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Topic: Republic of Siena

	Siena (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Siena was the seat of a Christian bishop by the 5th century.
		In the early 12th century a free commune replaced the earlier aristocratic government; Siena's republic usually worked in political opposition to its great rival, Florence, and was in the 13th century predominantly Ghibelline in opposition to Florence's Guelf position.
		Siena hosts one among the most important italian universities and is an important cultural centre, specially for humanist disciplines.
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/s/si/siena.html (489 words)

	Siena - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Siena's republic, struggling internally between nobles and the popular party, usually worked in political opposition to its great rival, Florence, and was in the 13th century predominantly Ghibelline in opposition to Florence's Guelph position (the backdrop for Dante's Commedia).
		Siena's university, founded in 1203 and famed for its faculties of law and medicine, is still among the most important Italian universities.
		Siena's train station is located at the bottom of a long hill, and travellers with luggage should look for a taxi or bus (from the stop opposite the station).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Siena (2111 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Siena
		Meanwhile the petty Ghibelline lords of the Maremma laid waste the territory of the republic, despite the mediation of Pope Nicholas III.
		Internal discords among the principal families, the recurrence in Siena of the conflicts between the Bianchi (whites) and Neri (fls), for which the city was excommunicated by Clement V, the seditions of the butchers, doctors, and notaries, fomented by the nobles excluded from the government, failed to displace the Guelph merchants.
		The suffragans of Siena are Chiusi and Pienza, Grosseto, Massa Marittima, Sovana, and Pitigliano.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13779a.htm (2806 words)

	Province of Siena - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Siena (Italian: Provincia di Siena) is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy.
		Historically, the province corresponds to the former republic of Siena.
		Apart from the city of Siena the principal towns are Poggibonsi, Colle di Val d'Elsa, San Gimignano and Montepulciano.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Province_of_Siena (198 words)

	St. Catherine of Siena - Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon
		Nevertheless she made such a profound impression upon the mind of the pope, that, in spite of the opposition of the French king and almost the whole of the Sacred College, he returned to Rome (17 January, 1377).
		Catherine spent the greater part of 1377 in effecting a wonderful spiritual revival in the country districts subject to the Republic of Siena, and it was at this time that she miraculously learned to write, though she still seems to have chiefly relied upon her secretaries for her correspondence.
		The emblems by which she is known in Christian art are the lily and book, the crown of thorns, or sometimes a heart-referring to the legend of her having changed hearts with Christ.
	www.heiligenlexikon.de /CatholicEncyclopedia/Katharina_von_Siena.html (1241 words)

	Siena history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The characteristic symbols of Siena are the “balzana” (a fl and white shield) and the she-wolf breast-feeding twins, the same emblem as Rome.
		In the VIII century, Charles Magnus defeated the Longobards and Siena passed under French rule: Siennese nobility was born from the core of noble Longobard and French families.
		In the XIII century, Siena became a true urban centre, thriving in the economic, political and artistic fields: the first banks and the important hospital St. Maria della Scala were born during this period.
	www.dantealighieri.com /siena_history.htm (582 words)

	St. Catherine of Siena. 1347-1380.
		Catherine, one of the twenty-five children of Giacome Benincasa, a dyer of Siena, was born in 1347 and died in 1380.
		In 1368 there was a great revolution in Siena, and we now first hear of Catherine, aged twenty-one, as employed as peacemaker between various factions and persons, and of her addressing two thousand people in the streets, cohorting them to peace.
		A letter from her to the magistrates of Siena, in answer to one from them complaining of the length of her visit to the noble family of Salimbene, is extremely interesting, as showing the jealousy that existed between classes.
	digital.library.upenn.edu /women/eagle/congress/pelham.html (1381 words)

	Short Story of University of Siena (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The city of Siena realised that the University was a very important cultural and political hub, one that should be safeguarded.
		After the fall of the Republic of Siena in 1555, the city authorities ask their conquerors, the Medici, to preserve the academy.
		Siena perceived this as a declaration of war and was backed immediately by a general tradesmen’s strike, the intervention of all of the town’s institutions and by a genuine uprising of the population — all of which induced to minister to withdraw the project.
	www.unisi.it /english/storiaint_en01-02.htm (770 words)

	Tuscany Charming :::...::: Cities of Tuscany - Siena
		The civilization and culture of Siena are the fruit of this integration, manifested today not only in the evocative medieval appearance of the city but also in the enchanting landscape of the surrounding territory, which was shaped not only by the remarkable achievements of the finest Sienese artists but also by centuries of daily labor.
		From the late thirteenth to the early sixteenth century, Siena (even though in 1559 it lost its autonomy and was absorbed into the Grand Duchy of Tuscany) benefited from the activity of painters, sculptors, and architects of the highest level, who shaped the current face of the city and of its surrounding territory.
		Moving out from Siena and traveling south along the ancient route of the Via Francigena, we come to town after town that once were part of the State of Siena and today preserve their treasures in small but delightful museums.
	www.tuscany-charming.it /en/places/siena.asp (1170 words)

	Siena - Tuscany - Italy
		Siena is also the home of Siena Jazz School, which hosts the summer Jazz Concert.
		Siena's republic, struggling internally between nobles and the popular party, usually worked in political opposition to its great rival, Florence, and was in the 13th century predominantly Ghibelline in opposition to Florence's Guelph position.
		Siena rivalled Florence in the arts through the 13th and 14th centuries: the important late medieval painter Duccio (1253—1319) was a Senese but worked across the peninsula.
	www.italyworldclub.com /toscana/siena/siena.htm (469 words)

	Rick Steves' Europe: Siena and Assisi: Italy's Grand Hill Towns
		It was an autonomous republic, and this was its "declaration of independence"…the tallest secular medieval tower in Italy.
		Siena's claim to caloric fame, panforte is a chewy local delicacy that impresses even fruitcake haters.
		To Roberto, Siena is the fountainhead of all civilization.
	www.ricksteves.com /tvr/sienarse204_scr.htm (3074 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Duccio was able to draw from sources outside Siena as well: from the combination of linear stylization and Hellenistic types that characterized the illustrations of books imported from Constantinople and also from contemporary French Gothic miniatures, with their lively tone and lyrical, animated stylizations of clothing and gesture.
		Numerous documents attest to Duccio's action in Siena during the 20 years following the creation of the "Madonna Rucellai." He was by now the leading painter of the city and as such executed in 1302 an altarpiece, now lost, for the altar of the chapel of the Palazzo Pubblico, the city hall.
		On June 9, 1311, the whole populace of Siena, headed by the clergy and civil administration of the city, gathered at the artist's workshop to receive the finished masterpiece.
	emsh.calarts.edu /alumni/bkeresey/duccio.html (1619 words)

	St. Catherine of Siena. Sculpture Gallery by Johm M Soderberg
		Dominican Tertiary, born in Siena, 25 March, 1347; died at Rome, 29 April, 1380 at the age of 33.
		Catherine spent the greater part of 1377 in effecting a spiritual revival in the country districts subject to the Republic of Siena, and it was at this time that she miraculously learned to write, though she still seems to have chiefly relied upon her secretaries for her correspondence.
		The emblems by which she is known in Christian art are the lily, olive branch and book, the crown of thorns, or sometimes a heart — referring to the legend of her having changed hearts with Christ.
	www.johnsoderberg.com /gallery.php?sc=8 (1235 words)

	::: Telecities :::
		The Palio is Siena’s soul: the passions which it arouses and the wild displays it evokes, bring to the surface unsuspected emotions, never broken bonds; ties and images of the past are still alive to this day.
		Siena is also the heart of Tuscany: here life seems to have no time, the Middle Ages and the Third Millunnium live in an unsual equilibrium; S.
		Montalcino was the last village under the domination of the Siena’s Republic.
	www.comune.siena.it /telecities/tours2.html (596 words)

	Feast Of St. Catherine - St. Catherine of Siena Roman Catholic Church, Portsmouth, NH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		When another vision commanded her to enter the 'public life of the world', Saint Catherine entered into correspondence with the princes and republics of Italy, was consulted by papal legates about the affairs of the Church, and began working to repair the damage of civil war and religious factions in her country.
		It was chiefly her letters, advice, and persistence that finally convinced Saint Gregory XI to leave Avignon and return to Rome, to reform the clergy and administration of the Papal States, and to call for a Crusade to regain Jerusalem from the Muslim infidels.
		She spent most of a year bringing about a spiritual revival in the Republic of Siena, and began to gather about her a group of disciples, desiring to follow her example and live in love.
	www.st-catherine.com /catherine_feast.htm (1418 words)

	[No title]
		Florentines, to make their peace; but, either through the bad faith of the republic or through a misunderstanding caused by the frequent changes in its government, she was unsuccessful.
		Republic of Siena, and it was at this time that she
		Pope Urban VI with the Roman Republic (1380).
	www.brokenartgallery.com /USA/addguest2f.htm (1760 words)

	Weddings in Florence,Italy and Tuscany Wedding Planner - Receptions in Historical Villas Tuscany
		Siena is one of the most fascinating and romantic towns of Tuscany.
		The Palazzo, once housed the Podestà and the Council, is made of red brick (typical of Siena) with a travertine base and presents the image of a fortress.
		Civil ceremonies are performed in the beautiful “Sala del Concistoro”, used for political meetings during the Republic of Siena.
	www.happening.it /venues/siena.php (464 words)

	Franciscan Friars T.O.R. - St. Bernardine of Sienna
		Bernardine was born in Massa Marittima on September 8, 1380 where his father Tollo Albizzeschi, in 1377, had been sent to as a Governor of the Republic of Siena.
		He loved his home town Siena and it was also he who gave rise to many a good law adopted by the Republic of Siena.
		A visit to the most significant places of St. Bernardine in Siena may not exclude the 13th century seat of the Compagnia dei Disciplinati della Beata Virgine Maria which is located under the vaults of the Hospital Societa di Esecurtori di Pie Disposizioni entrance from the Cathedral square.
	www.franciscanfriarstor.com /friars/St_Bernardine_Monastery/stf_st_bernadine_of_sienna_the_saint.htm (608 words)

	Comune di Scansano
		The castle of Petreto was mentioned for the first time in writings, which date back to 1274, about the occasion of the division between the two branches of the Counts Aldobrandeschi (Earl of Saint Fiora and of Sovana) and it was submitted to the dominion of the Earl of Saint Fiora.
		Transformed in Franciscan oratory, the castle was subdued to the Republic of Siena in 1339.
		The counts of Montorgiali, who were at first vassals of the Aldobrandeschi, in 1224 sided with Siena and supported expensive wars that forced them, to face the expenses, to cede the rights of some properties among which Castiglioncello and its relative district.
	www.comune.scansano.gr.it /luoghi_eng.htm (555 words)

	Castle of S.Giovanni d'Asso \| Siena
		Located at the top of a hill, overlooking the Asso River valley, this castle is probably to be included amongst the properties belonging to the Imperial Officers, however in the ancient times it was the seat of a rural Etruscan settlement.
		The castle was object of debate between the Bishops of Arezzo and Siena, then was sacked by Ghibellines in 1315.
		The fortified structure, completely built in bricks, consist of two parts, one much older with the characteristic of a fortress with bastionated walls, turrets and some remnants of crenellation, the other with the appearance of an urban palace with single light, mullioned windows with gothic arches and a huge courtyard.
	www.castellitoscani.com /asso.htm (290 words)

	Siena Italy Castles - Minisuite in a Castle Siena Italy Rentals
		The visitor approaching from Siena will be able to spot this Medieval castle from far away, perched on the top of the hill, towering above the Tuscan countryside.
		Originally the castle was built as a fortress of the Republic of Siena and was involved in the battles fought between Siena, ruled by the Guelfi family, and Florence, dominated by the Ghibellini family.
		After the fall of the Sienese Republic in 1555 it was finally occupied by Cosimo de Medicis’s troops.
	www.goin2travel.com /minisuite.htm (832 words)

	Saint Catherine of Siena
		Catherine was born in Siena, Italy on March 25, 1347 to an enormous lower middle-class family; she was one of twenty-five children.
		These visions culminated in a prolonged trance, a kind of "mystical death," in which she had both a vision of hell, purgatory, and heaven and heard a divine command to leave her cell and enter the public life of the world.
		Nevertheless, she made such a strong impression upon the pope, that, in spite of the opposition of the French king and almost the entire Sacred College, he returned to Rome on January 17, 1377.
	www.3op.org /stcatherine.php (915 words)

	Monte dei Paschi di Siena Foundation - Historical notes
		This is the context in which Siena’s Monte di Pietà was founded in 1472 by the Magistrates of the Republic of Siena, independently of any direct or indirect action on the part of the Franciscans.
		To meet the pressing needs of the city’s economy, the Balìa di Siena (the principal body of local government) deliberated the establishment of "another Monte" to complement the existing one and perform the functions of a proper bank.
		The new institution called Monte dei Paschi di Siena was created by a vote of the Magistrates and people of Siena, with Grand-Ducal rescript, on 30 December 1622 and subsequently established as a foundation on 2 November 1624.
	www.fondazionemps.it /eng/cenni_storici.asp?id=2 (549 words)

	Romantic Tuscany
		Radicofani, small centre in the province of Siena at the border between Tuscany, Umbria and Lazio is easily reached from the S.S. 2 Cassia.
		The fortress, placed along the Via Francigena, was contended, throughout the centuries, between the Pontifical State, the Republic of Siena and Florence.
		Later the fort became the possession of the Republic of Siena and finally in 1559 of Cosimo I Grand Duke of Tuscany.
	www.waytuscany.net /rooten/via_bacio_850.htm (337 words)

	Torrita di Siena (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Torrita di Siena has exploited its position at the hearth of the Valdichiana transforming its economy from an agricultural base, at one time the sole activity of the population, to industry and crafts.
		In 1554 it was definitively occupied by Imperial troops whose coat of arms (the lion with three spears) was fixed to the tower of the Tower Hall in place of that of the Medici.
		THE CHURCH OF THE MADONNA DELLE FONTI A GIANO: situated on the road linking Torrita di Siena with Sinalunga, this church was built in 1665, shown in a Latin inscription, in memory of the miracles which took place near the image of the Madonna delle Fonti found on the remains of an eternal spring.
	www.ctnet.it /torrita/uk-index.htm (1019 words)

	Siena The Museo Civico Siena Online ® Siena Tuscany tourist guide to the city of Siena Tuscany Italy siena museo ...
		Access to the Museo Civico, the city museum of Siena, is from the superbly proportioned gothic courtyard of the Palazzo Pubblico.
		Immediately to the right is the Sala del Mappamondo, formerly used as the meeting room for the General Council of the Republic of Siena.
		• Siena and Southern Chianti - from the Castle of Montalto to the Castle of Brolio and on to the Castle of Meleto
	www.sienaonline.com /siena_museo_civico.html (941 words)

	1525 - Siena - Accademia degli Intronati - History of Scholarly Societies
		This date is supported by a brief history page on the Accademia, where we also read that it was considered a continuation of an academy in Siena in the previous century (the 15th century), which was called "la Grande".
		The reason for their name is that they wished to distance themselves from the noises of the world, by which they felt stunned, or dazed, in order that they might cultivate literature.
		Its activity was interrupted during the last years of the republic of Siena.
	www.scholarly-societies.org /history/1525ai.html (320 words)

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