summits and their visits to the Vatican (which started in 1967) because these meetings give them credibility and the opportunity for manipulation.
		The religion of God is being replaced with the religion of Man (and Heaven with an earthly, decadent utopia), facilitating Communist control of de-Christianized minds.
	www.fatima.org /essentials/whatucando/communismalive.asp (2971 words)

	Freedom of Religion or Belief
		This complexity, and the difficulty of defining “religion” and “belief,” are illustrated by the still developing history of the protection of freedom of religion or belief in the context of international human rights.
		This right shall include freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his [her] choice, and freedom either individually or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his [her] religion or belief in worship, observance, practice and teaching.
		Freedom to manifest one’s religion or belief may be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary to protect public safety, order, health, morals or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others.
	www1.umn.edu /humanrts/edumat/studyguides/religion.html (5940 words)

	Religion in Communist Czechoslovakia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Czechoslovakia entered the socialist era with a varied religious heritage.
		Official policy toward religious groups in the 1980s was consistent with that of the early socialist era, when a series of measures sought to bring organized religion to heel.
		According to the 1991 census (the first (and last) year from which there are reliable statistics on religions in Communist Czechoslovakia) the situation was as follows: Roman Catholics 46.4%, Evangelical (Lutherans) 5.3%, Atheists 29.5%, n/a 16.7%, but there were huge differences between the 2 constituent republics – see Czech Republic and Slovakia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Religion_in_Communist_Czechoslovakia (1582 words)

	IIC: Mrs. Michaela Freiova, The Dangers of Atheism for Citizenship and Liberty
		Reflections of a Dissident from the Former Communist Czechoslovakia: The Dangers of Atheism for Citizenship and Liberty
		"While the significance of religion for free society is now challenged", she said, "we must be clear on the effects of atheism on our public life: atheism as an imposed philosophy changes the relationship of society to the human person, to its own history, to laws and rights.
		Michaela Freiova was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia in 1942.
	www.iiculture.org /communist.asp (276 words)

	Václav Havel: Heir to a Spiritual Legacy
		Havel is a study in the spiritual ferment that lies at the base of collapse and renewal in Eastern Europe.
		As early as the spring of 1989, Alexander Dubcek, the communist leader of the Prague Spring of 1968, emerged from the silence of two decades to receive an honorary degree from the University of Bologna.
		Dubcek’s Action Program when he was first secretary of the Czechoslovak Communist Party called for the democratization of political life, decentralization of the command economy, ideological openness and full exposure of Stalinist crimes.
	www.religion-online.org /showarticle.asp?title=767 (1787 words)

	Czech Republic (09/06)
		The border between the Czech Republic and Slovakia is open for citizens of the former Czechoslovakia.
		With the split of the former Czechoslovakia, the powers and responsibilities of the now defunct federal parliament were transferred to the Czech National Council, which renamed itself the Chamber of Deputies.
		The U.S. Government was originally opposed to the idea of Czechoslovakia forming two separate states, due to concerns that a split might aggravate existing regional political tensions.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/3237.htm (4716 words)

	Czech Republic in Wait for Communist Triumph (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		However, the fact that the Communist potentialities are not to be underestimated was once again acknowledged two years ago, in June 2004, when the party came in second place in the European Parliament elections in the Czech Republic, winning 6 of 24 seats.
		However for the majority of the CSSD the Communist Party is perceived as never having severed ties with a criminal past, and never having apologized for show-trials and executions of the 1950’s, and countless other crimes.
		The Communists are also promising to increase salaries by 40 per cent by 2010 and increase expenditure in research and development.
	www.axisglobe.com /article.asp?article=893 (1957 words)

	In Defense of Organized Religion: Part I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Many seem to perceive organized religion as a source of all evil; the catalyst of wars, bigotry and genocide.
		There is no denying that organized religion has played, and still plays, a part in some wars and persecutions.
		There may be many more reasons for hating organized religion: the "religion starts wars" theory addressed above, negative experiences one had growing up in a particular religion, or the belief that all churchgoers are hypocrites.
	home.nyc.rr.com /mysticalrose/religion2.html (1801 words)

	Re-ordination an option for secret Czech priests
		The communist assault on religion was especially aggressive in the Czech regions of the former Czechoslovakia.
		Some 150 to 250 Catholic priests and a number of bishops were ordained clandestinely during 40 years of communist rule under special powers granted by Pope Pius XII.
		In 1997, the Prague Post cited evidence that Czechoslovakia’s Catholic and Protestant clergy had been the most infiltrated of all professional groups, with 800 out of 6000 priests and pastors, 13 percent of the total, acting as informers.
	www.natcath.com /NCR_Online/archives/022500/022500f.htm (762 words)

	Klement Gottwald Summary
		In the new state of Czechoslovakia after 1918 Gottwald was a member of the left wing of the Czechoslovak Social Democratic Party, leaving with it to form the new Czechoslovak Communist Party in 1921.
		In 1935 he led a group of 30 elected Communist deputies to the Czechoslovak parliament, promising in his inaugural speech to "break the necks" of his bourgeois political opponents.
		Prominent Communists who became victims of these purges and were defendants in the Prague Trials included Rudolf Slánský, the party's general secretary, Vlado Clementis (the Foreign Minister) and Gustáv Husák (the leader of an administrative body responsible for Slovakia), who was dismissed from office for "bourgeois nationalism".
	www.bookrags.com /Klement_Gottwald (1376 words)

	Bush doctrine strains global rules
		Religion News Blog is a non-profit service providing academics, religion professionals and other researchers with religion news
		In Asia, the most striking events were the passing of power to the next generation (or half-generation, anyway) in the Chinese Communist party, and the growing rapprochement between India and Pakistan, which included a ceasefire in disputed Kashmir in November.
		Religion News Blog (RNB), published by Apologetics Index, highlights news items and other resources on world religions, cults, religious sects, alternative religions and related issues.
	www.religionnewsblog.com /5510/bush-doctrine-strains-global-rules (2374 words)

	Religious freedom in E. Europe
		Religion must become unfashionable by demonstrating broadly, through psychological indoctrination, that the soul is nonexistent, and that Man is an animal.
		Their files are to this day classified, the West, NATO and the United States is being deceived into believing that these communist criminals, the communist military espionage officers, are "somehow" the thing of the past.
		The CI fails to explain why none of the Communist officials, STB secret police officers and any other Communist vermin, were ever put on trial for their crimes against the Czechoslovak people, Mr.
	www.anti-communistanalyst.com /SpecialReport02152005.htm (3833 words)

	DEMOCIDE (GENOCIDE & MASS MURDER) SINCE 1945
		These communist governments and the communist guerrillas they supported in other countries account for about 66,000,000 of the 76,000,000 murdered since the war, or about 87 percent.
		But rather than this be the end of it, the second highest peak was in the 1950s as one new communist regime after another tried to eliminate its opposition and establish totalitarian control.
		Indeed, for many nations, such as the USSR, Communist and Nationalist China, Nazi Germany, Turkey during World War I, and the Cambodian Khmer Rouge, democide was as much the policy of their governments as was having prisons and an army.
	www.hawaii.edu /powerkills/POSTWWII.HTM (1462 words)

	CA of Prague members
		This is essential information that shows how these people have ties to the communists, of course their studies were most likely paid by the regime and the motives for such education are clear.....].
		The charges were of course political, Petr is the enemy of the [communist] state and Brecka serves the state.
		The communists were much more brutal and more sophisticated than the Nazis in their tyrannical methods against the Church and the Jews and against anybody else who opposed the communist regime.
	www.anti-communistanalyst.com /ChristianAcademymembers.html (2062 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		But no successes except in Czechoslovakia 1948 and some elections in t iny San Marino.
		-- in foreign policy, in addition to distrust of Communist regimes, these parties tended to be pro-Israel, which was governed by social democrats prior to Likud
		communist countries as because of many of the "socialist" or "social-democrats" electorate being on some
	www.wsu.edu /~tcook/doc/CommunistVsSocialDemocrat.htm (442 words)

	Czech Republic — a brief description
		Part of the reason, no doubt, was that because of its communist rule it was part of the Eastern Bloc.
		As of 1993 (that’s well over a decade now, folks!) the Czech Republic and Slovakia, which for 50-odd years were joined as Czechoslovakia under the Communists, had an amicable split.
		The Czech side had always been a bit better off, and government for the whole of Czechoslovakia had been in Prague on the Czech side, so the Slovakians hadn’t been all that happy with the situation anyway.
	www.clanbrandon.co.uk /czech_republic.html (979 words)

	Coming to Islam Despite Muslims
		I spent the first twenty-two years of my life in communist Czechoslovakia.
		And I was sure that all religions had it wrong.
		So, for a while, I was convinced that I had my own, private religion, just me and my faith in God and submission to His will, until I got into a discussion of our mutual religious beliefs with a Lebanese student, who was visiting his relatives in Ivory Coast.
	www.themodernreligion.com /convert/convert_czech.htm (1245 words)

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