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	Renal threshold - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In physiology, the renal threshold is that concentration of a blood substance above which the kidneys begin to pass it through into the urine.
		In the case of glucose, the most common circumstance in which the renal threshold is ever exceeded is diabetes.
		The renal thresholds for various substances can be altered by many drugs and also change in characteristic ways during illnesses, as for example infections of various types.
	www.open-encyclopedia.com /Renal_threshold (210 words)

	Review of kidney function
		Both reaborption and secretion are controlled by the selective permeability of different areas of the renal tubule to water, sodium, and urea (a by-product of protein metabolism) and the response of the distal collecting tubules in the kidney to hormones such as aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and parathyroid hormone.
		Renal function tests are used to screen for kidney disease, to help determine the cause of kidney disease, the to determine the extent of renal dysfunction.
		Renal failure is a loss of renal function characterized by uremia, the retention of nitrogenous wastes in the blood.
	www.rnceus.com /renal/renalfunction.html (759 words)

	Renal \| TutorGig.co.uk Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The renal sinus is a cavity within the kidney which is occupied by the renal pelvis, renal calices, blood vessels, nerves and fat.
		The renal cortex is the outer portion of the kidney between the renal capsule and the renal medulla.
		The renal capsule also known as Gerota s fascia is a tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney and covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue.
	www.tutorgig.co.uk /encyclopedia/sencyclo.jsp?keywords=Renal (466 words)

	Pediatric Oncall-RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS (RTA) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is one of the commonest causes of Vit D resistant rickets.
		Reabsorption of sodium bicarbonate (alkali) by proximal renal tubules.
		Renal acidification mechanism keeps the blood pH within a narrow range of 7.35 – 7.45 which is vital for normal functioning of cellular and tissue metabolism.
	www.pediatriconcall.com /forpatients/CommonChild/renal_tubular.asp (389 words)

	Section 5 - V. Health Effects
		Not all of the epidemiological studies on the renal effects cadmium that were submitted to the record had large enough cohorts or adequate dose data to assess the relationship between exposure and dysfunction.
		The study authors also concluded that renal cortical cadmium does not differ between cadmium workers with and without renal dysfunction, but the observation on which this conclusion is based can be explained by a progressive decrease of cadmium in the kidney cortex after the onset of the renal damage.
		Kazantzis continued that progressive decline in renal function is a slow process in workers with cadmium-induced nephropathy and that this decline is unlikely to progress to an increased mortality from chronic renal disease.
	www.osha.gov /pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=PREAMBLES&p_id=819 (17909 words)

	Endogenous Metabolic Disorders
		Compromised renal function (from primary renal disease or from the hypovolemia) with decreased glomerular filtration and decreased excretion of glucose may be associated with the extreme hyperglycemia and hyperosmolality [3,5,7].
		Renal disease (acute and chronic) - associated with decreased renal hydroxylation of vitamin D, soft-tissue calcification, reciprocal decrease in calcium serum levels secondary to hyperphosphatemia, and skeletal resistance to the effects of parathormone [121].
		Other treatments should be aimed at the causes of the acute or chronic renal failure, such as correction of hypercalcemia, administration of antibiotics/antimycotics to eliminate bacterial/mycotic infections, removal of lesions (e.g., tumors, uroliths) causing obstructive uropathy, and correction of abnormal renal perfusion that has caused ischemic renal lesions [222].
	www.ivis.org /special_books/Braund/braund21/chapter_frm.asp?LA=1 (11093 words)

	Ca and P metabolism in renal failure
		Secondary hyperparathyroidism and renal osteodystrophy are the consequences of abnormal calcium, phosphate and calcitriol metabolism ensuing from renal failure.
		Intake threshold and balance threshold are not available in subjects older than 30; however, they are likely to be lower and the calcium balance threshold eventually becomes zero and negative with aging (2).
		Although the mechanism of renal toxicity of phosphorus is not entirely clear, increased calcium-phosphate deposits in the kidney probably contribute to the interstitial fibrosis and deterioration of renal function (35).
	www.compendium.com.ar /cin2000/conferences/ChenHsu/ChenHsu.html (5281 words)

	Octreotide Therapy for Tumor-Induced Osteomalacia
		For calculation of renal clearance of phosphate, serum and urinary concentrations of phosphorus were determined together with the excreted urinary volume during two one-hour collection periods (Table 1).
		The threshold for renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate, which is largely independent of oral phosphate therapy, was significantly reduced.
		Renal Phosphate Clearance and Values for Serum Phosphorus and Parathyroid Hormone in a Patient with Tumor-Induced Osteomalacia during the Initial Course of the Disease, during Octreotide Therapy before Surgical Removal of the Tumor, and after Surgical Removal of the Tumor.
	www.surgicaloncology.de /content/public/fremd/1883.html (2578 words)

	Physiologic Effects of Anesthesic and Analgesic Agents
		Because loss of consciousness is a threshold event, anesthesia must be an all or none phenomena which cannot occur in degrees or in variable depths.
		Its use in veterinary medicine was limited because it is a potent respiratory depressant, especially at doses sufficient to induce surgical anesthesia; and it induces seizure-like activity in the EEG with rigidity and myoclonus at deep levels of surgical anesthesia.
		Opioids raise the pain threshold or decrease the perception of pain by acting at receptors in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and mesolimbic system, i.e., brainstem-nucleus raphe magnus and locus coeruleus, midbrain periaquaductal gray matter, and several thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei.
	info.med.yale.edu /yarc/vcs/anesthesiaeffect.htm (11447 words)

	eMJA: Prevention of cardiovascular disease: an evidence-based clinical aid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Nevertheless, patients with renal dysfunction are at high risk of CHD and it is reasonable to extrapolate from this that aggressive blood pressure lowering will confer a substantial benefit.
		Thresholds for intervention have been derived by consensus, and recommendations for the choice of agents have been based on the lipid-lowering characteristics of specific therapies.
		Renal insufficiency as a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes and the impact of ramipril: the HOPE randomized trial.
	www.mja.com.au /public/issues/focus_cardio_210703/focus_cardio_210703.html (5762 words)

	CIN'2003. Balasubramaniam. Neonatal Renal Failure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Trying to get at the cause of the renal failure, one has to consider the endless list of inherited and congenital diseases, scrutinize the perinatal events, consider maternal diseases, suspect the drugs used, and the habits of the mother, besides the usual checklist of pre renal, renal and post renal causes.
		Renal biopsy is generally not required as the cause of renal failure is often evident clinically.
		Renal biopsy of neonatal renal failure caused by maternal ingestion of Nimesulide.
	www.uninet.edu /cin2003/conf/balas/balas.html (3056 words)

	Learn more about Diabetes dictionary in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Kidney threshold - The point at which the blood is holding too much of a substance such as glucose (sugar) and the kidneys "spill" the excess sugar into the urine.
		Renal - A term that means having something to do with the kidneys.
		Renal threshold - When the blood is holding so much of a substance such as glucose (sugar) that the kidneys allow the excess to spill into the urine.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /d/di/diabetes_dictionary.html (7113 words)

	Xylene (PIM 565)
		Renal function indices were also markedly abnormal, with a serum creatinine of 368 mol/l and urea of 18.2 mmol/l on admission.
		The biochemical pattern was suggestive of renal tubular dysfunction, similar to that observed in a subgroup of 22 of 25 patients who had been sniffing toluene-containing paint (Streicher et al., 1981).
		This subject showed evidence of impaired renal function, with blood urea rising from 59 mg/100 ml on admission to 204 mg/100 ml after 3 days, at which time creatinine clearance was severely reduced at 19.7 ml/min.
	www.inchem.org /documents/pims/chemical/xylene.htm (7592 words)

	Renal Syndromes - New Treatments, January 22, 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		You get dysplasia; unilateral renal agenesis is the renal anomalies, and other findings are branchial fistulas and in particular, preauricular pits and hearing losses.
		Prune-belly syndrome; the renal abnormalities, dilated urinary tract, dysplastic, aplastic, multicystic and hydronephrotic kidneys.
		The renal abnormalities, renal angiomyolipoma, cystic kidneys and renal cell carcinoma.
	www.ccspublishing.com /journals5a/renal_syndromes.htm (479 words)

	RENAL LESIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Harold Jeghers, M. Renal lesions are extremely common in study of diabetic autopsies.
		Robbins noted that a diabetic patient with this lesion is much more prone to die of renal insufficiency due to progressive renal damage caused by the marked vascular thickening and luminal narrowing.
		This is a peculiar form of acute pyelonephritis mostly associated with diabetes occurred in 25% of acute pyelonephritis cases in D.M. at the Mallory Institute.
	www.jeghers.com /annts/RENALLESIONS.html (908 words)

	EFFECT OF L-CARNITINE AND MEDIUM-CHAIN TRIGLYCERIDE ON PLASMA AND URINARY CARNITINE IN NEWBORN PIGLETS
		The apparent renal threshold of plasma free carnitine was similar between - TG and + TG group (42.6 ± 13.1 and 46.4 ± 2.0 µmol/L, respectively), but the correlation between plasma free carnitine and urinary excretion was altered.
		L-carnitine is an essential cofactor in the transport of activated long-chain fatty acids from the cytosol into mitochondria matrix (McGarry and Brown, 1997), and is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract to a large degree in mammals (Gross and Henderson, 1984).
		of carnitine increased average plasma free carnitine concentration close to the measured renal threshold, excess oral carnitine over this value may not yield further increases in the body carnitine pool, but be excreted into urine primarily.
	mark.asci.ncsu.edu /SwineReports/2001/08nutkinam.htm (1408 words)

	Diagnosis of diseases of the urogenital systems, VM 552 SAM Urogenital System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		What appears to be renal pain could also be pain referred from other abdominal organs or the spinal column or the animal may just resent abdominal palpation and may not be experiencing pain.
		Renal function tests should be re-evaluated at intervals to establish the trend of abnormal renal function and to prognosticate and evaluate response to therapy.
		Renal biopsy can be obtained using a specialized needle, percutaneously, either "blindly" or using ultrasound guidance or a wedge biopsy can be obtained via laparotomy.
	courses.vetmed.wsu.edu /vm552/urogenital/diagnosi.htm (5295 words)

	Low renal threshold for glucose --- HealthandAge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Simply stated, the renal threshold is the concentration level up to which a substance (such as glucose) in the blood is prevented from passing through the kidneys into the urine.
		If you have a low renal threshold this means is that your kidneys allow glucose to spill into your urine at a level lower than normal.
		Having a low threshold for glucose and spilling glucose in the urine is called renal glycosuria.
	www.healthandage.com /Home/gm=20!gid7=304 (313 words)

	Mosby's Drug Consult Top 200
		The renal clearance of ciprofloxacin, which is approximately 300 ml/min, exceeds the normal glomerular filtration rate of 120 ml/min.
		However, since some older individuals experience reduced renal function by virtue of their advanced age, care should be taken in dose selection for elderly patients, and renal function monitoring may be useful in these patients.
		Ciprofloxacin is eliminated primarily by renal excretion; however, the drug is also metabolized and partially cleared through the biliary system of the liver and through the intestine.
	www.mosbysdrugconsult.com /DrugConsult/Top_200/Drugs/e0823.html (11910 words)

	Diabetes In Control - Renal Disease Progresses in Slowly Type 2 Diabetics
		Renal Disease Progresses in Slowly Type 2 Diabetics Type 2 diabetic patients without overt nephropathy have a significant, but slow, course of renal insufficiency.
		Of the 333 patients with baseline renal insufficiency, 8 saw their serum creatinine levels double or developed end-stage renal disease.
		"On the basis of reaching threshold levels of renal function, progression rates are clinically meaningful, especially considering population life expectancy," the authors conclude.
	www.diabetesincontrol.com /modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=16 (435 words)

	Relative contribution of humoral and metastatic factors to the pathogenesis of hypercalcemia in malignancy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Furthermore, a reduced renal phosphate threshold and increased tubular calcium reabsorption were generally observed in hypercalcaemic patients when compared with their normocalcaemic counterparts.
		These findings suggest that in most cases malignancy associated hypercalcaemia may be caused by the release of a humoral factor by tumour tissue which exhibits "parathyroid-hormone-like" activity with regard to bone resorption, renal phosphate threshold, and renal calcium handling.
		It may be postulated that this putative humoral mediator predisposes to hypercalcaemia both by stimulating generalised osteolysis and in most cases also by impairing the renal excretion of the resultant increase in filtered calcium load.
	www.meb.uni-bonn.de /cgi-bin/mycite?ExtRef=MEDL/84204526 (248 words)

	Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Colostrum deprived, newborn pigs (N=12, 1.64¡¾0.05 kg) were used to study the renal threshold of carnitine, and effects of emulsified medium-chain triglyceride (MCT, tri-8:0) feeding on kinetics of plasma carnitine and urinary carnitine excretion.
		The renal threshold for carnitine was similar between the MCT and the +MCT group (42.6¡¾13.1 and 46.4¡¾2.0 ¥ìmol/L, respectively), but the correlation between plasma free carnitine and urinary excretion was altered.
		may be needed to reach the free carnitine renal threshold within a short period, especially when provided together with medium-chain triglyceride.
	www.ajas.info /contents/abr/01-2-14.html (251 words)

	Myopathic Disorders
		Hypokalemic myopathy is a metabolic disorder of older cats that has been linked with chronic renal disease and excessive urinary potassium loss [114-116], although a similar, if not identical disease, was reported in 1984 [117].
		Furthermore, chronic potassium depletion (e.g., from deficient rations) may lead to progressive renal disease (associated with renal ischemia, increased renal ammoniagenesis, activation of the alternate complement pathway, and tubulointerstitial injury) as well as sudden changes in muscle membrane sodium permeability [114].
		Rhabdomyolysis in severe hypokalemia might be related to osmotic expansion of cells due to increased intracellular sodium and chloride levels or reflect ischemic myonecrosis due to decreased muscle blood flow associated with impaired potassium metabolism during muscle contraction/exercise [106,114].
	www.ivis.org /special_books/Braund/braund20a/chapter_frm.asp?LA=1#Hypokalemic_Myopathy (14107 words)

	Captopril, weight loss, antibiotic, Amoxicillin, Zithromax, Tetracycline, weight loss herbs, buy Zithromax Online, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		To determine the effect of unilateral renal artery stenosis, captopril, renal ischemia, and partial renal vein occlusion on renal blood flow and the extraction fraction of [131I]orthoiodohippurate, 99mTc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine, and [125I]iothalamate, we conducted a series of constant infusion studies in Sprague-Dawley rats.
		Renal artery flow reduction of approximately 70% decreased the extraction fraction of all three agents (P < or =.05).
		Furthermore, in rats with renal artery stenosis it appears that renal blood flow must fall below a critical threshold of approximately 58% before extraction fraction decreases; as renal blood flow is further reduced below this threshold, there is a corresponding reduction in extraction fraction (P <.01).
	www.dreampharmaceuticals.com /ref-captopril/captopril-research-abs5.1732.html (418 words)

	eMedicine - Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - A Review : Article by Scott R Votey, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The presentation is usually similar to that of uncomplicated pyelonephritis, and the diagnosis is established by identifying renal gas on plain radiography or sonography.
		Renally excreted or potentially nephrotoxic drugs should be given at reduced dosage as appropriate to the patient's serum creatinine level.
		Another pitfall is underestimation of the severity of diabetic retinopathy on funduscopic examination because of failure to dilate the pupils or the failure to urgently refer a patient with lesions near the macula to an ophthalmologist.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic134.htm (9178 words)

	Identification of a Renin Threshold and Its Relationship to Salt Intake in a Patient With Pure Autonomic Failure -- ...
		Identification of a Renin Threshold and Its Relationship to Salt Intake in a Patient With Pure Autonomic Failure -- Hohenbleicher et al.
		Threshold pressure for the pressure-dependent renin release in the autoregulating kidney of conscious dogs.
		Alteration of renal baroreceptor by salt intake in control of plasma renin activity in conscious dogs.
	hyper.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/30/5/1068 (2868 words)

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