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Topic: Reproduction (economics)

	Reproduction (economics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In Marxian economics, economic reproduction refers to recurrent (or cyclical) processes by which the initial conditions necessary for economic activity to occur are constantly re-created.
		In the former case, no economic growth occurs, while in the latter case, more is produced than is needed to maintain the economy at the given level, making economic growth possible.
		As an approach to studying economic activity, economic reproduction contrasts with equilibrium economics, because economic reproduction is concerned not with statics but with dynamics, i.e.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reproduction_(economics) (479 words)

	The Accumulation of Capital: Ch 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In a primitive communist agrarian community, reproduction as well as the whole plan of economic life is determined by the community of all workers and their democratic organs.
		The attempt to solve the problem of reproduction in terms of the periodical character of crises is fundamentally a device of vulgar economics, just like the attempt to solve, the problem, of value in terms of fluctuations in demand and supply.
		Reproduction, for its part, can obviously be only resumed when the products of the previous period, the commodities, have been realised; that is, converted into money; for capital in the form of money, in the form of pure value, must always be the starting point of reproduction in a capitalist system.
	www.marxists.org /archive/luxemburg/1913/accumulation-capital/ch01.htm (5314 words)

	reproduction on Encyclopedia.com
		In all cases reproduction consists of a basic pattern: the conversion by a parent organism of raw materials from the environment into offspring—or into cells that develop into offspring (see meiosis ; mitosis)—of a constitution similar or potentially similar to that of the parent.
		Reproduction: un enjeu essentiel en sant au travail.
		Reproduction montrant un mammouth présent dans l'ouvrage "La terre avant le déluge" publié en 1863 Animal préhistorique lé.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/r1/reproduc.asp (698 words)

	reproduction -> Asexual Reproduction on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Asexual reproduction is advantageous in allowing beneficial combinations of characteristics to continue unchanged and in eliminating the often vulnerable stages of early embryonic growth.
		In some lower animals (e.g., hydra) and in yeasts, budding is a common form of reproduction; a small protuberance on the surface of the parent cell increases in size until a wall forms to separate the new individual, or bud, from the parent.
		Reproduction d'une photo prise en 1999 de Denis Besson, interpellé, le 11 février 2004 Denis Besson, le ravisseur présumé.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/reproduc_AsexualReproduction.asp (838 words)

	Marx, Capital, Volume II, Part III, Chapter 20: Library of Economics and Liberty
		Simple reproduction on the same scale appears as an abstraction; inasmuch as the absence of all accumulation or reproduction on an enlarged scale is an irrelevant assumption in capitalist society, and, on the other hand, conditions of production do not remain exactly the same in different years (as was assumed).
		Simple reproduction is essentially directed toward consumption as an end, although the securing of surplus-value appears as the compelling motive of the individual capitalists; but surplus-value in this case, whatever may be its proportional magnitude, is supposed to serve merely for the individual consumption of the capitalist.
		So far as simple reproduction is a part, and the most important one at that, of annual reproduction on an enlarged scale, consumption remains as a motive accompanying the accumulation of wealth as an end and distinguished from it.
	www.econlib.org /library/YPDBooks/Marx/mrxCpB20.html (12200 words)

	Approved Courses
		The premise is that human fertility, reproductive biology, reproductive behavior, and ultimately fertility and population replacement, are best understood in the context of the interactions of humans with their environment.
		The purpose of this course is to gain knowledge and understanding of the health, social, and community-related dynamics that contribute to the reproductive health status of adolescents and adults in less-developed countries within a demographic perspective.
		This course covers topics in poverty, welfare and human resources from an economic perspective, and will be of interest to students who want to specialize in social and behavioral approaches to the study of population and demographic phenomena.
	www.cpc.unc.edu /training/appcourse.html (1481 words)

	Social Reproduction
		Economics has only partially dealt with these costs, tending to concentrate its study more on commodities which are bought and sold, often ignoring those human resources, goods and services which do not enter the market.
		Reproduction is sometimes examined on a short term basis, to include the daily, weekly, or annual process of survival and maintenance of life.
		Reproduction may also be used in an economic sense in terms of reproducing the capital structures and the infrastructure that are necessary to carry on economic activity over time.
	uregina.ca /~gingrich/feb2498.htm (3081 words)

	Marx, Capital, Volume III, Part V, Chapter 30: Library of Economics and Liberty
		So long as the process of reproduction is in flow and the reflux assured, this credit lasts and extends, and its extension is based upon the extension of the process of reproduction itself.
		Credit is contracted, 1) because this capital is unemployed, that is, stops in one of its phases of reproduction, not being able to complete its metamorphosis; 2) because confidence in the continuity of the process of reproduction has been shaken; 3) because the demand for this commercial credit decreases.
		This entire artificial system of forced expansion of the process of reproduction cannot, of course, be remedied by having some bank, like the Bank of England, give to the swindlers the needed capital in the shape of paper notes and buy up all the depreciated commodities at their old nominal values.
	www.econlib.org /library/YPDBooks/Marx/mrxCpC30.html (4982 words)

	Marx’s Economics and Lord Desai’s ‘revenge’ - The meaning of Marx’s reproduction schemes
		Marx was inspired in his investigation of the reproduction process by a school of eighteenth century French economists called the physiocrats and particularly by Quesnay’s Tableau Economique (1766).
		Accumulation is discussed in the reproduction schemes, but the capitalists accumulate C and V in the same proportions as before.
		An awareness of this interdependence was brought to modern economics by Wassily Leontief.
	www.marxist.com /Economy/marx-revenge-partseven170805.htm (3968 words)

	History of Economics: HES List Guest Editorial -- Mosselmans
		In a reproductive environment the actions of human beings are responsible for the rise of scarcity, whereas in a non-reproductive environment, scarcity is determined externally.
		The scheme is reproductive, since growth itself is good but should be balanced; the scarcity is internal since it is not due to external circumstances, but to the misbehaviour of human free will.
		We conclude that Jevons's emphasis on external scarcity and non-reproductivity, already partly present in Ricardo's economics, indicates a major shift in the history of economic thought of the 19th century.
	www.eh.net /HE/hes_list/Editorials/mosselmans.php (1634 words)

	Karl Marx: Economist or Revolutionary?
		(1) This is especially true in economics where, until recently, discussion of Marx and the Marxist tradition was largely confined to courses in the history of economic thought and in the economic history of the Soviet Union.
		She focused on Marx's schemes of expanded reproduction and, by studying their evolution through time, came to the conclusion that given realistic assumptions it was impossible for the necessary equilibrium between the two departments to be maintained because the production of commodities would outstrip the ability of the market to absorb them.
		The alternative to the economic interpretation of Marx that I find the most useful is the reading of his concepts and theories as moments of his political analysis of capitalism as class struggle.
	www.eco.utexas.edu /facstaff/Cleaver/MarxEcoorRev.html (11750 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Notes grounds under which assisted reproduction will be used, the ban on surrogacy, the keeping of extensive donor records to prevent donors inseminating people they are related to, and the lowering of the age at which offspring can gain access to identifying information about donors.
		This study is a literature review of the issues of having a child by assisted reproduction technologies, identifying the impact of the infertility problems, the medical context, the artificial character of the conception, the vulnerability of the pregnancy and the significance of this issues for the parents, children and parent-child relationship.
		It notes that reproductive failure is the quintessential indicatoir of bad fortune and that infertility is often associated with economic decline personally and the moral decline of their society and changes which have been brought about by colonialism.
	www.csu.edu.au /learning/eubios/asrep1994-96.html (15540 words)

	[No title]
		Wood,c1879. 0aHome economics archive--research, tradition and history 0aWood's library of standard medical authors aMode of access: World Wide Web. aFiles for the images of individual pages are encoded in Aldus/Microsoft TIFF Version 6.0 using facsimile-compatible CCITT Group 4 compression. aDigitization funded by Institute of Museum and Library Services, 2001.
		Co.,c1909. 0aHome economics archive--research, tradition and history aMode of access: World Wide Web. aFiles for the images of individual pages are encoded in Aldus/Microsoft TIFF Version 6.0 using facsimile-compatible CCITT Group 4 compression. aDigitization funded by Institute of Museum and Library Services, 2001.
		Co.,c[c1923] 0aHome economics archive--research, tradition and history aMode of access: World Wide Web. aFiles for the images of individual pages are encoded in Aldus/Microsoft TIFF Version 6.0 using facsimile-compatible CCITT Group 4 compression. aDigitization funded by Institute of Museum and Library Services, 2001.
	hearth.library.cornell.edu /h/hearth/HEARTH.mrc (3329 words)

	Tony Cliff: Rosa Luxemburg ("Accumulation of Capital") (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Actually, what is needed for smooth reproduction is not only that a certain proportionality be kept between the production of Department I and that of Department II in the whole economy, but that the proportionality between the departments be kept also in every branch of the economy.
		Before describing Rosa Luxemburg’s analysis of reproduction, it must be clear that she did not develop a theory explaining the cyclical movement of boom, crisis and slump.
		She took it that the periodical cycles are phases of reproduction in capitalist economy, but not the whole of the process.
	www.marxists.org /archive/cliff/works/1959/rosalux/8-acc-cap.htm (4187 words)

	The Review of Network Economics, Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The American copyright system separately protects the sounds in music recordings and the words and music of the underlying musical composition upon which they are based; separate rights are further defined for the reproduction and public performance of both the recording and the composition.
		Since these rights are controlled by different parties and agents, the complexity of the system leads to a "copyright thicket".
		This article attempts to break the gridlock with an economic analysis based on the need for allocative efficiency, transaction minimization, administrative streamlining, and technological innovation.
	www.rnejournal.com /abstract_einhorn_march03.html (110 words)

	SSRN-The Economics of Assisted Reproduction by Sherrie Kossoudji
		These markets are two segments that loosely fall under the rubric of Assisted Reproduction Technologies (ART), which is a shorthand term for the numerous procedures aided by technology used to produce a baby.
		This primer in the economics of assisted reproduction introduces some of the economic dilemmas brought about by new reproductive technologies.
		Kossoudji, Sherrie A., "The Economics of Assisted Reproduction" (January 2005).
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=648057 (343 words)

	Presented at: Forestry and the Environment: Economic Perspectives.
		These components and their interrelations cannot be reduced to the mechanical analogs of economics because social systems are driven by meaning as much as by costs and physics.
		Ecological Economics is concerned with clarifying the crucial linkages between human economic activities and ecosystem functions and processes and these brief examples only hint at its sweep.
		But while our economic actions are often unavoidable, we also know that the qualitative as well as quantitative consequences of our actions vary widely across a spectrum of social and ecosystem interactions.
	www.fs.fed.us /eco/whtwudee.htm (5307 words)

	Amazon.ca: Rationality Allocation, and Reproduction: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Outside the discussions of the social sciences, argument concerning the rationality of a choice or action is never a purely technical, value-free discourse.
		This book is devoted to an examination of the limitations of the various formulations and interpretations of the concept of rationality which has been developed by economic theorists.
		He argues that the current intellectual climate, which has moved away from formalism, necessitates the reexamination of the concepts of rationality which scholars and policy-makers, many of whom were not economists, were ready to adopt directly or indirectly from economic theory in the recent past.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0198287720 (635 words)

	Amazon.com: Economics: The Original 1948 Edition: Books: Paul A. Samuelson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Economics by Paul Samuelson is the classic texbook that gave birth to modern economics, and sold millions of copies in more than 40 languages.
		In Economics: The Original 1948 Edition (in which every word, idea, phrase, even the typestyle remain unchanged from the original), professor Samuelson's work remains as viable and thought-provoking as it was a half-century ago.
		I was amazed to discover how good the original edition of Samuelson's classic economics text is. Virtually everything in it is just as relevant today as it was in 1948.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0070747415?v=glance (1166 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Effects of Diet on Performance, Reproduction, and Economics of Market Cows Grazing ...
		Technical Abstract: Forty-two crossbred, nonpregnant cows (mean age = 4.3 ± 0.2 yr) were purchased from local auction barns to determine the effect of diet on performance, reproduction, and economics of market cows grazing stockpiled, endophyte-infected fescue (Festuca arundinacea).
		Cows were assigned to one of three replicated paddocks of stockpiled fescue for 160 d and fed diets of either soyhulls (SH), corn:soybean meal (CSB), or not supplemented (control) at 0.91 kg/d.
		Reproductive performance was not different (P > 0.10) across nutritional treatments.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=155616&pf=1 (414 words)

	The C.L.R. James Institute: Texts: "Aspects of Marxian Economics"
		In every economy, extended reproduction and accumulation are possible only if more producer goods are made in a given economic cycle than are used up.
		In economic forms of society of the most different kinds [Marx wrote] there occurs, not only simple reproduction, but, in varying degrees, reproduction on a progressively increasing scale.
		The peculiar character of Russian economy, however, which determines its specific process of reproduction and accumulation flows from the fact that the bureaucracy owns the means of production and exchange through its control of the state, and the enslaved character of the working class.
	www.clrjamesinstitute.org /statecp3.html (3837 words)

	Animal Sciences
		Practical aspects of behavior, nutrition, breeding, reproduction, health and management of dogs, cats and other animals generally considered to be human companions.
		Comparative anatomy, physiology and endocrinology of animal reproduction, and principles of reproductive biotechnologies used to enhance reproductive efficiency in mammalian systems.
		Develop modern concepts, ideas and methodology associated with the application of technology to the solution of problems related to reproduction, breeding, nutrition, management and use of facilities in a modern beef cattle enterprise.
	www.ag.auburn.edu /animalsciences/Students&Adv/ungrad.htm (1259 words)

	SelfStorageEconomics.com: Article Reprints
		This article is provided courtesy of Self Storage Economics with the permission of PricewaterhouseCoopers.
		The October 2002 issue of Mini-Storage Messenger also includes a sidebar from Self Storage Economics, under the heading "Stay the Course", which accompanies the article entitled "The Carolinas: The Magnolias Are In Bloom -- Is Self Storage?" by Dale C. Eisenman and Michael L. McCune.
		He and Self Storage Economics are also referenced in Michael L. McCune's article, "The Northeast: A Market of Contradictions" in the same issue.
	www.selfstorageeconomics.com /reprints.htm (3032 words)

	Feminist Economics
		Feiner, Susan and Bruce Roberts (1990), "Hidden by the invisible hand: Neoclassical economic theory and the textbook treatment of women and minorities." Gender and Society, 4(2) June, 159-181.
		Katz, Elizabeth (1997), "The intra-household economics of voice and exit." Feminist Economics Vol.
		Nelson, Julie A. (1992), "Gender, metaphor, and the definition of economics." Economics and Philosophy Vol.
	www.cddc.vt.edu /feminism/eco.html (1565 words)

	SSRN-Publications and Documents That Reference 'The Economics of Assisted Reproduction' by Sherrie Kossoudji (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Booth, A. The Economics of the Trade Union, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
		Leibenstein, H., (1984), "On the Economics of Conventions and Institutions: An Exploratory Essay", J of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 140, 74-86.
		The columns rep ort the p o w er of the dieren t s p eci cations of the test to detect skill for skill lev els of skil l =0.1, 0.2,.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/RefPointingTo.cfm?abid=648057 (241 words)

	Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute: COSMIC REPRODUCTION, ECONOMICS AND POLITICS AMONG THE KULINA OF ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Kulina cosmology legitimates the monopoly of the mystical means of reproduction by male shamans and leaders.
		This control is accompanied by a degree of manipulation of female sexuality and reproduction by shamanic and other means.
		It is also correlated with a hierarchical division of labour in which men are primary providers, and leaders are paradigmatic providers.
	highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:64389084&... (237 words)

	Beef Cattle Science - District 8, Stephen P. Hammack
		Effects of Feeding MGA and Chlortetracycline on Reproduction - (Feb 98)
		Growth and Reproduction of Implanted Heifers - (Oct 96)
		Relationship of Male Scrotal Circumference and Female Reproduction - (Oct 96)
	stephenville.tamu.edu /~shammack/newsletter (1829 words)

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