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Topic: Reproductive cycle

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	Reproductive Management of the Meat Goat
		The reproductive tract of the mature doe consists of the ovaries, which weigh 0.5 to 3 grams dependent on the stage of the reproductive cycle.
		The exterior component of the doe reproductive tract is the vagina which is the site of semen deposition during natural mating; it also supplies a fluid environment to support this process during the appropriate stage of the estrous cycle.
		Reproduction should be a vital component of the overall herd management scheme and closely integrated with nutritional and health aspects, as well as form part of a comprehensive recording system.
	www.clemson.edu /agronomy/goats/handbook/reproduction.html (5389 words)

	The Feline Reproductive Cycle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Your cat's reproductive cycle is stimulated by the longer period of daylight as winter turns to spring and is regulated by hormones produced both in the brain and in the ovary.
		Hormones influence fertility and reproductive behavior in both the dog and the cat, although their heat and reproductive cycles vary by environmental and breeding behavior.
		Most cats cycle throughout the spring, summer and fall, but it is safe to say that a cat's reproductive cycle is unique to the individual.
	www.petplace.com /cats/the-feline-reproductive-cycle/page1.aspx (1102 words)

	Information on Menstruation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Generally, the reproductive cycle is predictable between the ages of 15 and 45 years occurring approximately every 28 days and experiencing ovulation approximately 13-14 times per year.
		The female reproductive cycle is under the influence of what is known as a positive and negative feedback system that regulates and influences certain hormones to stimulate ovulation, facilitate implantation of the fertilized ovum and initiate menstruation.
		Because the egg was not fertilized during the previous cycle the endometrial lining (inner layer of the uterine wall) is sloughed off (resulting in bleeding for a period of 3-5 days) and replaced by a new lining in preparation for implantation of an embryo.
	www2.hn.psu.edu /programs/health/menstruation.html (515 words)

	Reproductive cycle of bitch
		The reproductive life of the bitch is characterized by a repetitive cycle.
		The reproductive cycle commences at puberty and may function throughout the bitch's lifetime as the bitch does not undergo menopause.
		During her reproductive life, her fertility (or ability to reproduce) peaks at 3 years of age and declines from about 6 years.
	www.allpets.co.za /sharpeiclub2/bitch_cycle_1.htm (1412 words)

	Lunar Menstrual Phase Locking
		For example, if the lunar cycle were drawn as a clock that had 30 (rounded up from 29.5) "pie sectors", and a particular woman who did not have a 29.5 day cycle was charting her data, certain phenomena would emerge.
		If she plotted 6 cycles of her own on the 30 day clock, and the first cycle appeared at the full moon, then the next cycle would appear 5 days after the full moon and the third cycle would be 5 days later than, and so on.
		It is not surprising to learn of a coordinated phase relationship between the reproductive cycles of women and the repeating cycle of lunar periods because even a cursory review of the literature shows that many different animals show a reproductive system reaction to external stimuli.
	www.athenainstitute.com /lunarmpl.html (3329 words)

	Reproductive cycle of coexisting mussels, Mytilus californianus and Mytilus galloprovincialis, in Baja California, New ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		To determine the reproductive cycle of both species in a coexistence area, a study of quantitative stereology was carried out from January to December 1995, M. californianus and M. galloprovincialis adults were collected from Mina del Fraile an exposed rocky shore and M. galloprovincialis adults were collected in a culture area a protected bay.
		The reproductive season of M. californianus in the studied locality is from winter to summer, whereas the reproductive season of M. galloprovincialis occurs from autumn to early spring.
		Local variations in the gonadal cycle of Mytilus galloprovincialis were found in Spain and these differences were associated with environmental conditions (Ferran 1991, Villalba 1995), but the gonadal cycle of wild M. galloprovincialis from the low intertidal exposed rocky shores and from those cultured in floating rafts was similar (Caceres-Martinez and Figueras 1998).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0QPU/is_2_23/ai_n6232168 (814 words)

	Reproductive Physiology, etc.
		The reproductive cycles of sexually-reproducing animals are influenced by a number of hormones, including follicle-stimulating hormone, leutinizing hormone, estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone, produced by the animals’ bodies.
		Most other species have cycles that are shorter or longer than a month, and in some species, the timing of ovulation and female receptivity is so tied to environmental cues (light, temperature, etc.) that they only cycle and mate at one or two specific times of the year.
		It is well-known that the cycles of college women living in a dorm situation frequently adjust such that many of the women “have their periods” at the same time as each other.
	biology.clc.uc.edu /courses/bio105/sexual.htm (5056 words)

	Reproductive Management of the Mare
		As with the different phases of the estrous cycle, the transition from the anestrus period to the estrous period is due to the changes in hormonal patterns.
		Breeding managers are generally concerned with four aspects of reproductive management during the ovulatory period-detection of estrus, mating management, pregnancy determination, and estrous cycle manipulation.
		Mares with unknown or poor reproductive histories should be evaluated by using the standard practices of palpation, ultrasonography, intrauterine culture, cytology, and biopsy well ahead of the breeding season (i.e., late summer or early fall of the previous season) or as problems appearduring the current breeding season.
	www.mofoxtrot.com /mare-reproduction.htm (2487 words)

	The Canine Estrous Cycle: Staging Using Vaginal Cytological Examination
		This stage of the reproductive cycle is difficult to determine cytologically because distinguish features are only present microscopically at the beginning and the end of estrus.
		This stage of the reproductive cycle is influenced mainly by estrogens.
		During this phase of the reproductive cycle, the bitch refuses to accept the sexual advances of the dog.
	www.vet.uga.edu /vpp/clerk/Beimborn (2158 words)

	Cycle Diet - Nutrition Therapy for PMS and PMDD Relief
		The Cycle Diet is nutrition therapy for any woman looking to improve her wellbeing while living with the natural fluctuations of the female hormones.
		Reproductive health researchers are now more aware of the connection between PMS/PMDD, diet and stress however, with the heavy patient load many physicians carry, very little time is dedicated to nutrition education or stress management.
		If your cycle is unpredictable or you skip periods and you have not been on a very restrictive diet, you should consult a physician for the cause.
	www.cyclediet.com (2313 words)

	Canine Reproduction Part 2
		During the normal reproductive cycle of the bitch, increase in the concentration of the hormone estrogen coincides with the proestrus stage.
		The mating cycle of the bitch is, therefore, controlled by strict regulation of hormones.
		In general, a history of irregularities in the reproductive cycle of a bitch, including persistent anestrus, "silent heats" (in which only mild bleeding and minimal vulvar swelling are observed), prolonged proestrus, or ovulation failure, is often indicative of hypothyroidism.
	www.labbies.com /reproduction2.htm (4502 words)

	Female Reproductive Cycle
		The cycle is "typically" 28 days long, and this figure shows the 28 days across the X axis (one week at a time, labelled at the center of the figure).
		The bottom half of the figure shows what is going on with the female reproductive hormone levels (estrogen and progesterone) in the upper section, and what is going on with the lining of the uterus in the lower section.
		The female reproductive hormones (a.k.a., estrogens) are regulated by the gonadotropins, and, in turn, the gonadotropins are regulated via negative feedback from the estrogens.
	faculty.stcc.edu /AandP/AP/AP2pages/reprod/female.htm (858 words)

	Cayman Turtle Farm - Scientific papers - Seasonal Reproductive Cycle of the Kemps Ridley
		The seasonal reproductive cycle of the Kemp's ridley sea turtle (Lepidoclielys kernpi) was studied under semi-natural conditions at the Cayman Turtle Farm, Grand Cayman, British West Indies, from June 1987 to July 1988.
		Among the sea turtles, the reproductive physiology of four species (the green turtle Chelonia mydas; the olive ridley, Lepidochelys' olivacea; the loggerhead Caretta caretta and the leatherback turtle, is partially understood (Owens, 1980; licht et al 1982.
		Total frequency of reproductive behaviors (courtships and mounts) was recorded on a checksheet and the time of occurrence of the behaviours was recorded.
	www.turtle.ky /scientific/kempridleys.htm (5589 words)

	[Regents Prep Living Environment] Reproduction & Development: Human Reproductive Systems
		Human reproduction and development are influenced by factors such as gene expression, hormones, and the environment.
		The reproductive cycle in both males and females is regulated by several different hormones.
		Ovulation or release of the egg occurs at the midpoint of this cycle, while the uterine lining thins and is shed (menstruation) when the level of estrogen begins to decline to a large extent.
	regentsprep.org /Regents/biology/units/reproduction/human.cfm (606 words)

	Menstrual Cycle Dysfunction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The onset of menstrual cycles (menarche) is generally at about 12.7 years of age, with the development of breasts and pubic hair (secondary sex characteristics) usually occurring one or two years earlier.
		A woman is considered to have primary amenorrhea if she has not started menstruating by age 16, or has not yet begun to develop breasts of pubic hair by the age of 14.
		If the cycles do not resume spontaneously in women over 16 years of age, it may be necessary to give replacement hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.
	medicalreporter.health.org /tmr112000/menstrualcycledysfunction.html (1566 words)

	The Reproductive Cycle/ Canine Reproduction Stages - Animal World Network
		The duration of the estrous cycle in a particular dog is fairly consistent over time, but again, there’s a great deal of variability between breeds.
		The walls of the bitch's reproductive tract thicken during proestrus and it’s possible to collect epithelial cells (cells from the uppermost layer of the skin) from the reproductive tract of the bitch with cotton swabs to determine approximately how far along she is in her cycle.
		Progesterone remains high throughout the next two stages of the heat cycle, and is one of the hormones that can be measured to indicate when a bitch is about to ovulate and, therefore, should be bred.
	www.animalworldnetwork.com /btherepcycca.html (953 words)

	Your Guide to the Female Reproductive System
		During menopause the female reproductive system gradually stops making the female hormones necessary for the reproductive cycle to work.
		The function of the external female reproductive structures (the genital) is twofold: To enable sperm to enter the body and to protect the internal genital organs from infectious organisms.
		There are four major hormones (chemicals that stimulate or regulate the activity of cells or organs) involved in the menstrual cycle: follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estrogen, and progesterone.
	www.webmd.com /content/article/51/40619.htm (1153 words)

	Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology of Dairy Cattle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A review of the basic anatomy of the reproductive tract and the estrus cycle will highlight some of the more important principles of sound reproductive health and management, and finally, provide some guidance to the reader on where milk progesterone assay may fit in the scheme of reproductive management of dairy cattle.
		The vulva is the visible external portion of the reproductive tract.
		Blood supply to the reproductive tract is increased and glandular secretion is stimulated yielding a clear viscid mucus which may be observed being discharged from the vulva.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /DS115 (2107 words)

	Natural Gender Selection
		From the onset of menstruation to menopause, every woman’s body prepares for a potential pregnancy according to the particular cycle she is bestowed with.
		The general term female reproductive cycle encompasses the ovarian and uterine cycle, the hormonal changes that regulate them, and the related cyclical changes in the breasts and cervix.
		The duration of the female reproductive cycle is typically between 24 and 36 days, divided into four phases of the menstrual phase, the pre-ovulatory phase, ovulation, and the postovulatory phase.
	www.naturalgenderselection.com /main/reproductive/index.htm (489 words)

	Female Reproductive Cycle
		The female reproductive cycle (see figure 3) is a monthly cycle that begins with menstuation (shedding of the endometrium, or uterine lining) and ending with either pregnancy or the beginning or another menstruation.
		Meanwhile, in the ovary, the cycle of ovulation (see figure 2) is preparing for release of a mature oocyte, or egg.
		Yet if the egg is fertilized by a sperm while traveling down the fallopian tubes and the embyo implants into the wall of the uterus, the future placental tissues secrete chorionic gonadotropin which maintains the corpus luteum.
	www.brown.edu /Courses/BI0032/abortion/femrepcycle.html (403 words)

	Mood Disorders Linked to the Reproductive Cycle in Women
		In addition, events associated with the reproductive cycle are capable of provoking affective changes in predisposed individuals.
		Also, the cyclicity inherent in rapid cycling mood disorders is similar to the presentation of other forms of affective illness, such as those associated with the reproductive cycle.
		An understanding of disorders associated with changes in reproductive hormones, such as premenstrual dysphoric disorder and postpartum depression, can be furthered by the study of these forms of cyclic mood disturbances, in which women predominate.
	www.acnp.org /g4/GN401000101/CH.html (9751 words)

	Estrous cycle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The estrous cycle (also oestrous cycle; originally derived from Latin oestrus) refers to the recurring physiologic changes that are induced by reproductive hormones in most mammalian placental females.
		Humans and some primates, bats, and shrews are the only mammals who undergo a menstrual cycle instead.
		Melatonin may repress stimulation of reproduction in long-day breeders and stimulate reproduction in short-day breeders.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Estrus_cycle (1458 words)

	Reproductive Biology Associates - Comprehensive Infertility Care - Atlanta, Georgia
		The human reproductive process is a complex system dependent on the health of the male and female reproductive organs and hormone systems.
		The female reproductive cycle is dependent on five hormones functioning properly.
		Menstrual cycles may be irregular or absent, or the lining of the uterus may not be properly prepared even if ovulation occurs.
	www.rba-online.com /reproductive_process.asp (1506 words)

	Male and female reproductive cycle of the Jamaican lizard, Anolis opalinus
		A greater percentage of reproductive individuals was found year-round than in any previously described anole from a similar latitude and elevation.
		As a group, measured variables reached their maxima during April-July and minima during Oct.-Nov. The testicular cycle was shifted two months in advance of the wet season, with almost no male reproductive structures correlated with the annual cycle of climatic variables.
		Female reproductive variables reached their greatest levels several months after the male cycle had registered its maxima; no reproductive variables significantly covaried between the sexes.
	www.uga.edu /srel/Reprint/1884.htm (327 words)

	Canine Reproduction Part 1
		Throughout the adult reproductive years of the female, the structural composition and hormonal activity of the ovaries are continually changing.
		Though the above explanation mainly describes the mating stage of the bitch, the normal reproductive cycle of the bitch is comprised of four stages: proestrus, estrus, diestrus, and anestrus.
		Because hormones play an essential role in reproductive development, mating, and maintenance of a pregnancy, it is not surprising that such non-surgical approaches to abort unwanted pregnancies focus on inhibiting or interfering with the intended function of these hormones.
	www.labbies.com /reproduction1.htm (7224 words)

	Female reproductive cycle
		The female reproductive cycle, or menstrual cycle, is characterized by regular, recurring changes in the uterine lining, resulting in menstrual bleeding (menses).
		The first phase of the recurring reproductive cycle is menstrual bleeding.
		Ovulation, as discussed earlier in this section, is the rupture of a primordial follicle with the release of a mature ovum into the fallopian tubes.
	www.tpub.com /corpsman/61.htm (391 words)

	RSC Boston IVF Clinic in Boston - 04 Assisted Reproductive Technology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Monitoring is done to determine the progress of your cycle by evaluating the number of follicles that are developing through vaginal ultrasonography and serial blood samples taken at our office.
		This technique is often used for patients with prior unsuccessful IVF cycles when the female age is over 38, and for eggs with abnormally thick zonae.
		In many situations, especially when a female patient is in her late 30’s and early 40’s, infertility may result from a decrease in ovarian function and a consequent fall in egg quality.
	www.rscboston.com /04_assisted_reproductive_technology.html (1112 words)

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