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Topic: Representativeness heuristic

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Simulation heuristic

Heuristic

Availability heuristic

Anchoring and adjustment

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	Representativeness heuristic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The representativeness heuristic is a heuristic wherein we assume commonality between objects of similar appearance.
		The representative heuristic was first identified by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman.
		Representativeness is cited in the similar effect of the gambler's fallacy, the regression fallacy and the conjunction fallacy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Representativeness_heuristic (592 words)

	Heuristic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Heuristics are intended to gain computational performance or conceptual simplicity potentially at the cost of accuracy or precision.
		In heuristic evaluation, the user interface is reviewed by experts and its compliance to ten usability heuristics (broadly stated characteristics of a good user interface) is assessed and any violating aspects are recorded.
		Heuristics and artificial intelligence in finance and investment — The use of heuristics and AI techniques in finance and investment.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Heuristic (973 words)

	XII-P2
		Representativeness, is the tendency to assess the probability of an event’s occurrence based more on its similarity to a population and the process by which it is generated than to the base rate of its occurrence in the population (Kahneman and Tversky, 1972).
		Representativeness explains why brilliant mothers are disappointed to have ordinary daughters; their intuition tells them that the output should be representative of the input rather than representative of the base rate of intelligence in the population— which is more average.
		Representativeness is the tendency for an individual to generalise from a small number of non-random observations, likely from their own experience and knowledge, and to be insensitive to small sample sizes.
	www.babson.edu /entrep/fer/Babson2002/XII/XII_P2/P2/html/xii-p2.htm (5106 words)

	SparkNotes: Problem Solving: Making Judgments
		The availability heuristic makes use of information that is easily accessible in memory to make judgments about how common items or events are in the world.
		The representativeness heuristic emerges when people are asked to make judgments about individuals and categories.
		The representativeness heuristic says that people tend to believe that categories are homogenous--that is, that all individual members of a category are alike and are equally representative of that category.
	www.sparknotes.com /psychology/cognitive/problemsolving/section2.rhtml (1025 words)

	Judgemental Heuristics and Biases:
		An event is judged to be probable to the extent that it represents the essential features of the parent population or of its generating process.
		Sometimes the manner in which the object or event is represented leads one to ignore the basic rules of the probability calculus, e.g., that the likelihood of a conjunction is always less than the likelihood of each conjunct taken singly.
		This heuristic is useful in inductive reasoning because (1) typically instances of large classes are recalled better and faster than instances of small groups, (2) likely events are often easier to imagine, (3) causal connections are repeatable and therefore more likely to be remembered.
	www.nku.edu /~garns/165/pptj_h.html (1185 words)

	Heuristics & Biases
		The representativeness heuristic, introduced by Kahneman and Tversky (1972), describes the tendency for people to think something is more likely if it reflects their beliefs of a situation.
		Representativeness, then, is characterized by the similarity of a sample to its parent population.
		However, the ratio of boys to girls in the second sequence (5:1) is clearly not representative of the population.
	www.ualberta.ca /~egray/bias.htm (1003 words)

	Aaron Louie - Cognitive Dissonance in Decision Making
		First, the representativeness heuristic is defined as the error in which people conjure up generalizations about a population or about the outcome of a scenario based on a small "representative" sample or stimulus (Plous, 1993).
		As was hypothesized concerning the representativeness heuristic, availability heuristic, and memory and hindsight biases, cognitive dissonance may prove to be the real culprit of many more common flaws in decision making.
		The representativeness heuristic, the availability heuristic, and the memory and hindsight biases were shown, at least philosophically, to result from cognitive dissonance.
	www.yetiarts.com /aaron/science/cogdiss.shtml (2925 words)

	Encyclopedia article on Heuristic [EncycloZine] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Grammatical note: The name of the topic is heuristic (not "heuristics"), a particular technique of directing your attention toward discovery is a heuristic, two or more of these are heuristics, and the adjective for "pertaining to how something is discovered" is heuristic.
		In philosophy, especially in its Continental European kind, the adjective "heuristic" (or the designation "heuristic device") is used when an entity X is there to understand or to find out about some other entity Y, with which X is not identical.
		In computer science, a heuristic is a technique designed to solve a problem that ignores whether the solution is provably correct, but which usually produces a good solution or solves a simpler problem that contains or intersects with the solution of the more complex problem.
	encyclozine.com /Heuristic (856 words)

	Representativeness Heuristic
		Representativeness is a cognitive heuristic in which decisions are made based on how representative a given individual case appears to be independent of other information about its actual likelihood.
		Representativeness - entails looking at an event and making a judgment as to how closely it corresponds to other events as found in the general population.
		Representativeness and bias in cemetery samples implications for palaeodemographic reconstructions ….
	heuristics.behaviouralfinance.net /representativeness (1356 words)

	1
		Random sampling (selection): a way of ensuring that a sample of people is representative of a population, by giving everyone in the population an equal chance of being selected for the sample.
		Representativeness Heuristic: is a mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case.
		Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic: A mental shortcut that involves using a number or value as a starting point, and then adjusting one’s answer away from the anchor.
	www.umich.edu /~psychol/380sek/Week2.html (457 words)

	criticalthinking2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		There is good evidence to suggest that people depend on a limited number of heuristic principles which simplify the complex task of probability assessment and prediction.
		The same can be said of heuristics employed in decision making under conditions of uncertainty: they are an indispensable part of decision making, but they also lead to biases.
		Representativeness designates a heuristic in which people rely on resemblance of one category to another (or of an individual to a category) to determine the likelihood of a causal link between the two categories (or the likelihood that an individual belongs to a particular category).
	home.earthlink.net /~shschroeder/courses/criticalthinking2.htm (1249 words)

	SFB 504 glossary: Heuristic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		A heuristic is a strategy that can be applied to a variety of problems and that usually — but not always — yields a correct solution.
		Representativeness heuristic: What is the probability that person A (Steve, a very shy and withdrawn man) belongs to group B (librarians) or C (exotic dancers)?
		Availability heuristic: This heuristic is used to evaluate the frequency or likelihood of an event on the basis of how quickly instances or associations come to mind.
	www.sfb504.uni-mannheim.de /glossary/heurist.htm (280 words)

	Thinking and Decision making
		The representativeness heuristic refers to the fact that we frequently judge the likelihood of an event based on the similarity to the population from which it is drawn.
		The anchoring and adjustment heuristic refers to the fact that judgements are frequently influenced by a perceptual starting point and adjustments to that starting point.
		The anchoring and adjustment heuristic is frequently related to financial decisions and with little effort you can think of instances in your own experience where it has operated.
	www.fscwv.edu /users/ffidura/cogpsy/cpthnkng.html (3191 words)

	SparkNotes: Language and Cognition: Decision-Making
		One heuristic people frequently use is the availability heuristic.
		If people use the representativeness heuristic, they may judge that Eric is more likely to own a motorcycle.
		When using the representativeness heuristic, people frequently ignore the base rate, or the total number of events.
	www.sparknotes.com /psychology/psych101/languageandcognition/section7.rhtml (1279 words)

	[No title]
		Thinking, understanding and decision-making take place in the real world, where there are usually considerable time pressures, and there is rarely a full range of information available to support a complete appraisal of the problem at hand.
		The representativeness heuristic is based on the principle that we can estimate the likelihood of something by seeing how well it fits a prototype of which it may be an exemplar.
		Like availability, representativeness is a double-edged weapon – it can lead to fallacious reasoning, e.g.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /intropsych/students/Chapter12_Essaykp3.htm (127 words)

	Framework: First Lens: Experiment: Representativeness
		Representativeness is a heuristic in which probabilities are evaluated by the degree to which X resembles Y. When X is highly representative of Y, the probability that X originates from Y is considered high.
		If the description of Steve were not provided but you were asked to decide what occupation Steve held simply from the list of probabilities, you would likely have decided on the basis of which profession employed the most people.
		In international relations, a leader who has centralized power and can take direct action in domestic politics may be assumed to represent an authoritarian type and act similarly to all others in that class of leadership.
	www.wwnorton.com /internal/lenses/fr_perep.htm (1501 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Therefore, the politician looking for a platform that resonates with the public could choose to "get tough on crime." Due to people's use of the availability and representativeness heuristics in their judgments about crime, the politician would be able to speak to people's fears.
		Tversky and Kahneman define the representativeness heuristic as the degree to which people consider A to be representative of B (Plous, 1993).
		This is because he or she would be deliberately taking advantage of people's use of heuristics to make judgments concerning events about which they have limited or skewed information.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~bfmalle/jdm/arthur4.html (539 words)

	[No title]
		Tversky and Kahneman (1971) attribute the gambler’s fallacy to the representativeness heuristic and a misunderstanding of random processes.
		Hence, after a string of red on a roulette wheel, it is thought that fl must occur to balance the sample and make it more representative of the overall process (50% red, 50% fl).
		Another argument is that your parents should not use the D as a basis to compare you to other D students (representativeness heuristic).
	www.ecs.csun.edu /~hamidg/soln-chapter-8.doc (176 words)

	Q2A2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The representativeness heuristic is defined by Myers as: The strategy of judging the likelihood of things by how well something represents, or matches particular prototypes; using this heuristic may lead one to ignore other relevant information.
		The classic example of a fallacy committed when the representativeness heuristic is used is the Tversky and Kahneman (1983) experiment, where participants in their study were given a description of a woman named Linda, who was described as "31 years old, single outspoken and very bright.
		She majored in philosophy in college and was deeply concerned with discrimination and other social issues, and she participated in antinuclear demonstrations".
	www.bsos.umd.edu /psyc/psyc221/exam1/Q2A2.html (190 words)

	[No title]
		A __________ string of coin tosses is a sample of a larger population, so should be representative.
		Think that any one observation should be representative of the population and therefore similar to the next observation.
		Accident caused by blue cab is representative of the witness testimony.
	www.rci.rutgers.edu /~gbc/RPDM/Bayesian.htm (563 words)

	Schick and Vaughn Chapter 6
		One very common heuristic is “like goes with like.” This is called the representativeness heuristic.
		Astrology makes use of the representativeness heuristic: e.g., people born under the sign of the bull are thought to be aggressive and dominant, people born under the sign of the twins are thought to be two-faced, and people born under the sign of the virgin are supposed to be modest.
		The representativeness heuristic also makes us tend to think that all members of a class should resemble the paradigm (leading to the conjunction fallacy, described on p.
	instruct.westvalley.edu /lafave/SV_CH6.HTM (918 words)

	Cognition, Third Edition Chapter 11 -- True or False (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		People incorrectly answer the question about which hospital will have more babies due to use of the representativeness heuristic, and insensitivity to sample size.
		Using the representativeness heuristic, people estimate frequency by the ease with which relevant examples come to mind.
		In Kahneman and Tversky’s research on the undoing heuristic, subjects rarely if ever made horizontal changes to the story.
	cwx.prenhall.com /bookbind/pubbooks/ashcraft/chapter11/truefalse1/deluxe-content.html (210 words)

	Problem-solving
		Heuristics: a general rule that guides problem-solving, but does not guarantee a perfect solution.
		(which should have been called the accessibility heuristic), we are bad at estimating the frequency of events.
		Describe the advantages and disadvantages of using the representativeness heuristic.
	psy1.clarion.edu /mm/General/Problem-solving.html (1125 words)

	1
		In her research, Professor Kyoto seeks to identify circumstances in which confirmation bias is especially likely to impede effective problem solving.
		This type of utterance demonstrates that children are actively experimenting with the rules of ________.
		Assume that Congress is considering revising its approach to welfare and to this end is hearing a range of testimony.
	www.wooster.edu /psychology/intro/practice5.html (1667 words)

	[No title]
		The behavioral principles discussed are: prospect theory, regret and cognitive dissonance, anchoring, mental compartments, overconfidence, over- and underreaction, representativeness heuristic, the disjunction effect, gambling behavior and speculation, perceived irrelevance of history, magical thinking, quasi-magical thinking, attention anomalies, the availability heuristic, culture and social contagion, and global culture.
		Overconfidence may also be traced to the "representativeness heuristic," Tversky and Kahneman (1974), a tendency for people to try to categorize events as typical or representative of a well-known class, and then, in making probability estimates, to overstress the importance of such a categorization, disregarding evidence about the underlying probabilities.
		One consequence of this heuristic is a tendency for people to see patterns in data that is truly random, to feel confident, for example, that a series which is in fact a random walk is not a random walk.
	www.econ.yale.edu /cowles/P/cd/d11b/d1172.htm (15525 words)

	Amazon.com: Judgment under Uncertainty : Heuristics and Biases: Books: Daniel Kahneman,Paul Slovic,Amos Tversky (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Heuristics and Biases : The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment by Thomas Gilovich
		Individual chapters discuss the representativeness and availability heuristics, problems in judging covariation and control, overconfidence, multistage inference, social perception, medical diagnosis, risk perception, and methods for correcting and improving judgments under uncertainty.
		The Heuristics we use to weigh up and evaluate data provide a second family of biases.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0521284147?v=glance (1397 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The representativeness heuristic is the concept that people generally presume details based on what extent one event is similar to another event (461).
		So, I had trouble believing Shannon was going to host her own show because this would be dissimilar to the previous events I experienced.
		I think that investigating how a person’s past experiences affects their view of categories and how that compares to representativeness heuristic.
	www.rpi.edu /AFS/home/11/mollej/public_html/elborations_part_2-1.doc (2551 words)

	Representativeness Heuristic
		The gambler’s fallacy, the belief in runs of good and bad luck can be explained by the representativeness heuristic.
		People will also ‘force’ statistical arrangements to represent their beliefs about them, for example a set of random numbers will be carefully mixed up so no similar numbers are near one another.
		We will also tend to ignore base rates (the relative frequency with which an event occurs) as well as regression towards the mean (where an extreme value is likely to be followed by one which is much closer to the mean).
	changingminds.org /explanations/theories/representativeness_heuristic.htm (340 words)

	[No title]
		Availability Heuristic Lots of overestimations and underestimations come from this because relying on event frequency in memoryó ¨Prediction Heuristic¨K3.
		Simulation Heuristic What is hard for you to imagine seems implausibleó¨Prediction Heuristic¨‘4.
		Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic Since anchoring is easy and adjustment is hard we find it difficult to change first impressions of peopleó ¨Product A and B¨Examplesó ¨Persuasion Heuristic¨¶1.
	www.usd.edu /~mapalmer/SB5.ppt (144 words)

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