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Topic: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

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	Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS / TMS); a research bibliography
		Transcranial magnetic stimulation is an example of an external or non-implanted, intermittent (at least given the current state of the hardware) stimulation technique, the clinical value of which for neuromodulation and neuroprotection remains to be determined.
		Transcranial magnetic stimulation has also been used to study the mode of action of anticonvulsants and may prove to be a useful means of testing the potential for new drugs to act as anticonvulsants.
		Transcranial magnetic stimulation is the noninvasive application of localized pulsed magnetic field to the surface of the skull, to cause a depolarization of neurons in the underlying cerebral cortex (Daryl E., Bohning PH.D.).
	www.earthpulse.net /TMS.htm (12946 words)

	rTMS: Yale Psychiatry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) utilizes an electromagnet placed on the scalp that generates magnetic field pulses roughly the strength of an MRI scan.
		Magnetic stimulation was administered while the patient was awake and was directed above and behind the left ear.
		If the patient had received real stimulation, (s)he will be offered a trial of an additional 5 days of real stimulation at the stimulation site producing the greatest improvement during the first three weeks of the trial.
	info.med.yale.edu /psych/clinics/rTMS.html (1459 words)

	Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
		Transcranial magnetic stimulation was first introduced in 1985 as a new method of noninvasive stimulation of the brain.
		Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the brain is considered investigational as a treatment of all psychiatric disorders, including, but not limited to depression.
		Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is as effective as fluoxetine in the treatment of depression in patients with Parkinson’s disease.
	www.regence.com /trgmedpol/mentalHealth/mh17.html (1475 words)

	rTMS - A guide to rtms (Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a new technology which holds promise as a treatment of psychiatric disorders.
		Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, or rTMS, is a procedure in which electrical activity in the brain is influenced by a pulsed magnetic field.
		Transcranial magnetic stimulation was first developed by Dr Anthony Barker and his colleagues at the University of Sheffield (UK) in the 1980s.
	www.depression-guide.com /rtms.htm (616 words)

	Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Depression
		Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is currently undergoing active investigation for use in the treatment of major depression.
		Although transcranial magnetic stimulation has no role in the chronic management of such pain, it has potential as a screening procedure for the much more effective extradural cortical stimulation, a minimally invasive neurosurgical procedure that has emerged as the technique of choice in treating these patients.
		Transcranial magnetic stimulation accelerates the antidepressant effect of amitriptyline in severe depression: a double-blind placebo-controlled study.
	www.psycom.net /tms.html (6469 words)

	Clinical Trial: Treatment of Cortical Myoclonus With Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
		Researchers believe that this may be possible because in studies on normal volunteers, magnetic stimulation made areas of the brain difficult to activate for several minutes.
		Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) involves the placement of coil of wire (electromagnet) on the patient's scalp and rapidly turning on and off the electrical current.
		Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) at frequencies in the single Hz range causes a decrease in the excitability of the primary motor cortex and there is preliminary evidence that it can suppress abnormal excess cortical activity.
	clinicaltrials.gov /ct/show/NCT00001663 (493 words)

	RemedyFind: patient ratings of Electromedicine: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) for Depression (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) is an experimental treatment for patients with severe clinical depression who do not respond to standard medications.
		Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression.
		Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of mood disorder: a review and comparison with electroconvulsive therapy.
	www.remedyfind.com /treatments/9/1310 (1165 words)

	Transcranial magnetic stimulation and therapy
		Since very few combinations of the magnetic stimulation parameters have been tested experimentally, the issue of safety places stringent boundaries on the stimulation that can be used in human studies.
		While transcranial magnetic stimulation is a promising research tool, and may be a therapeutic tool, again, the technique is still in its infancy.
		Pascual-Leon, A., Rubio, B. Pallardo, F., Catala, M.D. Beneficial effect of rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in drug-resistant depression.
	www.sci.sdsu.edu /classes/psychology/psy760/TMS.htm (1530 words)

	Mind Hacks: Home transcranial magnetic stimulation
		Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a technique whereby magnetic fields are used to temporarily alter the function of the brain by inducing an electrical current in the brain tissue.
		Repetitive TMS (rTMS) can be used either to make the area more active or less active over a specific time period (often 30 minutes or so), while single pulse TMS is used to harmlessly 'knock out' an area for approximately 100ms.
		Much weaker magnetic fields (about the strength of a loudspeaker) but much more complex in form, have also been used to induce unusual experiences by stimulating the temporal lobes, most notably by neuroscientist Dr Michael Persinger.
	www.mindhacks.com /blog/2006/06/home_transcranial_ma.html (838 words)

	News - Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation For Major Depression Increases Cortical Excitability Without ...
		Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation appears to be a safe treatment for major depression.
		Transcranial magnetic stimulation has been used for over a decade to investigate cortical function.
		"Transcranial magnetic stimulation at the stimulation frequencies used seems to be safe over a course of 5000 stimuli," they concluded.
	www.docguide.com /news/content.nsf/news/8525697700573E1885256C230071329F (505 words)

	Transcranial magnetic stimulation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive method to excite neurons in the brain.
		What’s more, magnetic stimulation seems to affect several interconnected brain regions, starting in the cortex and moving to the deep brain, where new cell growth may be important in regulating moods.
		The magnetic field passes unimpeded through the skin and bone of the head, inducing an oppositely directed current in the brain that flows tangentially with respect to skull.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Transcranial_magnetic_stimulation (1813 words)

	Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Human Prefrontal Cortex Induces Dopamine Release in the Caudate ...
		Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Human Prefrontal Cortex Induces Dopamine Release in the Caudate Nucleus -- Strafella et al.
		Taber MT, Fibiger HC (1993) Electrical stimulation of the medial prefrontal cortex increases dopamine release in the striatum.
		Taber MT, Fibiger HC (1995) Electrical stimulation of the prefrontal cortex increases dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of the rat: modulation by metabotropic glutamate receptors.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/21/15/RC157 (3228 words)

	ECT On-Line:Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)
		The stimulation level for a patient has to be calibrated for that patient using the minimum stiumulus intensity to get a predetermined electromyographic response.
		Repetitive TMS (rTMS) may provide an alternative to ECT and work is ongoing with some good results in depression.
		The authors administered transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) at 1 Hz and 125% of motor threshold for an average of 204 s (until the coil temperature reached 40 degrees C) and 20 Hz stimulation at 100% of motor threshold for 2 s every minute for 10 min, on different days to 10 healthy volunteers.
	www.priory.com /psych/ectolrtm.htm (965 words)

	Prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as add on treatment in depression -- García-Toro et al. ...
		Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive method of inducing a fairly localised current in the
		Transcranial magnetic stimulation: studying brain-behavior relationship by induction of "virtual lesions".
		Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: report and suggested guidelines from the International Workshop in the Safety of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, June 5-7, 1996.
	jnnp.bmj.com /cgi/content/full/71/4/546 (1535 words)

	Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation activates specific regions in rat brain -- Ji et al. 95 (26): 15635 -- ...
		Stimulating electrodes were placed in either the hippocampal Schaffer collaterals or in the subcortical white matter.
		The recordings were performed before application of magnetic stimulation, but at least 3 hr after the slices were made in a standard interface chamber at 33°C. Neurons located in the PVT are interconnected with several brain regions involved in the establishment and regulation of circadian
		Both stimulation modalities produce a strong reduction of c-fos expression in pinealocytes and a robust induction of c-fos expression in PVT neurons.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/95/26/15635 (4200 words)

	Longlasting antalgic effects of daily sessions of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in central and ...
		Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex attenuates pain perception in complex regional pain syndrome type I. Neurosci Lett 2004;356:87–90.
		Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of chronic pain-a pilot study.
		Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the parietal cortex transiently ameliorates phantom limb pain-like syndrome.
	jnnp.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/76/6/833 (3521 words)

	No benefit derived from repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression: a prospective, single centre, ...
		Correlation of cerebral blood flow and treatment effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in depressed patients.
		Right frontal lobe slow frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (SF rTMS) is an effective treatment for depression: a case-control pilot study of safety and efficacy.
		Focal brain stimulation with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): implications for the neural circuitry of depression.
	jnnp.bmj.com /cgi/content/full/75/2/320 (1985 words)

	Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation activates specific regions in rat brain -- Ji et al. 95 (26): 15635 -- ...
		Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation activates specific regions in rat brain -- Ji et al.
		Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation activates specific regions in rat brain
		Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a noninvasive technique to induce electric currents in the brain.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/abstract/95/26/15635 (419 words)

	Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on visual evoked potentials in migraine -- Bohotin et al. 125 ...
		Transcranial magnetic stimulation confirms hyperexcitability of occipital cortex in migraine.
		Effects of repetitive cortical stimulation on the silent period evoked by magnetic stimulation.
		MaertensdeNoordhout A, Schoenen J. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in migraine.
	brain.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/125/4/912 (4855 words)

	Review: repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is of unknown effectiveness in people with depression -- ...
		Review: repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is of unknown effectiveness in people with depression
		Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of depression: systematic review and meta-analysis.
		repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation versus a sham intervention
	ebmh.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/6/4/118 (613 words)

	Neurogenic pain relief by repetitive transcranial magnetic cortical stimulation depends on the origin and the site of ...
		Figure 1 Mean (SEM) % pain reduction on a visual analogue scale induced by a single session of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex (values calculated by subtracting the results obtained using a sham coil from those obtained using a real coil), depending on the type of lesion at the origin of pain.
		Pain relief induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of precentral cortex.
		The effect of current direction induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation on the corticospinal excitability in human brain.
	jnnp.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/75/4/612 (4138 words)

	IngentaConnect High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the hand area of the primary motor cortex disturbs predictive grip force scaling
		When we repetitively lift an object, our grip force is influenced by the mechanical object properties of the preceding lift, irrespective of whether the subsequent lift is performed with the same hand or the hand opposite to the preceding lift.
		These effects were not observed when subjects rested both hands on their lap or when a sham stimulation was applied for the same period of time.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/bsc/ejn/2005/00000022/00000009/art00029 (302 words)

	RemedyFind: patient ratings of Electromedicine: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) for ...
		rTMS uses powerful magnetic fields that pulse in fractions of a second to induce a small electrical current in the brain.
		New studies suggest that magnetic stimulation may have the potential to supplement, or even replace, the treatment of depression with electroconvulsive therapy, otherwise known as shock therapy.
		The coil produces a weaker current than electroconvulsive therapy, and it can be focused specifically on the brain's left frontal lobe, where some researchers believe the abnormalities associated with depression originate.
	www.remedyfind.com /treatments/62/1310 (537 words)

	Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatment of Comorbid Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Major Depression ...
		Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatment of Comorbid Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Major Depression -- Rosenberg et al.
		Magnetic stimulation was administered with a Dantec Maglite
		Pascual-Leone A, Catala MD, Pascual APL: Lateralized effect of rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the prefrontal cortex on mood.
	neuro.psychiatryonline.org /cgi/content/full/14/3/270 (3273 words)

	Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Treat Parkinson Disease - Journal Watch Neurology
		Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Treat Parkinson Disease
		Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the brain
		Ikeguchi and colleagues targeted the frontal area at 0.2 Hz and 70% of maximal stimulator output intensity.
	neurology.jwatch.org /cgi/content/full/2003/821/1 (506 words)

	USNews.com: Health: Depression: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
		A burgeoning number of researchers are investigating an old idea--that the brain is an electromagnetic organ and disorders like depression may result from disarray in the brain's electromagnetic functioning.
		In rTMS, a magnetic coil placed on the scalp creates fields that induce mild electric currents in the brain.
		Much as a defibrillator shocks a heart into beating regularly, the magnetic pulses may jolt nerve cells into functioning more regularly.
	www.usnews.com /usnews/health/brain/depression/de.treat.rtms.htm (244 words)

	Clinical Trial: Study of a Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) Device for the Treatment of Major ...
		Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a promising alternative to treatments such as ECT or pharmacotherapy for patients presenting with MDD.
		By creating a time-varying magnetic field that is unimpeded by the scalp and skull, TMS can focally and painlessly stimulate the cortex of awake individuals.
		Through the principle of magnetic induction, the localized pulsed magnetic field generated in the coil at the surface of the head induces an electrical current that depolarizes underlying superficial neurons.
	www.clinicaltrials.gov /ct/show/NCT00104611?order=2 (1576 words)

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