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Topic: Remote Oceanic languages

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Austronesian languages

Maori language

	Oceanic subgroups (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Oceanic languages are members of the Austronesian language family, a language family which, until the advent of European exploration and settlement of the 'New World', had spread out across a considerably larger proportion of the earth than had any other language family.
		Austronesian languages are spoken from Madagascar in the west to Easter Island in the east, and from Taiwan and Hawaii in the north to New Zealand in the south.
		He maintains that speakers of languages outside the Western Oceanic group migrated from the area in which POC was spoken, and that the languages of the Western Oceanic group evolved by a process of dialect differentiation from that point on.
	www.tlg.uci.edu /~opoudjis/Work/Oceanic_guide.html (5840 words)

	Languages of the World
		Language family is the label often used for a conservative genetic classification, one that can be attested only when an abundance of cognates (related words) is available.
		The label language isolate is used for a language that is the only representative of a language family, as Basque or the extinct Sumerian language; the presumptive but unknown sister languages of isolates are dead and unrecorded.
		Dialects of two languages in the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European also are or were spoken in Europe: the Jassic dialect of Ossetic, an Iranian language, formerly spoken in Hungary; and the European dialects of Romany, which was spread by Gypsies throughout Europe and into America.
	www.ling.hawaii.edu /faculty/stampe/Linguistics/lgsworld.html (1332 words)

	Hans Schmidt
		It is characterized by conspicuously artful pottery designs and different vessel forms, usually accompanied by further traits such as the use of earth ovens, shell tools, obsidian, one-piece fish-hooks, adzes and scrapers made of stone and shell; their dwelling places were large and close to the coast, often on offshore islands (Pawley and Ross 1993:446).
		Based on phonological, grammatical, and lexical innovations in Polynesian languages, Pawley and Ross (1993:446) estimated the length of common development apart from other Oceanic languages to be 1,000 years.
		Compared to Central-Pacific languages that had not lost touch with their neighboring dialects and languages, the sound changes in Rotuman were much further reaching and more numerous during this period of isolation than in later centuries (when contact with Polynesia and perhaps with Fiji was more intensive).
	www.hawaii.edu /oceanic/rotuma/os/schmidt/Schmidt.html (3979 words)

	Family tree - Polynesian languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Reao is here classified as a language, and not as a dialect of Tuamotuan, based on the statement by P.H. Audrian 1919 (Notes sur le dialecte Paumotu) that Reao is incomprehensible to speakers of the Tuamotuan language, and also on my own field experiences of Reao in 1993.
		Rapa is here classified as a Tahitic language, and not as an unclassified language within the Central Polynesian subgroup, based on Biggs' 1971 statement that the language spoken on the island of Rapa today is a variant of the Tahitian language.
		J.F.G. Stokes 1955, however, claims that another language, clearly distinct from the other Tahitic languages, was earlier spoken on Rapa; and Niko Besnier 1992 classifies Rapa as a Marquesic language.
	www.ling.su.se /pollinet/facts/tree.html (334 words)

	Tagalog Language
		Formosan languages, Philippine languages, and Malagasy have developed a "focus" system, in which the verb changes its form to encode the grammatical function (subject or direct object, for example) of the noun phrase with the greatest informational importance in the clause.
		A few Austronesian languages, mainly those spoken by communities that have become ethnic minorities in their own land, appear to be in danger of dying out.
		In contrast to Western Austronesian languages, most Oceanic languages are handicapped by the small size of their speech communities from gaining wider acceptance as literary languages or languages of the media.
	members.tripod.com /putay/_reqdis/0000002d.htm (1145 words)

	Lawrence A. Reid, UH-Manoa Linguistics Department
		I had also had opportunity in 1964 to do some fieldwork on several of the Formosan languages (i.e., the Austronesian languages of Taiwan), and gradually became interested in the genetic relationships which characterize all of these languages.
		My interest in comparative studies of Philippine languages resulted in a number of research trips between !987 to 1993 to study the languages of some of the groups of Negritos who live in Northern Luzon.
		Although many of his claims could not be supported, given our greater knowledge of the families involved, a careful re-examination of the morphology of the two language families, especially that found in Nicobarese, an isolated Mon-Khmer language, clearly established that there does in fact exist a genetic relationship between the two families.
	www.ling.hawaii.edu /faculty/reid (1376 words)

	Fijian Information Center - fijian people
		Fijian is an fijian women Austronesian language of the Malayo-Polynesian fijian map family spoken in Fiji.
		It was not an official language fijian literature before fijian food the fijian music adoption of the 1997 Constitution, which made fijian customs it fijian co-official with English and Hindustani.
		Fiji Labour Party leader Mahendra Chaudhry fijian choir also endorsed the call for Fijian to be fijian language made a national language and a compulsory school subject, fijian drug laws aspects of fijian life provided that the same status be give fijian culture to Hindi—a position echoed by Krishna Vilas of the National Reconciliation Committee.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Official_Languages_D_-_G/Fijian.html (532 words)

	Languages of Vanuatu (Vanuatu Tourism)
		Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, North and Central Vanuatu, Northeast Vanuatu-Banks Islands, West Santo Nearly extinct.
		Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, North and Central Vanuatu, Malekula Interior, Malekula Central Nearly extinct.
		Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, North and Central Vanuatu, Northeast Vanuatu-Banks Islands, East Vanuatu Nearly extinct.
	www.vanuatu.net.vu /tourism/intro/Culture/Languages-of-Vanuatu.shtml (2638 words)

	Vanuatu (from Ethnologue) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, North and Central Vanuatu, Northeast Vanuatu-Banks Islands, East Vanuatu.
		Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, North and Central Vanuatu, Northeast Vanuatu-Banks Islands, Malekula Coastal.
		Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, North and Central Vanuatu, Northeast Vanuatu-Banks Islands, Central Vanuatu.
	www.vanuatu.usp.ac.fj /library/Online/Vanuatu/Vanuatu7.htm (2776 words)

	Belarus Information Center - belarus tractor
		Spoken as first language on Vanua Levu, the eastern half of Viti Levu, and on the lesser islands of Kadavu, Nayau, Lakeba, Oneata, Moce, Komo, Namuka, Kabara, Vulaga, Ogea and Vatoa.
		belarus history The 1997 Constitution established Fijian kapustino, belarus as an official language republic of belarus of certificates st-1 on origin of Fiji, along with English and belarus tractor parts Hindustani, and belarus tractor there is discussion about establishing it as the "national belarus dealers language," though English and Hindustani belarus map would remain official.
		It was not an official language before the adoption of the 1997 Constitution, belarus tractors for sale which made it co-official with English and Hindustani.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Official_Languages_A_-_C/Belarus.html (570 words)

	Scientific/Technical, Jacqueline Eng
		In it, she brings evidence pertaining to the origin of Austronesian languages and the prehistoric Lapita culture, both believed to have accompanied Polynesians to their present homeland, to bear on genetic evidence gained from recently developed molecular genetic methods.
		Remote Oceania comprises all islands separated from the islands of Near Oceania by water gaps greater than 350 km wide.
		The second stage involved the colonization of Remote Oceania in the remaining areas of Melanesia and all of Polynesia and Micronesia.
	prizedwriting.ucdavis.edu /past/1998-1999/eng.html (3303 words)

	UH Press Journals: Oceanic Linguistics, vol. 44, no. 1 (2005)
		Languages of (i) northwest Malakula, (ii) southern Vanuatu, and (iii) the Loyalty Islands and northern New Caledonia do not experience the total or near-total loss of final consonants that is commonplace elsewhere within Remote Oceanic.
		In the area where Austronesian and Papuan languages have been in contact over the last three-and-a-half millennia, this is one of a number of languages that are difficult to classify.
		At the time of his death, he was directing a rather large research project on the languages of Malakula, and was himself actively involved in working with about half a dozen languages on that island, most of them moribund.
	www.uhpress.hawaii.edu /journals/ol/OL441.html (1594 words)

	Slavic and Eastern Languages Collection - Boston College
		The mainstay of the department remains its many courses in Russian language and culture, followed by a fairly even balance of courses in Slavic languages and culture, Chinese language and culture, Japanese language and culture, Celtic languages and culture, the English language (especially as a second language), and linguistics.
		Some audiovisual materials dealing with language are bought for the library, but it is not an area of large emphasis because a language lab on campus also acquires audiovisual materials on language learning.
		While many courses involve modern languages, the area of general linguistics studies languages over time and the antecedents of modern language, so that archaic languages and philology are required.
	www.bc.edu /libraries/resources/collections/s-slaviceastern (1168 words)

	Science/AAAS \| Science Magazine: Published E-Letter responses for Diamond and Bellwood, 300 (5619) 597-603 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The explosion of the Polynesian languages into the Pacific was undoubtedly a classic instance of migration.
		Remote Oceania was uninhabited before Austronesian colonization so no external competitive advantage existed, and the rapid rate of Lapita expansion precluded any internal advantage from farming, had it existed during the dispersal phase.
		Remote Oceanic archaeological data indicate currently that only the fowl had a possible early Lapita distribution (1-3).
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/eletters/300/5619/597 (1377 words)

	Curriculum Vitae of Magaly Koch
		Projects: "Environmental atlas of Kuwait from satellite images", 1994-1996; "Remote sensing aids to groundwater exploration in Egypt's deserts", 1992-1995; "Damage assessment of the desert and coastal environment of Kuwait by remote sensing", 1992-1994.
		Remote sensing module of the post-graduate courses "Methodologies for Environmental Impact Assessment of Industrial Activities" and "Geochemical Techniques and Applied Technologies for Environmental Assessment Studies".
		Remote Sensing for Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Hydrology, Proceedings EUROPTO'00, Barcelona, Spain, 25-29 September 2000, SPIE Vol.
	www.bu.edu /remotesensing/Faculty/Koch/Kochcv.html (3550 words)

	Australasia and Oceania
		Australasia and Oceanic lands are covered by variety of terrain, such as tropical rain forests, deserts, delta plains, flat grasslands, and mangrove swamps.
		Based on the study of their languages and cultures, and material traces of their past, it is generally accepted that Australasian and Oceanic peoples originated from Southeast Asia, although there are still disputes about the origins of these people.
		They speak an Austronesian language and are divided into two groups; the village of Puyuma, where the group lives called "born of a bamboo," and "religious practitioners," who are bound up with mythical founding ancestors and attached to their territory and who perform those rituals that recur every year, and "shamans."
	www.sociologyesoscience.com /asia/australasia_oceania.html (2220 words)

	Pacific islands archaeology
		Because it was the last sector of Remote Oceania to be settled, and because its populations represent a single radiation or diaspora, Polynesia constitutes a monophyletic cultural and linguistic group.
		The origins of Oceanic ritual systems can be traced back to common Austronesian concepts of the sacredness of ancestors; these concepts later became elaborated as cults in which the highest chiefs were seen as directly descended from powerful gods, and hence essential to the continued well-being of the society at large.
		When humans first arrived in Remote Oceania, they typically found the islands to be forested, and inhabited by a range of largely endemic species, dominated by birds, along with invertebrates such as landsnails and insects.
	sscl.berkeley.edu /~oal/background/pacislands.htm (2673 words)

	Ethnologue: Solomon Islands
		Santa Isabel Island, villages of Popoheo and Hovukoilo in Maringe District and from Ghove to Biluro on Hograno coast.
		Most important language of Santa Isabel apart from Bughotu; 57% of the population of the island.
		Literature in this language could be used by the Blablanga and Gao; a total of 6,344 people, or 70% of the island.
	www.christusrex.org /www1/pater/ethno/Solo.html (2374 words)

	Frequently Asked Questions
		When you log into a remote system with ssh, all X Windows traffic is encrypted on the remote system and decrypted on your local system.
		If your application is not written in any of those languages, we recommend writing out VTK files since they are simple enough to write without lots of complicated programming.
		If none of these suggestions allow you to successfully connect to the remote computer then contact visit-help@llnl.gov and provide information about how you are trying to connect.
	www.llnl.gov /visit/FAQ.html (4875 words)

	1
		Although many of his claims could not be supported, given our greater knowledge of the families involved, a careful re-examination of the morphology of the two language families, especially that found in Nicobarese, an isolated Mon-Khmer language, strongly suggest that there does in fact exist a genetic relationship between the two families.
		Because Bontok language and society are undergoing rapid change as a result of the influence of Filipino/Tagalog and also Ilokano, every effort is being made to document traditional Bontok speech and aspects of the culture.
		This is an ongoing project that is will take several more years to complete, but the work in its present state is aimed at creating a model for the computerization of endangered languages which will be of use to future generations of linguists, as well as native speakers of the language.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~reid (1608 words)

	Culture
		Both Marshallese and English are the official languages of the Marshall Islands.
		Marshallese belongs to the Austronesian Language Family, the most geographically widespread language family in the world.
		Of the Austronesian languages, Marshallese is a member of the Malayo Polynesian group, a group which contains 880 different languages.
	www.rmiembassyus.org /Culture.htm (2355 words)

	Ethnologue report for Tonga
		Of those, 3 are living languages and 1 is extinct.
		Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Central Pacific, East Fijian-Polynesian, Polynesian, Tongic
		Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Central Pacific, East Fijian-Polynesian, Polynesian, Nuclear, Samoic-Outlier
	www.ethnologue.com /show_country.asp?name=Tonga (154 words)

	Ethnologue: French Polynesia
		FRENCH [FRN] 15,338 first language speakers in French Polynesia, foreign born (1977); 50,215 attending French schools, second language speakers (1978); 72,000,000 in all countries (1995 WA).
		Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Central Pacific, East Fijian-Polynesian, Polynesian, Nuclear, East, Central, Marquesic.
		Tahitian is spoken as second language; used in church.
	www.christusrex.org /www3/ethno/FreP.html (596 words)

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