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Topic: Remote Direct Memory Access

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	Direct memory access - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Direct memory access (DMA) allows certain hardware subsystems within a computer to access system memory for reading and/or writing independently of the CPU.
		This is typically slower than copying normal blocks of memory since access to I/O devices over a peripheral bus is generally slower than normal system RAM.
		A typical usage of DMA is copying a block of memory from system RAM to or from a buffer on the device.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Direct_memory_access (532 words)

	rfc4296
		Direct Data Placement (DDP) Protocol Architecture The central idea of general-purpose DDP is that a data sender will supplement the data it sends with placement information that allows the receiver's network interface to place the data directly at its final destination without any copying.
		Once associated, peer accesses to buffer regions must be authenticated and made subject to authorization checks in the context of the association and endpoint (socket) on which they are to be performed, prior to any transfer operation or data being accessed.
		Because RDMA enables an implementation to avoid buffering, it is preferable to perform all applicable Bailey and Talpey Informational [Page 18] RFC 4296 DDP and RDMA Architecture December 2005 security protection prior to processing of each segment by the transport and RDMA layers.
	ietfreport.isoc.org /idref/rfc4296 (4507 words)

	RFC 4297 (rfc4297) - Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) over IP Problem St
		This is the means by which memory is exposed to the remote peer in an appropriate fashion, and the means by which the peer may access it, for instance, reading and writing.
		Once associated, peer accesses to memory regions must be authenticated and made subject to authorization checks in the context of the association and connection on which they are to be performed, prior to any transfer operation or data being accessed.
		Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) A method of accessing memory on a remote system in which the local system specifies the location of the data to be transferred.
	www.faqs.org /rfcs/rfc4297.html (5616 words)

	Why Compromise?
		RDMA is also known as a "one-sided" operation in the sense that the incoming messages are being processed by the adapter without involving the host CPU.
		RDMA is typically associated with large data movement (as it does not require the remote side to be involved) and Send/Receive with small data transfers.
		RDMA and Send/Receive in the same network provide the user with a variety of tools that are essential for achieving the best application performance and to be able to utilize the same network for multiple tasks, such as compute, storage and management.
	www.hpcwire.com /hpc/955288.html (3218 words)

	Workshop on Remote Direct Memory Access (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) enables transfer of data across a network directly to and from application buffers without requiring any intermediate copies or buffers.
		RDMA, along with direct access to the networking hardware, also provides a low overhead mechanism for achieving low latency, high-bandwidth communication.
		RDMA has become a desirable feature in high-speed clusters and data-center networks.
	grail.sdsc.edu /cluster2004/RDMA2004Workshop.htm (299 words)

	RFC 4296 (rfc4296) - The Architecture of Direct Data Placement (DDP) and R
		RDMA provides facilities to Upper Layers for identifying these buffers, controlling the transfer of data between peers' buffers, supporting authorized bidirectional transfer between buffers, and signalling completion.
		In addition, RDMA specifies a transport-independent untagged message service (Send) with characteristics that are both very efficient to implement in hardware, and convenient for client protocols.
		Because RDMA enables an implementation to avoid buffering, it is preferable to perform all applicable security protection prior to processing of each segment by the transport and RDMA layers.
	www.faqs.org /rfcs/rfc4296.html (4398 words)

	Direct memory access - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		During this time the CPU would be unavailable for any other tasks involving CPU bus access.
		But it can continue to work on any work which does not require bus access.
		AT Attachment moved from programmed input/output (PIO) to direct memory access (DMA) only later in history
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Direct_memory_access (601 words)

	Remote Direct Memory Access - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) allows data to move directly from the memory of one computer into that of another without involving either one's operating system.
		RDMA supports zero-copy networking by enabling the network adapter to transfer data directly to or from application memory, eliminating the need to copy data between application memory and the data buffers in the operating system.
		RDMA reduces the need for protocol overhead, which can squeeze out the capacity to move data across a network, reducing performance, limiting how fast an application can get the data it needs, and restricting the size and scalability of a cluster.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Remote_Direct_Memory_Access (474 words)

	Effort To Greatly Enhance Ethernet Hits Milestone - Technology News by TechWeb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The RDMA Consortium is completing the host interface for remote direct memory access over Internet Protocol networks, a technique it expects will find widespread use in computer and network gear.
		RDMA is a technology originally developed for the Infiniband interconnect.
		The consortium is finishing work on bringing RDMA to high level protocols such as iSCSI for storage and the Sockets Direct Protocol which may take until the fall.
	www.techweb.com /wire/26801046 (503 words)

	Network Appliance - News & Events
		RDMA technology enables removal of data copy operations and reduction in latencies by allowing one computer to directly place information in another computer's memory with minimal demands on memory bus bandwidth and CPU processing overhead, while preserving memory protection semantics.
		The RDMA Consortium is complementary to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), a large open international community of network designers, operators, vendors, and researchers concerned with the evolution of the Internet architecture and the smooth operation of the Internet.
		The RDMA Consortium is an open forum and is actively encouraging participation and contribution from additional technology companies towards developing the new specifications.
	www.netapp.com /news/press/news_rel_20020531a (469 words)

	Roxen Community: RFC 4296 The Architecture of Direct Data Placement (DDP) and Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) on ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Architecture section is presented in two parts: Direct Data Placement Protocol architecture and Remote Direct Memory Access Protocol architecture.
		Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) extends the capabilities of DDP with two primary functions.
		As with DDP, RDMA can be used on transports with a variety of different characteristics that manifest themselves directly in the service provided by RDMA.
	community.roxen.com /developers/idocs/rfc/rfc4296.html (4243 words)

	[No title]
		Informational [Page 3] RFC 4297 RDMA over IP Problem Statement December 2005 In addition, this document introduces an architectural approach to solving the problem, which is developed in detail in [BT05].
		Informational [Page 5] RFC 4297 RDMA over IP Problem Statement December 2005 Note that improvement from the optimization becomes more important if the overhead it targets is a larger share of the total cost.
		Informational [Page 9] RFC 4297 RDMA over IP Problem Statement December 2005 Traditional Web servers (which mostly send data and can keep most of their content in the file cache) are not the worst case for copy overhead.
	www.ietf.org /rfc/rfc4297.txt (5861 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) is a technology that allows computers in a network to exchange data in main memory without involving the processor, cache, or operating system of either computer.
		RDMA implements a transport protocol in the network interface card (NIC) hardware and supports a feature called zero-copy networking.
		RDMA has proven useful in applications that involve high-speed clusters and data center networks.
	searchcrm.techtarget.com /termParser/1,290913,sid9_gci1099622,00.html (154 words)

	Disco Lab - Rutgers University
		RDMA based interconnects were originally designed for user-level communication with the NIC while bypassing the OS.
		The advent of Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) based interconnects has increased the viability of building user-level file systems that provide applications with low cost access to network attached storage, directly from user-space.
		In this project, our goals are to: (i) Develop user-space NFS and Direct Access File Systems (DAFS) implementations that provide low overhead access to network attached storage, and (ii) Investigate the trade-offs between user-level and in-kernel file system implementations w.r.t.
	www.cs.rutgers.edu /discolab/ns/index.html (418 words)

	Pete Wyckoff Papers
		Remote Direct Memory Access has long been studied as a way to alleviate the strain from the processors.
		The problem is that until recently RDMA interconnects were limited to proprietary or specialty interconnects that are incompatible with existing networking hardware.
		Access to shared data is critical to the long term success of grids of distributed systems.
	www.osc.edu /~pw/papers/index.html (4515 words)

	IEEE STARTS MEMORY CHANNEL STANDARD TO AID ACCESS TO MEMORY SYSTEMS
		The standard, IEEE P1896™, "Memory Channel Standard," will support a wide range of memory size and remove geographic constraints, be independent of link technology, and include methods for data redundancy and coherency.
		This generic memory interconnect and data transport protocol will develop specifications for a flexible, scalable, secure data interface that transfers data to and from storage.
		It also will allow plug-and-play operation, be optimized for flexibility and versatility, have extensive data and link level protection, and support smart memory module concepts and remote direct memory access.
	standards.ieee.org /announcements/pr_p1896.html (556 words)

	Cluster 2005 - Accelerating List Management for MPI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		For such sharing to occur in a fair manner, the OS and the device must cooperate to arbitrate access to NIC memory, similar to the way CPUs and OSes cooperate to arbitrate access to translation lookaside buffers (TLBs) or physical memory.
		A problem with this approach is that today’s RDMA NICs are not integrated into the functions provided by OS memory management systems.
		As a result, RDMA NIC hardware resources are often monopolized by a single application.
	www.cluster2005.org /ra5.htm (237 words)

	[No title]
		This removes excess CPU and memory utilization associated with transferring data through the intermediate buffers.
		"Applicability of Remote Direct Memory Access Protocol (RDMA) and Direct Data Placement (DDP)", Caitlin Bestler, Lode Coene, 22-Jun-06.
		This document describes the applicability of Remote Direct Memory Access Protocol (RDMAP) and the Direct Data Placement Protocol (DDP).
	www.ietf.org /ids.by.wg/rddp.html (404 words)

	The Remote Direct Memory Access Consortium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Overview: RDMA Consortium is an independent consortium formed to develop the architectural specifications necessary to implement products that provide RDMA over TCP/IP networks, including Ethernet-based networks.
		Specifications: The Remote Direct Memory Access Consortium is an open consortium developing specifications for remote direct memory access over TCP/IP.
		IPR Policy: IPR Policy: The licensing terms for RDMA specifications may be found in the RDMA Consortium Contributor's Agreement, which can be found here.
	www.consortiuminfo.org /links/rdma.shtml (115 words)

	RDMA: Remote Direct Memory Access (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) is a communication technique whereby two or more computers communicate via Direct Memory Access directly from the main memory of one system to the main memory of another.
		As there is no CPU, cache, or context switching overhead needed to perform the transfer, and transfers can continue in parallel with other system operations, this is particularly useful in applications where high throughput, low latency networking is needed such as in massively parallel Linux clusters.
		The most common RDMA implementation is over InfiniBand.
	www.javvin.com /hardware/RDMA.html (87 words)

	Workshop on Remote Direct Memory Access (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		RAIT 2006 is intended to serve as a forum to present the latest research work by the researchers and developers from both academia and industry.
		The workshop focuses on the applications of RDMA, the implementation aspects of RDMA, and the technologies for RDMA.
		Topics of special interest include advanced new features such as TCP offload engines embedded within RDMA, virtualization technologies for RDMA, and new techniques to extend RDMA functionality, such as atomics, multicast, and broadcast operations.
	www.cluster2006.org /rdma_and_rait.htm (333 words)

	Direct Access File System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The answer may be the Direct Access File System (DAFS), a protocol that recognizes the speed and reliability of today's Gigabit Ethernet and InfiniBand protocols, provides for remote direct memory access (RDMA) between applications running on separate machines in a cluster or LAN, and is built around files, not blocks.
		SAN storage is accessible from all servers, so users can access any storage device on the SAN, regardless of the physical location of the storage or users.
		SANs were designed to help manage and speed storage by simplifying the data path and taking hard-wired servers out of the loop, but they move data in low-level blocks, thus necessitating a translation to files to use the data.
	www.computerworld.com /printthis/2002/0,4814,75191,00.html (639 words)

	Roxen Community: RFC 4297 Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) over IP Problem Statement (Informational) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Overhead due to the movement of user data in the end-system network I/O processing path at high speeds is significant, and has limited the use of Internet protocols in interconnection networks, and the Internet itself -- especially where high bandwidth, low latency, and/or low overhead are required by the hosted application.
		An RDMA solution can be usefully viewed as being comprised of two distinct components: "direct data placement (DDP)" and "remote direct memory access (RDMA) semantics".
		Virtual Interface Architecture (VI, VIA) An RDMA interface definition developed by an industry group and implemented with a variety of differing wire protocols.
	community.roxen.com /developers/idocs/rfc/rfc4297.html (5617 words)

	LinuxElectrons - Industry Leaders to Jointly Develop RDMA over Ethernet Open Source Software for Linux Applications
		The Verbs are the set of primitives that provides the RDMA hardware to software interface for an RNIC.
		RDMA technology enables high-performance server clustering and eliminates the burden of excessive memory copies when communicating between servers.
		RDMA technology removes data copy operations and reduces latency by allowing one computer to directly place information in another computer's memory with minimal demands on memory bus bandwidth and CPU processing overhead.
	www.linuxelectrons.com /article.php/20060206121533326 (576 words)

	RDMA (Remote Direct Memory Access)
		Traditional hardware and software architecture imposes a significant load on a server's CPU and memory because data must be copied between the kernel and application.
		Memory bottlenecks become more severe as connection speeds exceed the processing power and memory bandwidth of servers.
		The RDMA request is issued from user space to the local NIC and over the network to the remote NIC without requiring any kernel involvement.
	www.networkworld.com /details/5221.html (724 words)

	Network Appliance Targets Remote Access eWEEK - Find Articles
		The new products are DAFS Database Accelerator, built with the still nascent Direct Access File System from the DAFS Collaborative and the Storage Networking Industry Association, and Business Applications Accelerator.
		DAFS uses remote direct memory access (RDMA) and virtual interface (VI) to speed up file read/write functions.
		Network Appliance is initially specifying the technology for databases because that's the kind of application NAS systems are most criticized for not supporting well.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_zdewk/is_200204/ai_ziff24858 (438 words)

	Advanced Combo Tricks: Remote Direct Memory Access Over IP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Advanced Combo Tricks: Remote Direct Memory Access Over IP Remote Direct Memory Access Over IP CommsDesign: Consortium hits milestone in effort to enhance Ethernet (via slashdot) bq.
		Remote Direct Memory Access Over IP CommsDesign: Consortium hits milestone in effort to enhance Ethernet (via slashdot)
		A group of top computer and communications companies expects to wrap up as early as Friday (April 25) a key piece of its work to deliver what backers think will provide a major enhancement to Ethernet networking.
	act.hagale.net /static/archives/2003/04/remote_direct_m.php (220 words)

	Start-up brings RDMA to Gigabit Ethernet - Network World
		RDMA is a set of technologies for letting a computer place information directly into the memory of another computer over a network.
		This capability could be especially useful in server clusters, where transfers between different servers in a cluster are common, or between servers and storage devices in a data center.
		RDMA isn’t Ethernet-specific; in fact, Ammasso claims its adapter is the first to use RDMA over Ethernet.
	www.nwfusion.com /newsletters/lans/2004/0517lan2.html (775 words)

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