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Topic: Religion in the Soviet Union

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	Soviet Union - POLICY TOWARD NATIONALITIES AND RELIGIONS IN PRACTICE
		But, in granting nationalities a union republic status, three additional factors were considered: a population of at least 1 million, territorial compactness of the nationality, and location on the borders of the Soviet Union.
		Soviet policy toward religion has been based on the ideology of Marxism-Leninism (see Glossary), which has made atheism the official doctrine of the Soviet Union.
		The implementation of policy toward a particular religion, therefore, has generally depended on the regime's perception of the bond between that religion and the nationality practicing it, the size of the religious community, the degree of allegiance of the religion to outside authority, and the nationality's willingness to subordinate itself to political authority.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-12521.html (2468 words)

	UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Soviet Union was bounded by the sea along 70 percent of its border, but much of the coastline was either frozen for part of the year or lacked good harbor facilities.
		The capital city of the Soviet Union was Moscow in the Russian Federation, and the government was headquartered in Moscow's Kremlin.
		In August 1991 Gorbachev and leaders of seven of the Soviet Union's constituent republics were scheduled to sign a treaty to decentralize power and change the country's name to the Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics, but an attempted political coup prevented adoption of the treaty and led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
	history-world.org /union_of_soviet_socialist_republ.htm (15563 words)

	Russia - Islam
		In the 1980s, Islam was the second most widespread religion in the Soviet Union; in that period, the number of Soviet citizens identifying themselves as Muslims generally totaled between 45 and 50 million.
		In 1996 the Muslim population of Russia was estimated at 19 percent of all citizens professing belief in a religion.
		In 1995 the newly established Union of Muslims of Russia, led by Imam Khatyb Mukaddas of Tatarstan, began organizing a movement aimed at improving interethnic understanding and ending Russians' lingering conception of Islam as an extremist religion.
	countrystudies.us /russia/40.htm (711 words)

	Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic - Armeniapedia.org
		Life under the Soviet Union proved to be a soothing balm in contrast to the turbulent final years of the Ottoman Empire.
		It should also be noted that Armenians of the Soviet 89th "Tamanyan" Division fought in grueling battles against the German Wehrmacht in the Battle of the Caucasus, the Battle of the Crimea, the Battle of the Baltic, the Vistula-Oder Offensive, and the Battle of Berlin.
		Stalin temporarily had relented his attacks on religion during the war and in 1945, the bishop Gevork II was elected as the new Catholicos and allowed to reside in Echmiadzin.
	armeniapedia.org /index.php?title=Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic (2524 words)

	Religion in Former Soviet Republics by James Billington
		Religion played a special role in this development in eastern Europe for the simple dialectical reason that religion was the one area of private life that communism was structurally and systematically pledged to eliminate, not merely to control and rechannel, but to eliminate.
		The martyrs of the Soviet era, the so-called "new martyrs," which the church abroad has always venerated and honored, were honored in April with a very moving liturgy in the Cathedral of the Assumption inside the Kremlin.
		The Soviet Union has not lived through a civil rights decade of the sixties, has not lived through the various kinds of laboratory experiences of learning to talk first "at" and then "to" and then "with" one another.
	woodstock.georgetown.edu /publications/report/r-fea31.htm (4080 words)

	Crusader 27 Page 37
		In that "Sobor" an end was proclaimed to the 1596 Union of Brest, and the Ukrainian Catholic Church was declared "reunified" with the Russian Orthodox Church.
		Soviet repression and liquidation of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Church in Eastern Ukraine in the 1920s and 1930s was a portent of its later repression and liquidation of the Ukrainian Catholic Church in Western Ukraine.
		By 1924, the Church embraced 30 bishops, 1,500 priests and deacons, and 1,100 parishes in the Ukrainian SSR.
	www.fatimacrusader.com /cr27/cr27pg37.asp (2431 words)

	Religion in the Soviet Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Catholics in the Soviet Union were divided between those belonging to the Roman Catholic Church, recognized by the government, and those remaining loyal to the Ukrainian Catholic Church, banned since 1946.
		Soviet policy toward religion was based on the ideology of Marxism-Leninism, which made atheism the official doctrine of the Soviet Union.
		The Nazi attack on the Soviet Union in 1941 forced Stalin to enlist the Russian Orthodox Church as an ally to arouse Russian patriotism against foreign aggression.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union (3889 words)

	Reading Document 19
		Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, just as it is the spirit of spiritless conditions.
		Since the reactionary ruling class that used religion to numb the people and the conditions which made people accept exploitation and oppression no longer exist, then if religion functions as an opiate, it is only in the sense that wine may be used to banish melancholy.
		But "religion is opium," is the only phrase that comes to some people's minds and they rely on it in all questions touching on religion.
	www.amitynewsservice.org /page.php?page=1486 (4296 words)

	Religious Freedom Page: Russia
		Religion in the New Russia: The Impact of Perestroika on the Varieties of Religious Life in the Soviet Union.
		Lane, C. Christian Religion in the Soviet Union: A Sociological Study.
		Pinkus, B. The Jews of the Soviet Union: The History of a National Minority.
	religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu /nationprofiles/Russia/bib.html (602 words)

	Jehovah's Witnesses: Human Rights--Russia
		The Soviet Union strengthened guarantees for freedom of religion with passage of a new law on religion in 1990.
		Only religions that could provide proof of their presence in Russia for more than 15 years would be permitted to register.
		Additionally, only religions that could show that they had a presence in Russia for more than 50 years would be permitted to use "Russia" in the name of their organization.
	www.jw-media.org /rights/russia.htm (2240 words)

	Youth Explosion Soviet Union: A Report on the beginnings of Christian Youth International
		MOSCOW (FR) - Under a new law guaranteeing religious freedom, new indigenous missions are beginning to emerge throughout the Soviet Union in an effort to evangelize their own people and extend the gospel to this country's millions of unreached people.
		The long-awaited revisions to the Soviet law on religion, ratified in August 1990, could not have come at a more timely moment in the history of the Soviet Union.
		In the past, the Institutes and Universities of the Soviet Union included the elite students of the nation but were closed to Christians.
	www.forerunner.com /forerunner/X0712_Youth_Explosion_-_So.html (1344 words)

	[No title]
		It is no secret that one of the fundamental goals of communism and its chief theoreticians is to overthrow the aspersions of religion in its entirety.
		No one religion is privileged or hated over another in regard to the social role that religion is essentially seen as playing.
		This course will explore the major instantiations of religion in Soviet Russia and place them in dialogue with the contrasting views of Marx and Engels to (a) discern if the differences are indeed theoretically irreconcilable and (b) to decide if they can coexist without ultimately seeking the annihilation of the other.
	www.umich.edu /~iinet/crees/outreach/scrivensyllabus.html (1302 words)

	NewsHour Extra: Truck Bomb Kills Dozens in Chechnya -- May 12, 2003
		When Russia headed the communist bloc of nations known as the Soviet Union, the region of Chechnya was part of a semi-autonomous republic with neighboring Ingushetia called the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
		When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, Ingushetia separated from Chechnya and became an autonomous republic that kept its ties with Russia.
		They were deported to other Soviet areas and forbidden to practice their religion.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/extra/features/jan-june03/chechnya.html (510 words)

	Publisher description for Library of Congress control number 93044304
		John Anderson explores the shaping of Soviet religious policy from the death of Stalin until the collapse of communism, and considers the place of religion in the post-Soviet future.
		The book discusses the motivations of Khrushchev's renewed assault on religion, the Brezhnev leadership's response to the election of a Polish Pope and the perceived revitalisation of Islam, the factors underlying Gorbachev's liberalisation of religious policy, and the problems in this area facing the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union.
		This study will be of interest to students and scholars of Soviet and post-Soviet studies, religious history, and the politics of church state relations.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/description/cam026/93044304.html (215 words)

	The Soviet Union
		A Biographical Dictionary of the Soviet Union 1917-1988 (1989)
		Some articles refer to purely Soviet topics such as the Communist Party of the USSR or the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact of 1939.
		The majority of the articles discuss concepts such as Educational Theory, Historical Scholarship, State, or Religion and compare how they are treated in Marxist, Leninist or Stalinist theory (and practice) with how they are treated in Western philosophy or custom.
	web.library.emory.edu /subjects/humanities/history/CCCP/Guide.html (1500 words)

	Table of contents for Library of Congress control number 93044304 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Table of contents for Religion, state, and politics in the Soviet Union and successor states / John Anderson.
		Religion, state and politics into the 1990s 8.
		Library of Congress subject headings for this publication: Religion and state Soviet Union, Soviet Union Religion, Religion and state Former Soviet republics, Former Soviet republics Religion, Soviet Union Politics and government 1945-1991, Former Soviet republics Politics and government
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/cam022/93044304.html (104 words)

	Communism and Religion \| Christianity and Communism \| Communism and Theology \| Questia.com Online Library
		...the relation between Communism and religion, including both the attitude...that the opposition of Communism to religion is not peripheral.
		Religion in the Soviet Union » Read Now
		...on the ideological plane Communism and religion are at opposite poles.
	www.questia.com /library/religion/communism-and-religion.jsp (509 words)

	Religion in the Soviet Union
		The famous aphorism "Religion is the opium of the masses" belongs to
		The Soviet Commissariat of Education utilized all its resources
		to preserve religion as a part of cultural heritage
	personal.uncc.edu /ybaldwin/potato/religion.htm (169 words)

	1970: Religion - Archive Article - MSN Encarta
		1970: Religion - Archive Article - MSN Encarta
		The Arab-Israeli conflict continued unabated, and world Jewry supported the efforts of Soviet Jews to migrate to Israel.
		Pope Paul VI became the first pope to visit Asia.
	encarta.msn.com /sidebar_1741580895/1970_Religion.html (129 words)

	History of Russia
		Photographs of the Early Soviet Union in The...
		Historical Maps of Russia and the Former Soviet Union
		Cooperation and Conflict in the Former Soviet Union:Implications for Migration
	members.aol.com /TeacherNet/Russia.html (1082 words)

	Images of the Soviet Union: Religion
		A Mullah sounds the call to prayer atop a minaret in Bukhara.
		The Muslim population of the Soviet Union bulged at over 30 million people; around 15% of the total population of the union.
		Please note that high quality photos (600 dpi tiffs) are available on request for each picture.
	www.marxists.org /history/ussr/art/photography/religion/index.htm (194 words)

	[ Religion and Tolerance ]
		According to "Religion in the Soviet Union: An Archival Reader," Aleksii was recruited by the Estonian KGB in February 1958 and served for the agency for the next three decades.
		However, Aleksii's official biography makes no mention of service in the Soviet Union's intelligence service.
		In 1961, Aleksii was named bishop (episcop) of Tallinn and Estonia.
	www.rferl.org /specials/religion/bios/aleksii.asp (201 words)

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