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	Definition of Fundamentalism
		Religious fundamentalism has appeared in the twentieth century as a tendency, a habit of mind, found within religious communities and paradigmatically embodied in certain representative individuals and movements.
		These retrieved "fundamentals" are refined, modified, and sanctioned in a spirit of pragmatism: they are to serve as a bulwark against the encroachment of outsiders who threaten to draw the believers into a syncretistic, areligious, or irreligious cultural milieu.
		But fundamentalism intends neither an artificial imposition of archaic practices and lifestyles nor a simple return to a golden era, a sacred past, a bygone time of origins --although nostalgia for such an era is a hallmark of fundamentalist rhetoric.
	afwsj.uaa.alaska.edu /fund.htm (1062 words)

	Secular Fundamentalism and Democracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Secular fundamentalism is an ideological framework that stipulates a particular relationship between church and state, and to its adherents, justifies actions taken to enforce or institute that relationship.
		Whether religious contributions to public life are inappropriate by reason of their potential for discord or because of their inherent irrationality, secular fundamentalists agree that democracy and modernity requires secular reasoning to be decisive in the public sphere.
		Religious groups legitimately perceive such exclusion as an affront to their dignity and as a denial of the political equality on which democracy is premised.
	www.acton.org /programs/students/essay/2003/first.html (6041 words)

	Religious Movements Homepage: Fundamentalism
		By and large, fundamentalism was a response to the loss of influence traditional revivalism experienced in America during the early years of the twentieth century.
		Political fundamentalism is a combination of theological fundamentalism and the personal commitments of religious adherents to combat worldly vices.
		Focus is on the rise of fundamentalism in America's largest Protestant denomination (Southern Baptists) and the subsequent impact of that rise on women.
	religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu /nrms/fund.html (2497 words)

	The Nation Newspaper \| On The Other Hand – Religious right-wing
		More and more religious people are therefore retreating from this "contaminated" world into a fundamentalist bunker of purity and absolute ethical certainty based on a literal reading of their particular sacred text and/or unquestioning obedience to the traditional teaching of their church in all its detail.
		The challenge for Christianity is not, as fundamentalism suggests, to cling absolutely to these truths as then expressed in the face of all change, but to constantly reinterpret those eternal and universal truths in the light of new advances both in science and ethical awareness.
		The opposite of fundamentalism is not relativism, but a religion, anchored in faith and love of truth, which comes to terms with reason, science and social progress; accepts the ethical complexity of life; and fully engages the modern world, warts and all.
	www.nationnews.com /editorial/355109757546313.php (493 words)

	Secular Fundamentalism and Democracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Religious believers who organize collectively and who publicly advance arguments that rely on religious premises are often accused of engaging in inherently undemocratic political action.
		Whether religious contributions to public life are inappropriate by reason of their potential for discord or because of their inherent irrationality, secular fundamentalists agree that democracy requires secular reasoning to be decisive in the public sphere.
		Secular fundamentalism claims that a preference for secularism has to be entrenched into the framework of democratic states because such entrenchment enables the state both to be neutral among competing controversial religious views and to avoid political decisions being made on the basis of inaccessible and irrational religious reasons.
	www.acton.org /publicat/m_and_m/new/article.php?article=18 (5037 words)

	Understanding the Religious Reich
		Fundamentalism is a name that was attached to the viewpoint of those who, shortly after the turn of the [19th-20th] century, resisted all liberal attempts to modify orthodox Protestant belief or to question the infallibility of the Bible in any respect.
		The most important of the fundamental doctrines were (1) the inspiration and infallibility of the Bible, (2) the doctrine of the Trinity, (3) the virgin birth and deity of Christ, (4) the substitutionary theory of the atonement, (5) the bodily resurrection, ascension and second coming of Christ (parousia).
		Fundamentalism, with its pervasive sense of guilt about most normal physical and emotional feelings, and its patriarchal structure wherein the father’s word is law, creates family atmospheres in which emotional, physical and/or sexual abuse of children is the rule, not the exception.
	www.neopagan.net /ReligiousReich.html (5784 words)

	Biblical Fundamentals vs Religious Fundamentalism - DGE - JanFeb97
		Fundamental is defined as "being an essential part of, a foundation or basis" or "being an original or primary source." If we deal with the Bible as a fundamental, the claimed conflicts between science and faith disappear.
		Religious fundamentalism has viewed this passage as a summary of the rest of the Genesis narrative.
		Religious fundamentalism often refuses to accept the idea that this word literally means what it says.
	www.doesgodexist.org /JanFeb97/BiblicalFundamentalsVSReligFund.html (1549 words)

	Fundamentalism and Social Progress
		If religious fundamentalists really had their way, philosophy and science would not have developed at all, because both are based on critical thinking.
		Apart from open religious wars like crusades and jihad, we also have the problem of what are known as "communal riots" (a euphemism for riots between two religious groups).
		Given the pernicious nature of fundamental beliefs of various religions that we have enumerated above, and the kind of hatred for non-believers which is encouraged by some religions, any fundamentalist is bound to harbor some ill will for people believing in religions other than their own.
	www.buddhiwadi.org /fundamentalism.htm (2049 words)

	Fundamentalism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fundamentalism, as the term is used today, is a fairly recent creation closely linked with the historical and cultural contexts of 1920s U.S. Protestantism (e.g.
		Used in its contemporary sense, Fundamentalism is a continuing historical phenomenon, characterized by a sense of embattled alienation in the midst of the surrounding culture, even where the culture may be nominally influenced by the adherents' religion.
		Religious and moral conservatives of all kinds also went on the offensive at that time, all trying to re-assert conservative (orthodox) control of the churches and other institutions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fundamentalism (6150 words)

	Fundamentalism & Religious Revival
		Religious revival is actually a kind of double process in Turner's sense from the perspective of the participants in the religious revival.
		Religious orthodoxies are seen to be like Kuhnian paradigms because the constitute all-encompassing world views with set assumptions and theories of how the world operates.
		Barr's study of Christian fundamentalism has served as a model for the study of fundamentalist orthodoxies outside of Christian tradition and is widely acknowledged in contemporary studies.
	www.brown.edu /Departments/Anthropology/publications/FUNDMNTALISM.htm (5511 words)

	Religious Extremism and Fundamentalism
		No religious system contains concrete measures corresponding to the modern level of world development, and the religious fundamentalists' appeal to a return to the circumstances in which the religions originated may hardly be considered as constructive and viable.
		The ruling communist party of the former USSR regarded the religious confessional communities as their rivals in the struggle for people's minds and throughout its entire history resorted to severe measures aimed at curbing religion, and subordinating its few surviving clergy.
		In attempts to disseminate fundamentalism to undermine the confidence of faithful Muslims in the reforming state, and to destroy the stability and national, civic and interethnic harmony that are fundamental pre-conditions of transformations for the better.
	www.amislam.com /karimov.htm (2630 words)

	Christian Fundamentalism Exposed
		Fundamentalism is a term popularly used to describe strict adherence to Christian doctrines based on a literal interpretation of the Bible.
		The five "fundamentals" of Christian belief that were enumerated in a series of 12 paperback volumes containing scholarly essays on the Bible that appeared between 1910 and 1915, entitled The Fundamentals.
		The rise of modern Premillennialism (end-times theology) is common to a variety of religious splinter groups: the Plymouth Brethren (developed Dispensationalism), the Millerites (became the Adventists), Mormons, Jehovah's Witnesses, and Pentecostals.
	www.sullivan-county.com /news (2972 words)

	Why Fundamentalism is Wrong
		Fundamentalism isn't restricted to Christianity or Islam, the two major religions on which it has had its greatest impact, but it is found in every major religion, ranging from Judaism, to Hinduism, to Sufism, to Buddhism, to even Zoroastrianism.
		In Judaism, fundamentalism represents only about 1/10th of those who call themselves Jews, but it certainly makes the most noise, especially in Israel, whose constitution and political situation almost guarantees a major voice to fundamentalist sects in parliament and government, even though they are only a small portion of the population.
		Unfortunately, fundamentalism undermines that concept by promoting its political philosophy as superior to others, even though it is often wrong, and thereby undermines the egalitarian foundations of western democratic institutions.
	www.bidstrup.com /religion.htm (6063 words)

	(DV) Giroux: Religious Fundamentalism and the Growing Threat to Democracy
		What is most disturbing is not simply that many of his religious supporters believe that Bush is their leader but that he is also embraced as a “messenger from God,” [3] whose job it is to implement God’s will.
		Bush’s much exalted religious fundamentalism does more than promote a disdain for critical thought and reinforce retrograde forms of homophobia and patriarchy; it also inspires an aggressive militarism, wrapped up in the language of a holy war.
		More specifically, fundamentalism provides people not only with a sense of identity in a time of crisis, it also offers a sense of public efficacy; that is, it furnishes the promise of social agency in which individuals can exercise solidarity through a sense of meaning and action in their lives.
	www.dissidentvoice.org /Nov2004/Giroux1129.htm (1941 words)

	Science and fundamentalism
		Of course, religious fundamentalism has always had a history of antagonism with science and—even before the birth of modern science during the Enlightenment—with philosophy, humanity's age-old proven method to exercise critical and rational thinking to solve problems and pursue knowledge.
		One of the basic fears of religious fundamentalists who challenge the teaching of evolution, be they 'young-earth' creationists, 'old-earth' creationists or the slightly more sophisticated crowd of 'intelligent design' supporters (Scott, 1997), springs from the idea that the teaching of evolution sets us on a slippery slope that inevitably ends with atheism.
		Leaving aside the fact that many scientists can be both religious and believe in evolution, and the obvious point that atheism is a legitimate philosophical position that—in a pluralistic society—ought to receive the same degree of respect as any other metaphysical school of thought, 'slippery slope' arguments are logically fallacious (Epstein, 1999).
	www.nature.com /embor/journal/v6/n12/full/7400589.html (2697 words)

	On Religious Fundamentalism and Terrorism - Catholic Online
		Religious fundamentalisms overcome the tension between social change and religious ideal with extreme answers which have clear political consequences: either shutting themselves in on themselves, as in the case of the Haredim Jews, trying to monopolize society, as Hindu fundamentalism, or seeking to impose their own way of seeing things in a violent manner.
		It must be remembered, however, that not all terrorism is religious fundamentalism, and not all religious fundamentalism is terrorist.
		The long road to extinguish religious fundamentalism and, concretely, the Islamic, begins with dialogue within the religion itself, which is undoubtedly the most difficult.
	www.catholic.org /featured/headline.php?ID=2375 (1332 words)

	Butterflies and Wheels Article
		All religious fundamentalists want a full-blooded version of their faith, which is there not just for spiritual solace (which would make faith not different from poetry), but which can make propositional claims about the world.
		Religious fundamentalists correctly sense that naturalism is the biggest threat there is to a strong version of their faith.
		These calls for various sacred sciences are religious versions of the postmodern arguments against the “logocentrism” of modern knowledge which strips objects of their subjectivity, turning them into mere objects of domination and even rape.
	www.butterfliesandwheels.com /articleprint.php?num=40 (6860 words)

	Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly . PERSPECTIVES . Religious Fundamentalism . March 6, 1998 \| PBS
		Scott Appleby, a professor of history at the University of Notre Dame, is one of this country's leading experts on fundamentalism.
		Religious law, traditional values, has been the mistake, in their minds, and so they're fighting back in various ways to create new alternative ways of organizing society around traditional religious values.
		APPLEBY: Well, this notion of separating the religious from public concerns and not institutionalizing it by the law or through the Constitution has led to corruption, decadence, high rates of divorce, abortion -- a whole list of moral ills that various fundamentalists around the world will claim are due to America's secularism.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/religionandethics/week127/perspectives.html (751 words)

	Religious Fundamentalism and Optimism
		It is often said that those with a strong religious faith have a more sanguine view of the world, perhaps because they see life in a broader context.
		The first was whether religious groups differing in degree of fundamentalism varied in their level of optimism.
		Differences in religious practice, the influence of religion, and views of the future are so integral to differences in Fundamentalism that it may not be meaningful to speak in such terms.
	www.uvm.edu /~dhowell/StatPages/Fundamentalism/Fundamentalism.html (2463 words)

	Religious Fundamentalism a Psychological Disorder?
		Fundamentalism, however, breeds fanaticism and often leads to terrible violence, injustice and inequality.
		Regardless, the human psyche has proven fertile ground for religious memes, which have evolved and withstood selective pressures over time and, as a result, now "organize" their hosts in such a way that institutions, including the legal system, have come to their protection.
		Moreover, the effect of fundamentalism on society is as detrimental as the effect of fundamentalism on believers.
	www.unsolvedmysteries.com /usm375346.html (1914 words)

	CHRISTIAN RECONSTRUCTIONISM, DOMINION THEOLOGY AND THEONOMY
		Nonconforming Evangelical, main line and liberal Christian religious institutions would no longer be allowed to hold services, organize, proselytize, etc. Society would revert to the laws and punishments of the Hebrew Scriptures.
		Any person who advocated or practiced other religious beliefs outside of their home would be tried for idolatry and executed.
		At that time that this essay was originally written, this was the only religious movement in North America of which we were aware which advocates genocide for followers of minority religions and non-conforming members of their own religion.
	www.religioustolerance.org /reconstr.htm (2302 words)

	Political Affairs Magazine - ‘Imperialism and religious fundamentalism feed each other’ say Communists
		Although many people with religious convictions play a progressive role in political struggle, the combination of religious dogma with state power was invariably a recipe for the deepest reaction, she insisted, whether in the United States, Iran or Israel.
		Avtar Sadiq identified the main characteristics of religious fundamentalism as intolerance, hostility to minorities, severe restrictions on free speech and other civil liberties, anti-intellectualism, anti-rationalism and the use of violence.
		The seminar on Imperialism and Religious Fundamentalism was organised by the Co-ordinating Committee of Communist Parties in Britain, which intends to hold similar seminars in other towns and cities, and to publish the main papers presented to them.
	www.politicalaffairs.net /article/articleview/1504/1/109 (602 words)

	Religious Fundamentalism As Mental Illness
		All of this despite her living in a country whose Constitution guarantees free speech and (in theory, although you wouldn't think so from Mississippi's judges or Tennessee's state legislature) guarantees that the government will not take one side or the other in the matter of religion.
		Part of his appeal is his perceived commitment to his religious faith (you can't get much more traditional and conservative than the orthodox Roman Catholic doctrine, though most Catholics I know are embarrassed by the man and take some of the church's official stances with a grain of salt).
		I was raised in an independent fundamental Baptist church in Santa Clara, CA, and now I attend a similar one in San Diego.
	www.sullivan-county.com /nf0/y2k/illness.htm (1716 words)

	Religious Fundamentalism
		No President in living memory is as overtly religious as George W. Bush.
		Blame it on Republican ideology and the apocalyptic religious sensibilities of his political base.
		Intellectually, scientifically, even artistically, fundamentalism is a road to nowhere, because it insists on fidelity to revealed truths that are not true.
	www.thenation.com /directory/religious_fundamentalism (359 words)

	SSRN-Secular Fundamentalism, Religious Fundamentalism, and the Search for Truth in Contemporary America by Daniel Conkle
		Here, I explore the ways in which secular thinking might likewise be described as “fundamentalist.” In particular, I discuss secular fundamentalism in textual interpretation, secular fundamentalism in the form of political liberalism, and comprehensive secular fundamentalism, which extends to private questions of truth.
		I then discuss the various problems - not only political, but also theological - that are raised by fundamentalist thinking, whether religious or secular in nature.
		In place of these various sorts of fundamentalism, I advocate a dialogic, multi-lingual search for truth, a search that would give meaningful consideration to moral arguments of all types - not only in private life, but in the public domain as well.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=911647 (326 words)

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