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Topic: Renin

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Angiotensin

Angiotensinogen

ATC code C09

Erythropoietin

Renal artery

Creatinine clearance

Enzyme

Transplantology

Renal physiology

ATC code C

Kidney

99Y

Lung

ATC code

Inferior vena cava

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	Renin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Renin, also known as angiotensinogenase, is a circulating enzyme (EC 3.4.23.15) released mainly by the kidneys in response to low blood volume or low body NaCl content.
		Renin activates the renin-angiotensin system by cleaving angiotensinogen, in the liver to produce angiotensin I, which is further converted into angiotensin II in specialized lung capillaries, which ultimately constricts blood vessels, increases ADH and aldosterone production, and stimulates the hypothalamus to activate the thirst reflex, leading to increased blood pressure.
		Renin is 340 amino acids large and weighs 37 kD.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Renin (133 words)

	Plasma renin activity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Renin is an enzyme released by the kidney to help control the body's sodium-potassium balance, fluid volume, and blood pressure.
		Also, since renin is affected by body position, as well as by diurnal (daily) variation, blood samples should be drawn in the morning, and the position of the patient (sitting or lying down) should be noted.
		Renin itself is not actually measured in the PRA test, because renin can be measured only with great difficulty even in research laboratories.
	www.rwjhamilton.org /Atoz/ency/plasma_renin_activity.asp (1130 words)

	AllRefer Health - Renin (Plasma Renin Activity, PRA, Random Plasma Renin) - Test/Medical Exams/Tests
		Plasma renin activity (PRA) is measured as part of the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension.
		Renin is an enzyme released by specialized cells of the kidney into the blood.
		Renin converts angiotensinogen (a protein released into the blood by the liver) to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by an enzyme in the veins of the lungs.
	health.allrefer.com /health/renin-info.html (497 words)

	Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism - Effect of Renin on Brain Arterioles and Cerebral Blood Flow in Rabbits (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Renin mRNA is present only in small amounts, and renin activity in the brain has been estimated in the range of 0.1−25 ng angiotensin I/h/ml (Husain et al., 1981), which would be less than the activity used in the present study.
		Renin is present in high levels in nerve terminals and is released from brain slices by potassium-induced depolarization or by electrical stimulation (Saavedra, 1992).
		Renin expression appears to be increased or decreased in spontaneously hypertensive rats, depending on the brain area studied (Iwai and Inagami, 1992; Paul et al., 1993).
	www.nature.com /jcbfm/journal/v16/n4/full/9590087a.html (4235 words)

	Speedel- Speedel is a biopharmaceutical company that creates value for patients, partners and investors by developing ...
		Renin is secreted by the kidney in response to a decrease in circulating volume and blood pressure, and cleaves the substrate angiotensinogen to form the inactive angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is converted to the active angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE).
		Renin inhibitors have the potential to be beneficial in the treatment of the same diseases.
		After administration of a renin inhibitor, the formation of both angiotensin I and angiotensin II is blocked, whereas after ACE inhibition only angiotensin II formation is blocked and the levels of angiotensin I increase.
	www.speedel.com /section/3/subsections/3 (452 words)

	Renin
		A renin blood test, or plasma renin activity (PRA) test, is done to determine the cause of high blood pressure (hypertension).
		Renin interacts with aldosterone (a hormone produced by the adrenal glands) and several other substances to help regulate sodium and potassium in the blood, fluid levels in the body, and blood pressure.
		A plasma renin activity test is done to determine the cause of high blood pressure (hypertension), especially when potassium levels in the blood are low.
	my.webmd.com /hw/hypertension/hw203228.asp (1035 words)

	REN - Renin precursor
		The structure of the human renin gene is similar to that of human pepsinogen, a closely related aspartyl protease enzyme.
		The binding of renin induced a fourfold increase of the catalytic efficiency of angiotensinogen conversion to angiotensin I and induced an intracellular signal with phosphorylation of serine and tyrosine residues associated to an activation of MAP kinases ERK1 and ERK2.
		Intracerebroventricular (30 ng) but not intravenous (500 ng) injection of purified human renin (hREN) caused a pressor response, which was prevented by intracerebroventricular preinjection of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist losartan, indicating an AT(1) receptor-dependent functional role of neuron-derived AGT in the regulation of BP in response to exogenous REN.
	www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gg/91683.html (2001 words)

	Active renin and angiotensinogen in cardiac interstitial fluid after myocardial infarction -- Hirsch et al. 276 (6): ...
		for renin or angiotensinogen, with plasma and cardiac renin and
		renin ratio was ~4 to 4.8 (7, 15).
		Renin is not synthesized by cardiac and extrarenal vascular tissues.
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/276/6/H1818 (5011 words)

	Renin and aldosterone in human reproduction
		Plasma concentration of active renin increases slightly early in the first trimester to reach a plateau (five-fold basal value) at the 20th week of gestation which is then maintained throughout pregnancy.
		This inactive precursor of active renin deserves special mention as it appears to be generated not only by the kidney but also from extra-renal sources notably the female reproductive tract and the placenta.
		Prorenin, active renin, angiotensin converting enzyme and angiotensin II have been observed in the chorion, except for angiotensin II, whose concentration per gram tissue was highest in the placenta (13).
	www.gfmer.ch /Endo/Lectures_08/renin_and_aldosterone_in_human.htm (2347 words)

	Renin Activity, Plasma
		Measurement of renin activity is useful in the differential diagnosis of individuals with hypertension.
		Renin is a proteolytic enzyme that is produced by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney.
		In the circulation, renin acts to cleave renin substrate to produce the decapeptide, angiotensin I. The inactive angiotensin I is, in turn, cleaved by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) to form the biologically active octopeptide, angiotensin II.
	www.labcorp.com /datasets/labcorp/html/chapter/mono/sr003300.htm (832 words)

	Renin inhibitors make progress
		Renin is a enzyme in the formation of the neuropeptide angiotensin II, which controls vascular tone, fluid volume and sodium excretion.
		Renin inhibitors also may prove to be more selective than ACE inhibitors for this purpose, for example, because the latter compounds cleave other peptides.
		Testing in a rat model that expresses the human genes for renin and angiotensinogen has shown that the new series of renin inhibitors are both potent and orally effective, not only in reducing blood pressure but also in protecting the kidneys.
	www.drugresearcher.com /news/news-NG.asp?id=10978 (546 words)

	Renin, Direct (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Measurement of renin concentration is useful in the differential diagnosis of individuals with hypertension.
		Renin levels will be normal in patients with adequate supplementation and will be elevated when steroid substitution is inadequate.
		In the circulation, renin acts to cleave renin substrate to produce the decapeptide, angiotensin I. The inactive angiotensin I is, in turn, cleaved by angiotensin- converting enzyme (ACE) to form the biologically active octopeptide, angiotensin II.
	www.labcorp.com /datasets/labcorp/html/chapter/mono/sr010100.htm (461 words)

	* Renin - (Disease): Definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Renin is an enzyme produced by specific cells in the kidneys...
		Reduced blood flow to the kidney leads to an excessive release of the hormone renin, a potent hormone that increases blood pressure...
		Hormones that are usually decreased include aldosterone, renin, estrogen (in women), calcitonin, prolactin (in women), and growth hormone...
	www.bestknows.com /disease/renin.html (331 words)

	Sample Requirements for Plasma Renin Activity and Immunoreactive Renin -- Ulmer and Meikle 46 (9): 1442 -- Clinical ...
		Renin, an aspartic protease, is rate limiting in the generation of
		With the PRA assay, plasma is incubated at 37 °C, and renin
		2 h on ice increases renin by cryoactivation of prorenin.
	www.clinchem.org /cgi/content/full/46/9/1442/-a (1157 words)

	Biomechanical Coupling in Renin-releasing Cells -- Carey et al. 100 (6): 1566 -- Journal of Clinical Investigation
		renin is equivalent to 8 ng/ml/h renin enzyme activity.
		Renin mRNA in situ hybridization in 48-h-cultured rat JG cells.
		Stretch-induced inhibition of renin release was accompanied by a corresponding decrease in renin mRNA accumulation.
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/100/6/1566 (5248 words)

	Dr. Koop - Renin
		Blood is drawn from a vein, usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand.
		Patients with secondary hyperaldosteronism (that is, caused by kidney disease or renal vascular disease) will have increased plasma levels of renin and aldosterone.
		This will cause a low renin with normal aldosterone levels, and this helps to guide the physician in choosing the correct medication for these patients.
	www.drkoop.com /ency/93/003698.html (616 words)

	Aldosterone and Renin: The Test
		Although some doctors measure either plasma or urine aldosterone by itself, in most cases it is necessary to measure both renin and aldosterone (and occasionally cortisol) to get a complete picture of what is happening with hormone production.
		Primary hyperaldosteronism is caused by the overproduction of this hormone by the adrenal glands, usually by a benign tumor of one of the glands.
		This causes high blood pressure due to high renin and aldosterone, that may be cured by surgery or angioplasty (using a catheter put into the groin to open up blocked vessels).
	www.labtestsonline.org /understanding/analytes/aldosterone/test.html (670 words)

	Mast cells: A unique source of renin -- Silver et al. 101 (37): 13607 -- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
		renin (6) was applied to rat kidney or heart sections at a dilution
		a precedent for the presence of renin in mast cells.
		renin activity was measured in the releasate from cells that
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/101/37/13607 (4222 words)

	Effect of Sildenafil on Renin Secretion in Human Subjects -- Chiu and Reid 227 (8): 620 -- Experimental Biology and ...
		Effects of sildenafil and placebo on plasma renin activity in subjects on unrestricted sodium intake.
		Peart WS, Quesada T, Tenyi I. The effects of cyclic adenosine 3`,5`-monophosphate and guanosine 3`,5`-monophosphate and theophylline on renin secretion in the isolated perfused kidney of the rat.
		Measurement of renin activity, concentration and substrate in rat plasma by radioimmunoassay of angiotensin I. Endocrinology 90:422–430, 1972.
	www.ebmonline.org /cgi/content/full/227/8/620 (2703 words)

	RENIN (Active) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		High renin levels are seen in heart failure and cirrhosis.
		Hyperaldosteronism is present; it is unclear from the renin level whether this is primary or secondary.
		Plasma renin is typically suppressed to less than 15 mU/L in Conn's syndrome, even in the presence of upright posture, diuretics or ACE inhibitor drugs.
	www.adhb.govt.nz /LabPlusHandbook/handbook/ManualRENIN__Active.htm (396 words)

	Definitive Molecular Evidence of Renin-Angiotensin System in Human Uterine Decidual Cells -- Li et al. 36 (2): 159 -- ...
		Renin and angiotensinogen expression is demonstrated to be
		Computer-generated images of the same cells were recorded under 2 different filters and merged for the same cell as indicated: a, renin; b, prolactin; c, renin and prolactin merged; d, negative control; e, angiotensinogen; f, prolactin; g, angiotensinogen and prolactin merged; and h, negative control.
		Identification of renin and angiotensinogen messenger RNA sequences in mouse and rat brains.
	hyper.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/36/2/159 (3692 words)

	Medical Encyclopedia: Renin (Print Version)
		Renin measurements are affected by pregnancy, salt intake, time of day, and a standing vs. prone position.
		Drugs that can affect renin measurements include antihypertensives, diuretics, estrogens, oral contraceptives, and vasodilators.
		Veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to the other.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/print/ency/article/003698.htm (766 words)

	Renin and aldosterone in human reproduction
		Renin synthesis, release and resulting plasma renin activity (2,10,13,24-28)
		Plasma concentration of active renin increases slightly early in the first trimester to reach a plateau (five-fold basal value) at the 20
		This increase partly results from increased renin activity and partly counteracts the opposing effect of increased progesterone which exerts an antialdosterone effect.
	www.gfmer.ch /Books/Reproductive_health/Renin_and_aldosterone_in_human_reproduction.html (1751 words)

	NEL, Leech Renin-like Enzyme
		RESULTS: Anti-leech renin stains the vascular pole of the glomerulus and the afferent arteriole of the rat kidney.
		Co-localization between antibodies raised against this fragment and a fragment of leech angiotensin-converting enzyme was demonstrated in neurons and glial cells of the leech CNS, as in vertebrates
		MAIN FINDING: Leech renin is localized in leeches like in vertebrate in the excretory system and in the nervous system.
	www.nel.edu /22_6/NEL220601A05_Salzet.htm (202 words)

	Regulation of renin expression and blood pressure by vitamin D3 -- Sigmund 110 (2): 155 -- Journal of Clinical ...
		of VD and the VDR on renin are not indirect ones, mediated
		Lind, L., Wengle, B., Wide, L., and Ljunghall, S. Reduction of blood pressure during long-term treatment with active vitamin D (alphacalcidol) is dependent on plasma renin activity and calcium status.
		Critical roles of a cyclic AMP responsive element and an E-box in regulation of mouse renin gene expression.
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/110/2/155 (1766 words)

	Prorenin, Renin, Angiotensinogen, and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme in Normal and Failing Human Hearts : Evidence for ...
		Cardiac renin and angiotensins: uptake from plasma versus in situ synthesis.
		Clinical validation of renin monoclonal antibody-based sandwich assays of renin and prorenin, and use of renin inhibitor to enhance prorenin immunoreactivity.
		Renin, prorenin, and immunoreactive renin in vitreous fluid from eyes with and without diabetic retinopathy.
	circ.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/96/1/220 (5267 words)

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