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Topic: Representation politics

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	Apportionment (politics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Apportionment, or reapportionment, is the process of determining representation in politics within a legislative body by creating constituencies.
		Apportionment is also applied in party-list proportional representation elections to distribute seats between different parties once they've won a particular percentage of the vote, much like how different U.S. states obtain different shares of the population from the census.
		Malapportionment, or unequal representation, is broad and systematic variance in the size of electoral constituencies resulting in disproportionate representation for a given voter.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reapportionment (641 words)

	Representation (disambiguation) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Representation (politics), one's ability to influence the poltical process
		Representation (arts), the depiction and ethical concerns of construction in visual arts and literature.
		Representation is also a key topic in the philosophy of mind and in social psychology.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Representation (146 words)

	ASIA PACIFIC WORKSHOP ON GENDER BALANCE IN POLITICAL REPRESENTATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Politics is perceived as dirty; political decision-making is often regarded as being too centralized, hierarchical and technocratic.
		As citizens, political candidates, and elected officials, women must be able to exercise their right to political participation to transform politics and make a difference in their homes, in their communities and in society.
		In addition to the basic orientation on women’s political participation, women who decide to run for public office are offered workshops on how to develop their platform for action, use the media in elections, public speaking skills, and organizing and managing a campaign team.
	www.cld.org /ManilaConference.htm (6538 words)

	SSA Publications:kurzman.html
		This new understanding of politics and social responsibility in urban planning may have brought boundary interaction between planners and other professions, such as social work, or caused a split within the planning profession, in accordance with Abbott's conceptions of boundaries.
		In particular, the aspects of the notions of choice, politics, and client representation became institutionalized in the planning profession as a result of the advocacy planner movement.
		In addition to acknowledging the political and representational aspects of urban planning, the Guidelines address education and diversity within the profession.
	www.ssa.uchicago.edu /publications/advforum/v6n1/Kurzman.html (2954 words)

	parody
		A. As form of ironic representation, parody is doubly coded in political terms: it both legitimizes and subverts that which it parodies.
		D. The politics of representation and the representation of politics frequently go hand in hand in parodic postmodern historiographic metafiction.
		Self-consciously intransitive representation simultaneously destablizes and inscribes the dominant ideology through its interpellation of the spectator as subject in and of ideology.
	virtual.park.uga.edu /~amitchel/4830_parody.htm (587 words)

	Unequal Representation: Membership Input and Interest Group Decision-Making (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In the theory of pluralist politics, organized groups represent the interests of varied segments of society in the national policy process.
		When we consider the representational role interest groups play in pluralist, democratic politics, the relative paucity of research on the role of members in the decisions of these groups is striking.
		Not only do organized business interest groups outnumber citizen groups in Washington politics, and not only do they on average possess vastly greater resources, they also have another advantage as well: they offer a more active and inclusive representation of their members' voices.
	www.ksg.harvard.edu /prg/cary/unequal.htm (4957 words)

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		We may be on the verge of being able to unravel the subtleties of the representation process using the state politics venue.
		Scholars who study the representation process in the states have identified a number of pathologies that undermine the respect of the public for the state legislative institution.
		The study of state legislatures and representation has been a mainstay of the discipline historically, and after perhaps a lag in interest in the 1970’s and 1980’s, the 1990’s saw a renewed interest in studying legislative politics and representation using the states.
	www.fsu.edu /~statepol/conferences/2002/call.htm (782 words)

	Politics of Representation
		It is through this process of representation that interpretations of meaning, the delegation of power, myths of culture and the formation of identities evolve.
		The representation of the land [is] a political act...where Forth world peoples are being driven off their land as colonials appropriate it and incorporate it as agricultural land into the capitalist market economy (1994:119).
		The painting's political message cannot be disputed when noted that these paintings have been used in land disputes.
	www.lclark.edu /~soan/jk/Representationpolitics.html (2724 words)

	Gender, Authority, and the Politics of Representation in Science and Art
		Traditional political theory links the issue of author-ity with the entitlement to speak, and conventional modes of representation in both science and art have implicitly set up standards of who is speaking versus who listens; who dissects and who is dissected; who gazes, and who is gazed upon.
		Thus, scientific and artistic representations, as gendered and historical configurations of power rooted in specific cultural and economic contexts, constitute a particularly fertile ground for examining and re-envisaging the nature of authority, and of recognizing and redirecting the political nature of representation in science and art.
		Kay is a philosopher and former molecular embryologist educated in the Philippines, England, and the U.S. In 1989, she accepted Cambridge University 's Sir Run Run Shaw International Fellowship, shifted from neuro-embryology to Philosophy of Science, and finished at the top of her class in 1991 as the Wolfson Prize Winner.
	english3.fsu.edu /~kpicart/gender (372 words)

	Genders OnLine Journal - The Politics of Representation: Genre, Gender Violence and Justice
		And feminism of course is a controversial political movement—and term—about which public opinion is radically divided ; one which, historically, has risen and fallen in public recognition and sympathy according to the political tenor of the times.
		It is only when we look at what has happened to representations of gender violence, as portrayed in 1990s versions of televised courtroom drama, that we can see how advanced these liberal reformist films, and their ideas about gender violence, actually were, compared to current representations and assumptions.
		For, as Lauren Berlant has argued, such a "politics of sentimentality"—to use her term—depends upon "revelations of trauma, incitements to rescue, the reprivatization of victims as the ground of hope," and the assumption that "the nation's duty [is] to eradicate.
	www.genders.org /g32/g32_rapping.html (7393 words)

	Urbanfutures.org Abstract: Distributive politics, ward representation, and the spread of zoning
		Using a variable to test for the interactive effects of city government type (ward vs. at large) and homeownership rates, the author found that cities with ""at large"" voting may have experienced more resistance from organized groups favoring tenant housing (e.g., renter groups and housing developers).
		In general, strong support was found for the interactive effects of the variables as key determinants of whether cities adopted zoning rather than each variable acting in isolation.
		Zoning's popularity may be attributed to its ability to bestow special benefits on geographically targeted constituencies as well as to mitigate the impacts of nuisances in neighborhoods.
	www.urbanfutures.org /abstract.cfm?ID=9 (580 words)

	Graduate Courses Summer 1996 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Politics Of Representation And The Representation Of Politics In The Modern Afro-Asian Novel
		Political readings of the African and Asian novel are not only possible but seem to possess a lot of authenticity as politics is a central theme in most of these literary works.
		Yet political readings can differ a lot from one another, ranging from "native mimetic" ones that reduce the text to a specific historical context or let that context become the frame of reference for understanding the text, to the more complex, but still reductive, readings of those text as "national allegories".
	menic.utexas.edu /menic/cmes/gradsm96.html (225 words)

	Senators on the Campaign Trail: The Politics of Representation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The book's central and organizing theme is the campaign and representation; campaigns establish the legislator-constituent relationship, or, as Fenno tells us, "representation is, at bottom, a home relationship" (p.277).
		It is about politics, of course, but more importantly, it focuses on the gritty details of core issues in our democracy: representation and the relationship between the candidate and the electorate, or at least the potential supporters.
		Fenno's conclusion concerning representation as a negotiated relationship between constituents and politicians that develops over time may be difficult to actually apply without the twenty-twenty hindsight of the past.
	teachpol.tcnj.edu /book_reviews/1997/Vardy_R._12_97.htm (1083 words)

	Lying and the Politics of Representation
		The politicality of representation is not only acknowledged in the dominant bourgeois theories of representation which we oppose (such as those of Derrida, Baudrillard,...
		Like all retrograde pedagogues, Holstun's strategy is to erase any discussion of the “politics of power and representation” by invoking “aesthetic ideology” (the fusion of language and the phenomenal) and set up a violent binary in which his own “truth” has a transcendent status and is not open to discussion or critique.
		His readers are urged to suppress the politics of truth and instead to focus their attention on extracting an “apology” from us.
	www.etext.org /Politics/AlternativeOrange/5/v5n2_l.html (1379 words)

	Style: American Superrealism: Nathanael West and the Politics of Representation in the 1930s. - Review - book reviews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		As the opening pages of Jonathan Veitch's book American Superrealism: Nathanael West and the Politics of Representation in the 1930s suggest, something like a second rediscovery of Nathanael West appears to be underway.
		He laments earlier critics' attempts to transform "a deeply political writer like West into a 'universal satirist' for whom, in Aaron's words, 'the real culprit is not capitalism but humanity'" (xvi).
		According to Veitch, Americans in the 1930s experienced a "crisis of representation" because they were unable to represent the social reality of the Great Depression, to discern the forces responsible for their misery.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2342/is_1_33/ai_58055910 (1169 words)

	Asia Times - Asia's most trusted news source
		In looking for their political representative, as in the ongoing electoral activity, Americans still hope for a militaristic father-figure with a hovering presence; they squabble over details related to military experience that the candidate may or may not have - and are prone to prefer the candidate who does.
		As such, the US political space is overseen, as it were, by the controlling character of militarism, with its promise of patriarchal security for all, but also benign neglect - and not-so-benign repression - of women.
		The plight of American servicewomen and the stinginess of political space for women and minorities, on one hand, and the preponderance and predominance of militarism and veteran heroism in the political subconscious of the United States, on the other, put a very different spin on Bush's self-identification as a war president.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Front_Page/FB25Aa01.html (2677 words)

	Pacific Affairs: Southeast Asian Identities: Culture and the Politics of Representation in Indonesia, Malaysia, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		SOUTHEAST ASIAN IDENTITIES: Culture and the Politics of Representation in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand.
		Some of the "constructed" definitions of ethnicity derive from the perceptions of powerful outsiders (such as colonial "others") who developed the social (and often political) categories for the region; over time these outsider definitions were even incorporated by the various peoples involved.
		He asserts that the declining nationalist project has turned away from political goals to economic and cultural ones but is also challenged by increasing subnational/ primordial loyalties.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3680/is_200001/ai_n8895220 (1025 words)

	Performance, Politics, and Representation: Aboriginal People and the 1860 Royal Tour of Canada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Aboriginal people were in no political position to challenge directly how colonizers used the Native imagery in their addresses, but by participating in the public demonstrations certain First Nations succeeded in projecting their own notions of themselves.
		These representations of Indians were, of course, simplified and stylized, far removed from the complex and varied cultures of actual Native people and from the many roles they played in their communities.
		Running through the press representations of Aboriginal people, as with the behind-the-scenes preparations for the performances, was a preoccupation with the appearance of Native participants.
	www.utpjournals.com /product/chr/841/841_radforth.html (10171 words)

	Provide representation in politics: Weavers - Deccan Herald (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		But, no political party had given representation to the weavers in the legislative assembly, he said and warned all the political parties of the consequences of disregarding the interest of the weaving community.
		He also called upon the religious heads of the weavers belonging to various communities to keep themselves away from politics and concentrate on uniting the weavers.
		Political power was essential for the progress of any community.
	www.deccanherald.com /deccanherald/aug302004/d13.asp (597 words)

	allAfrica.com: Ghana [opinion]: People's Representation Politics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		I had underestimated how strongly the NDC feels about the Representation of the People (Amendment) Bill until early this week when I saw Obed Asamoah and Jerry Rawlings at the same press conference united in their opposition to the bill.
		In all fairness, the resident clause in the Representation of People's Act that debars Ghanaians from voting in our elections unless they become resident in Ghana is unconstitutional.
		By all means, let the Representation of the People (Amendment) Bill be passed.
	allafrica.com /stories/200510280603.html (1038 words)

	H-Net Review: Ronald Vardy on Senators on the Campaign Trail: The Politics of Representation
		is another significant addition to the literature of political science focusing on campaigns, campaigning and the candidates.
		Fenno discusses quite candidly problems common to most failed election bids, such as lack of focus; failure to negotiate constituency representation, debates and priorities; and treatment of the media and one's own campaign staff; over-confidence; and, in some cases, underestimating the quality of challengers by not taking the re-election seriously.
		Fenno's conclusion concerning representation as a negotiated relationship between constituents and politicians that develops over time may be difficult to actually apply without the 20/20 hindsight of the past.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=28182884894153 (1059 words)

	Calls For Publications: Globalisation and Representation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The study of globalisation is of unprecedented interest across the humanities, and the social and political sciences.
		What are the possibilities for political representation in an era beyond state autonomy and stable group identities?
		How do geographical representations also map the terrain of passions and politics in cities and countries and globally, and how can maps be re-read to illuminate the history of space?
	www.unm.edu /~loboblog/cfp/archives/002460.html (632 words)

	Women Leaders From 10 Asia Pacific Countries Call for (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The activity focused on four issues relevant to women's political representation: (1) reform to Indonesia's political laws; (2) gender balance in political parties and legislative institutions; (3) generating and mobilizing critical mass; and (4) increasing the effectiveness of cooperative networks among NGOs, the government, political parties and donor agencies.
		The Indonesian Women's Political Caucus, a multi-partisan group comprising women party activists from across Indonesia's political spectrum, agreed to push political parties to support the agenda put forth at the workshop as part of the Caucus' efforts to increase women's participation and representation in politics.
		Pure proportional representation and mixed systems (combining proportional and district systems) are two election systems that are considered to favor the increae of women's representation in politics.
	www.cld.org /50-50.htm (2186 words)

	Congressional Primaries And The Politics Of Representation; Editor: Galderisi, Peter F.; Editor: Ezra, Marni; Paperback
		Congressional Primaries and the Politics of Representation explores the ways in which congressional primary elections appear to be changing in the face of electoral and congressional politics.
		The prominent contributors examine how primary elections influence the types of candidates who run, the support they receive, the positions they take, the resources they spend, the media coverage they receive, and the type of party nominees that prevail.
		All of these factors have significant implications for congressional general elections, the political parties, interest groups, and the day to day representation of constituents by congressional incumbents.This text explores the ways in which congressional primary elections appear to be changing.
	www.netstoreusa.com /cubooks/074/074250767X.shtml (286 words)

	The Art and Politics of Representation in Film (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A Representation of Something is Not the Same as that Something.
		This Form, and This Medium Involve Properties that are Different in Character from Those Intrinsic to the Phenomenon that the Representation Represents.
		Since Representation Always Involves a Process of Selection, Organization, and Transformation, Every Representation Always Advances at Least an Implicit Commentary Upon and Argument About the Phenomenon It Represents.
	www.uwec.edu /ranowlan/art_politics.htm (528 words)

	Cultural Moves
		In Cultural Moves, Gray sends his probing intellect into the fierce battles in fl life over representation, identity, and sources of recognition and legitimacy in forms as varied as television and new technologies.
		He is as fluent in the languages of critical theory of fl social and aesthetic agency as he is in the lucid observation of everyday politics that shape fl culture.
		Focusing on the defining conditions of fl cultural formation, Gray provides us with a critical vocabulary for comprehending what moves culture and what makes culture moving, institutionally and politically, technologically and economically, representationally and emotionally.
	www.ucpress.edu /books/pages/9655.html (407 words)

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