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Topic: Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany

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	Germany. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Germany is a federal republic whose 16 states have their own constitutions, legislatures, and governments, which can pass laws on all matters except those that are the exclusive right of the federal government such as defense, foreign affairs, and finance.
		The chief theater of the war, Germany was reduced to misery and starvation, lost a large part of its population, and became, as a result of the Peace of Westphalia (1648; see Westphalia, Peace of), a loose confederation of petty principalities under the nominal suzerainty of the emperor.
		In Mar., 1936, Germany remilitarized the Rhineland in violation of the Treaty of Versailles and the Locarno Pact.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ge/Germany.html (7504 words)

	Menachem Begin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Between 1948 and 1977, under Begin, Herut formed the main opposition to the dominant Labour party in the Knesset (Israel's parliament), adopting a radical nationalistic agenda committed to the irredentist idea of Greater Israel.
		While the agreement was being debated in the Knesset in January 1952, he led a passionate demonstration in Jerusalem in which he scathingly attacked the government, calling for civil disobedience.
		On June 6th,1982, Begin’s government authorized the Israel Defense Forces' invasion of Lebanon, in response to the attempted assassination of the Israeli ambassador to the United Kingdom, Shlomo Argov.
	en.wikipedia.org /?title=Menachem_Begin (5065 words)

	Adolf Hitler - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The treaty also declared Germany the culprit for all the horrors of the Great War, as a basis for later imposing not yet specified reparations on Germany (the amount was repeatedly revised under the Dawes Plan, Young Plan and the Hoover Moratorium).
		Germany had lost economically important territory in Europe along with its colonies and in admitting to sole responsibility for the war had agreed to pay a huge reparations bill totaling 32 billion marks.
		An Axis was declared between Germany and Italy by Galeazzo Ciano, foreign minister of Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini on October 25, 1936.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hitler (11087 words)

	Did the Holocaust Play a Role in the Establishment of the State of Israel?
		Twenty-five percent of Israel’s shipbuilding came from West Germany, nine percent of the electrical industry, eleven percent of the iron and steel and thirteen percent of machinery.
		On the other side, imports from Israel to West Germany increased; in 1953 imports were limited at DM.4 million, although in 1960 the imports grew to DM 101.3 million and finally in 1965 the number blossomed to DM 206 million.
		[55] Vogel, 99 from an assessment of the German-Israeli Reparations Agreement by Nahum Goldmann in 1962.
	www.history.ucsb.edu /projects/holocaust/Research/Proseminar/tomerkleinman.htm (3942 words)

	West Germany's Holocaust payoff to Israel and world Jewry
		The West German government was under pressure to conclude quickly a reparations agreement satisfactory to the Jews.
		This agreement between the West German government, on the one hand, and the Israeli state and the Claims Conference, on the other, was historically unprecedented and had no basis or counterpart in international law.
		West Germany's lucrative and historically unparalleled payoff to Israel and world Jewry is a legacy and permanent reminder of Germany's catastrophic defeat in 1945 and subsequent domination by foreign powers.
	www.ihr.org /jhr/v08/v08p243_Weber.html (2360 words)

	The New York Review of Books: Israel: The Tragedy of Victory
		Israel benefited from the protection of a United Nations force which was interposed on the border in Gaza, and the fedayeen raids ended.
		Israel's decision to go to war was an act of daring, and of faith in its power to complete the action before those who might veto it could intervene.
		Israel's society has been altered, and distorted, by its being an occupying power; as the Palestinians on the West Bank become ever more numerous and more restless, Israel is in danger of becoming the Belfast of the Middle East.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/4755 (5644 words)

	Everything about Russia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Germany and its allies (Hungary, Italy, Finland, Romania) invaded the Soviet Union in 1941.
		The demarcation between Asia and Africa is the isthmus of Suez (although the Sinai Peninsula, being a part of Egypt east of the canal, is often geopolitically considered a part of Africa).
		The boundary between Asia and Europe runs via the Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus, to the Black Sea, the Caucasus Mountains, the Caspian Sea, the Ural River to its source, and the Ural Mountains to the Kara Sea at Kara, Russia.
	wikimiki.org /en/Russia (11184 words)

	Levi Eshcol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In 1914, at the age of 18, he immigrated to the Land of Israel, and was an agricultural worker and guard.
		Between 1948 and 1963 he was a member of the Jewish Agency, and headed its Agricultural Settlement Department.
		In his term as Prime Minister, full diplomatic relations were established with West Germany (1965), thus bringing an end to a process initiated by David Ben-Gurion with the signing of the reparations agreement in 1952.
	www.pmo.gov.il /PMOEng/Government/Memorial/PrimeMinisters/Levi_Eshcol.htm (620 words)

	The Christian Communities of Israel
		It was only with the Crusader Kingdoms, and the paramountcy (praedominium) enjoyed by the (Latin) Church of the West, that contention arose regarding the Holy Places and continued unabated through the Mamluk and Ottoman periods until the declaration of the Status Quo in 1852.
		Today the Ethiopian Church in Israel is a small community led by an archbishop and consisting mostly of a few dozen monks and nuns (although the lay community is growing), living in the Old City and around the Ethiopian Church in West Jerusalem.
		Whatever the relations between Rome and Constantinople, there was no attempt to establish a Western Church in the Holy Land independent of the Orthodox Patriarchate until the Crusader period, during which a Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem was in existence from 1099 till 1291.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/Society_&_Culture/Christian_communities.html (3115 words)

	The EU and Israel: Radically Different Worldviews - Yehezkel Dror
		Dror says he agrees with the European position that the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians is an additional factor in Islamic fundamentalist attitudes.
		Israel's perception that the Middle East is undergoing historic transformations, which will result in ongoing instability - for at least one generation and maybe more - is also correct.
		These are influenced by other factors such as the development of science and technology, the growing gap between rich and poor, the reluctance of the West to transfer resources to poor countries, and the inability of the global governmental system to deal with increasingly acute issues.
	www.jcpa.org /israel-europe/ier-dror-05.htm (2983 words)

	AxisofLogic/ Europe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In a 1976 interview, Goldmann said that the agreement "constituted an extraordinary innovation in the matter of international rights" and he boasted that he had obtained 10 to 14 times more from the Bonn government than he had originally expected.
		West German reparations have been paid out through several different programs, including the Federal Indemnification (or Compensation) Law (BEG), the Federal Restitution Law (BReuG), the Israel Agreement, and special agreements with 12 foreign countries (including Austria).
		The 1965 revision of the BEG specified that Germany was to be held accountable for measures taken by Romania, Bulgaria and Hungary as early as April 1941, if these actions had deprived the victims of all their freedom.
	www.axisoflogic.com /artman/publish/article_21184.shtml (2374 words)

	Israel Hasbara Committee
		Israel and Germany have developed close relations since 1965, when diplomatic ties between the two countries were first established.
		Germany defended Israel’s West Bank security fence as an effective and justifiable counter-terrorism device, and also argued within the EU that the issue of the legality of the fence not be brought in front of the International Court of Justice.
		Germany, during its presidency of the European Union in 1999, supported Yasser Arafat and the PLO’s demand of Israel to explain its feelings towards UN General Assembly Resolutions 181 (November 1947) and 194 (December 1948).
	www.infoisrael.net /cgi-local/text.pl?source=4/b/viii/011220052 (4262 words)

	The Zionist Century - Concepts - Israel Diaspora Relations
		Zionists were appalled by the presence of Jews in post-war Germany: the very idea of Jews living in the midst of a society that had tried to destroy them was a total anathema to them.
		However, after the approval of the reparations agreement of 1952 between Israel and West Germany, it was hard for the Zionist movement to maintain a position advocating no contact with Jews who viewed themselves as part of the "new" Germany, and in 1954 the Zionist Executive recognised the establishment of the Zionist Organisation of Germany.
		Some Jews did move to Israel, but as the years went by a new phenomenon began to manifest itself: the move to Germany of thousands of yordim from Israel attracted largely by the new economic prospects offered by the wealthy society developing there.
	www.jafi.org.il /education/100/Concepts/d2-5.html (669 words)

	Levi Eshkol, Israel"s Third Prime Minister
		He was a delegate in the elected assembly of the Jews of the Land of Israel and Zionist Congresses, and served as Chairman of the Committee for Settlement Affairs.
		He was instrumental in the establishment of the Mekorot Water Company, Israel's water utility, and served as its chief executive until 1951.
		One of his major accomplishments in office was the establishment of full diplomatic relations with West Germany and the signing of the reparations agreement in 1952.
	home1.gte.net /vze76qx2/id6.html (643 words)

	Glossary of Terms: Tr (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		For dialectics, it is not the distinction or comparison between this and that concept which is essential but the transition from one to the other.
		The issues at this time concerned the reasons for the failure of the German Revolution in 1923, the conduct of the target="_top"1926 General Strike in Britain, and whether the situation in Europe was ripe for revolution, and the tactics of the Chinese Revolution in 1926 and relations between the communists and nationalists.
		The failure of the Comintern to bring about a United Front between Communists and Social Democrats in Germany in the 1930s, opening the door to Hitler, was a turning point.
	www.marxists.org /glossary/terms/t/r.htm (3589 words)

	Makovsky: Very Hot Political Summer Ahead in Israel - Council on Foreign Relations
		The supporters of disengagement from Gaza believe that this is critical for Israel’s demographic future if the Jews are not to be a minority in Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza by the year 2010.
		When Rice was in Israel last time, she announced there was an agreement on destroying the houses.
		I saw somewhere that one of the columnists in Israel said the vociferousness of the opposition is worse than it was during the acceptance of reparations from Germany in the early 1950s or in opposition to the Lebanon war in 1982.
	www.cfr.org /publication.html?id=8291 (2150 words)

	Modern Israel & the Diaspora - (1950-1959)
		Though Israel denies involvement, it is later learned Israeli Defense Minister Pinhas Lavon was behind the spy ring.
		Israel Kastner, a Hungarian Jew, was found guilty by a district court of collaboration with the Nazis; the decision was eventually appealed and overturned for lack of evidence
		Syrian terrorists killed the wife of the British air attache in Israel, who was staying at the guesthouse of the Italian Convent on the Mt. of the Beatitudes.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/History/time50s.html (1911 words)

	Top 20 Encyclopedia
		The UN was founded at the conclusion of World War II by the victorious world powers, and the founders of the UN had high hopes that it would act to prevent conflicts between nations and make future wars impossible, by fostering an ideal of collective security.
		As part of that agreement, the regular budget ceiling was reduced from 25 to 22 per cent; this is the rate at which the United States is assessed.
		Under the scale of assessments adopted in 2000, other major contributors to the regular UN budget for 2001 are Japan (19.63%), Germany (9.82%), France (6.50%), the U.K. Italy (5.09%), Canada (2.57%) and Spain (2.53%).
	encyc.connectonline.com /index.php/United_Nations (4195 words)

	Staff Report: Bibliography
		The Transfer Agreement: The Untold Story of the Secret Agreement Between the Third Reich and Jewish Palestine.
		America's Germany: John J. McCloy and the Federal Republic of Germany.
		Ziemke, Earl F. The U.S. Army in the Occupation of Germany, 1944 - 1946.
	www.holocaustassets.gov /PlunderRestitution.html/html/Bibliography.html (2599 words)

	Archives
		According to him, "We were in Jordan for a couple of weeks, then we went to the West Bank.
		The conclusion of a NASA probe three years ago that looked back to almost the beginning of the universe showed that the universe is 13.7 billion years old.
		Before this conclusion, the age of the universe was measured at between 12 and 15 billion years.
	www.malcomlagauche.com /id12.html (15633 words)

	Major Knesset Debates, 1948-1981--Contents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Reparations from Germany -- Sitting 38, 7 January 1952
		Reparations for Austrian Jews who were Victims of Nazi Persecution -- Sitting 83, 31 January 1962
		Israel's Responsibility for and Policy towards Diaspora Jewry -- Sitting 231, 26 November 1975
	www.jcpa.org /art/knesset10.htm (2228 words)

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