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Topic: Republican motherhood

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	MSU Law WLC Newsletter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		The Republican Mother was to encourage her son's civic interest and participation (Kerber 1980, 283).
		Adams is also one of the earliest examples of Republican Motherhood because she had very little formal education which was later encouraged of young ladies.
		Republican Motherhood was a very important step for women towards the public sphere.
	www.law.msu.edu /students/wlc/the_caucus_march02.html (844 words)

	mm1595.htm
		Paradoxically, identifying motherhood as the natural destiny of all women could only increase the level of anxiety which the French felt in the face of declining fertility, because those professing this opinion would be forced to admit that "nature" was insufficiently self-regulating with regard to women's fertility.
		Republican feminists had argued that the government should address depopulation by recognizing the social importance of motherhood and granting women political rights to accompany their maternal responsibilities.
		Republican doctors, demographers, and politicians disagreed over whether to address the crisis by helping the fathers of large legitimate families or whether, as the solidarists preferred, to help mothers directly, regardless of whether their children were legitimate or not.
	www3.uakron.edu /hfrance/archives/mm1595.htm (1117 words)

	Republicanism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Republicanism is the ideology of governing a nation as a republic, with an emphasis on Liberty and rule by the people.
		While republicanism is incompatible with a powerful monarchy, it is compatible with a constitutional monarch holding symbolic roles (as in modern Britain, Canada and Japan).
		All republicans rejected inherited elites and aristocracies, but the question was open whether the republic, in order to restrain unchecked majority rule, should have an unelected upper chamber, the members perhaps appointed meritorious experts, or should have a constitutional monarch.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Republicanism (5417 words)

	Essay 1: Revolutionary Ideals, Republican Failures
		Republicanism promised a relief from the bonds of servitude to a hierarchy.
		The education afforded to women in the interest of Republican Motherhood provided women with the abilities to "be better wives, rational household managers, and better mothers for the next generation of virtuous republican citizens-especially sons" (The Republican Mother; Women’s America 117).
		Aside from Republican Motherhood, which only allowed education in the interest of helping men and sons, the lives of women socially remained essentially unchanged and untouched by the reforms of independence.
	www.nd.edu /~gbederma/History469/Bellpaper1.html (2013 words)

	Historically Speaking: An Interview with Mary Beth Norton, in Volume 3 (2000) of The Journal for MultiMedia History.
		It was also one of the very, in fact it generated the idea of republican motherhood.
		And this is the theme of republican motherhood that what women do in the republic is they raise good republican sons who can go on to keep the republic alive.
		One of the key issues in America at this time is the belief in that fragility of the republican system of government and the belief of the rising generation is absolutely crucial to the maintenance of that government.
	www.albany.edu /jmmh/vol3/norton/norton.html (5286 words)

	The Vermont Connection : University of Vermont
		Within the family of the early 1800s, the mother’s primary responsibility was to educate her children to be citizens exemplifying a high standard of moral character.
		Republican motherhood was considered extremely patriotic, for women who dedicated themselves to teaching virtue within the family contributed to the moral character of the nation (Rouse, 1995).
		Although many Americans today might view the early nineteenth-century concept of republican motherhood as one of many components perpetuating a patriarchal society, the beginnings of women’s higher education developed from this social ideal of motherhood.
	www.uvm.edu /~vtconn/?Page=v21/claxton.html (3512 words)

	Republican motherhood - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The concept of "republican motherhood" arose during and after the American Revolution in the 13 colonies (later, the United States of America).
		Republican motherhood developed between 1760 and 1800 but extended well into the 19th century.
		Historians are divided on the question of whether republican motherhood implied that women were on a path towards political equality at the founding of the United States, or whether it signified a new but subservient role for women in the new republic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Republican_motherhood (418 words)

	After her victory in the French and Indian War (1756-63), Britain sought to reorganize its empire and to implement a ...
		It is only logical then that the effects this policital creed triggered in reality were sometimes inconsistent with the propounded body of ideas and themselves remained subject to nagging questions.
		At one time or another almost every Whig patriot took or was given the name of an ancient republican hero, and classical references and allusions run through much of the colonists’ writings, both public and private.
		Republicanism for Jefferson had a different meaning than it has for us today, and the re-interpretation of this utopian concept will continue as long as the term remains emphatically meaningful for the people who employ it.
	dc-mrg.english.ucsb.edu /WarnerTeach/E232/Student/Rosenstock.Wood.htm (755 words)

	[No title]
		A fundamental change in the definition of republicanism emerges among the nation's elite that transforms the United States from being a country founded on anti-imperial beliefs to one that embraces imperialism.
		Young women were prepared for republican motherhood—to aid the schools in the education of their sons.
		As the definers of republicanism approached a new age, one thing was clear to them—the United States had now emerged as an imperial empire, one that would forever be committed to world affairs.
	www.eiu.edu /~historia/2001/republicanism.htm (1971 words)

	The Origins of Women's Activism: New York and Boston, 1797-1840, by Anne M. Boylan. Introduction.
		Evangelical women themselves, drawn to republican motherhood by its affirmations of female virtue, indeed its "conflation of the virtuous with the feminine" (as Ruth Bloch put it), effectively blended republican and evangelical representations into a broadened compass of womanhood that permitted both individual and collective means of civic action.
		In explaining how the marriage of evangelicalism and republicanism worked, I focus on the simultaneous emergence of women's organizations and new domestic ideals, and the "turn" that many groups took toward evangelical goals during the crucial years between 1810 and 1820.
		Moreover, the radical potential of a republican femininity based on equality instead of subordination never fully disappeared, and by the 1830s it had reemerged in both secular and religious guises.
	www.ibiblio.org /uncpress/chapters/boylan_origins.html (4681 words)

	"A Larger Motherhood is Required:" The Development of a Female Reform Tradition in Nineteenth-Century America
		The ideology of 'Republican Motherhood' was bolstered, in the early nineteenth century, by Protestant clergymen who gradually began to perceive that women could be their allies in the battle against the increasing secularization of society.
		While a number of historians have seen this domestic ideology as isolating and confining for middle-class women, because it restricted them to the limited roles of housewife and mother within their own homes, more recent scholarship has suggested that this was not the case[20].
		Moreover, the ideology of 'Republican Motherhood' was used to justify a demand for women's education, as educational reformers both male and female argued that women needed to be properly educated themselves in order to educate their sons.
	www.le.ac.uk /hi/teaching/papers/clapp2.html (6422 words)

	Peitho (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		True Womanhood was “somewhat similar” to Republican Motherhood, in that its proponents saw woman’s social role as centered in the home, as P.
		In contrast, Republican Motherhood, as presented by Kerber, emphasized women’s political roles, positioning women as a force in promoting the new nation’s material and spiritual prosperity.
		Tarbell, too, imbues her model of womanhood with political significance, imparting economic significance to each characteristic emphasized by Kerber—self-reliance, literacy, disregard for frivolous fashion, and fulfillment of a political unction centered on citizen’s education.
	www.unm.edu /~cwshrc/peitho/peitho7_2.htm (5000 words)

	Historians, Women, and the Revolution - Kerber's Women of the Republic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		However, Kerber’s creation of a republican motherhood that supposedly pushed women beyond the domestic environment is unconvincing.
		Before the American Revolution, it was not the republican motherhood that was the motivator for women; it was the need to survive and to support children in a patriarchal society.
		Furthermore, she fails to convince readers that political aficionados of the era found luxury, effeminacy, and corruption to be female qualities that a “good republican ought to avoid” (p.
	workingpapers.org /students/kerber_women_of_the_republic.htm (1438 words)

	Gustafson/Women and the Republican Party 1854-1924. Chapter 1
		Republicans had chosen Abraham Lincoln of Illinois and Hannibal Hamlin of Maine as their presidential and vice-presidential candidates at the May national convention in Chicago, and a platform had been agreed upon.
		The political culture of late-eighteenth-century republicanism, specifically what historians call Republican motherhood, regarded women as embodiments of virtue with an obligation to use their status as wives and mothers to help a new generation of virtuous citizens flourish.
		Republican strategists were so afraid that John Frémont would say the wrong thing during the campaign that they made Jessie Frémont a key member of a committee "entrusted with the task of preventing any gaffes" by the candidate.
	www.press.uillinois.edu /epub/books/gustafson/ch1.html (13242 words)

	The Pew Charitable Trusts News Room
		Another piece of evidence for the potential appeal of the Republican frontrunners is the support they draw from political independents--the group that was so eager for political change in 2006, and played a decisive role in the Republican congressional defeat.
		Indeed, Republicans in Pew's survey placed themselves very close to President Bush on the liberal-conservative continuum and quite a bit to the right of where they placed the candidates they now say they are most likely to support for the Republican nomination.
		The message of the horse race polls for the Republican Party may be that while McCain, and Giuliani might be perceived as insufficiently conservative for a majority of GOP voters, ultimately only they, or someone else with centrist appeal, may be able to hold off the broad advantage the Democrats have going into this election.
	newsroom.pewtrusts.org /2007/05/the_republicans_cant_possibly.html (1065 words)

	[No title]
		By insisting that motherhood was a patriotic service as valuable as producing ammunition, child welfare advocates revived the concept of "republican motherhood" and gave it new meaning.
		Motherhood need not excuse women from the obligation to engage in war work, for wartime day care centers could care for children while women went into defense plants.
		She did not accept the maternalist argument that motherhood was women's only contribution to the state: rather, she argued that women's civic obligations were similar to men's.
	www.oah.org /meetings/1997/rose.htm (9273 words)

	Gustafson/Women and the Republican Party 1854-1924. Chapter 2
		Republican leaders' ability to ignore women's rights at the national level as they rewrote the Constitution to protect the rights of African-American men led some women suffragists to attempt to generate support for their cause at the state level.
		Her enthusiasm about the Republican plank (and she could not help but note the irony of it being the fourteenth plank of the platform) is evident in her correspondence to other suffragists during the campaign.
		Republican women saw no reason to ignore the fact that Lucy Hayes was a temperance supporter, and they cheered her during the campaign and applauded the announcement after Hayes's election that the president and new first lady would not serve alcohol in the White House.
	www.press.uillinois.edu /epub/books/gustafson/ch2.html (12513 words)

	The Limits of Republican Citizenship
		They were labeled inferior or lacking in republican virtue, and thus unable because of gender or race to assume full citizenship in a republic.
		Another ideology that proved useful for the early republican period was that of the intellectual inferiority of Africans.
		This new idea about the frail nature of women, caught on during the early republican period, and women were assigned the gentle role of "developing and maintaining the virtue of the citizenry not as citizens themselves, but through their influence upon men, principally as wives, but also as mothers" (Lewis, 1994, p.
	www.flowofhistory.org /themes/american_republic/limits.php (3886 words)

	Public Virtue, Public Vices: On Republicanism and the Tavern (Copyright KcM 2001-2006)
		In other words, when the Rush republicans who, increasingly concerned about the “aroused citizenry they had helped to create,” later decried the vices of the tavern, they were fighting an uphill battle against the very public institution that had made both the Revolution and the ascent of republican ideas possible in the first place.
		Third, and perhaps one of most interesting facets of the interplay between public houses and republicanism as examined by Conroy, is the role played by women in bringing an end to tavern life.
		Drawing on Linda Kerber’s concept of “republican motherhood,” which argues that republican ideology dictated that women “become the nurturers and instructors of virtuous republican citizens in the home, architects of a new domesticity,” and Richard Bushman’s study of the rise of gentility in The Refinement of America, Conroy argues that:
	www.kevincmurphy.com /RepublicanTavern4.html (509 words)

	A SAMPLE HISTORIOGRAPHY
		But Republican Motherhood gave women their own province, one both significant to the building of the new nation and powerful in the regulation of its morality.
		Republican motherhood had another effect, however: it placed women's greatest value to the nation in the domestic sphere.
		Republican Motherhood was thus both a step forward and a step back for women.
	www.wooster.edu /History/ktaylor/historiography.html (1232 words)

	Benjamin Rush and Women's Education
		As was the case with most of the elite "Founding Fathers," his republicanism traced its roots, not to modern ideas of social equality and majority rule, but to the pre-revolutionary world of the eighteenth-century British Empire.
		The republican ideology of the Revolution led the now-independent citizens to insist on virtue in their government.
		Such republican beliefs inspired the development of educational plans all over the country to serve the national interest by educating both boys and girls.
	chronicles.dickinson.edu /johnandmary/JMJVolume13/campbell.htm (3773 words)

	Jay Kleinberg, Women in American Society 1820-1920 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		The pious, pure, submissive, and domestic woman built a private world to which men could return from their day’s labours in the countinghouse secure in the knowledge that religion, the home, and the children were being looked after.
		Motherhood became central to women’s endeavours and provided the vocabulary and conceptual framework for their efforts.
		Motherhood provided scope for women to act from their position of inferiority to achieve domestic bliss.
	www.baas.ac.uk /resources/pamphlets/pamphdets.asp?id=20 (18958 words)

	Susanna Rowsonís novel Charlotte Temple addresses social concerns regarding sexual relations, marriage, and ...
		The rise of the belief in sensibility and notions of the Republican mother created a conflicting need for women to value their emotions as a source of knowledge and, at the same time, to develop their own moral fortitude and independence of thought.
		Sensibility, and a criticism of the over-emphasis of emotion, lurks within Rowson’s passage, and her rejection of love and romance highlights the changes in women’s roles as Republican wives and mothers from the emotionally and physically "weaker sex" into women of high morals and strength expected to nurture virtuous families.
		This type of motherhood relied upon women as "wives and mothers who were well-informed, ‘properly methodical,’ and free of ‘invidious and rancorous passions’" (Kerber 118).
	www.nd.edu /~gbederma/History469/Sellerspaper1.html (1776 words)

	Similar Essays on abigail adams, republican motherhood
		Abigail Adams Abigail Adams, born in Weymouth in 1744 and died in 1818, was an intelligent and modern woman, whose life formed a large window on society that saw the “birth and maturation of the United States” (Akers, 1).
		In Buchi Emecheta’s “The Joys of Motherhood” novel, the main character, Nnu Ego shows what it means to be a woman and a mother in Nigerian society.
		Morrison explores motherhood, as tainted by the institution of slavery.
	www.freeforessays.com /free_search/abigail_adams,_republican_motherhood/1.html (1130 words)

	Benjamin Rush
		Beginning in the 1780s and 1790s, a number of men and women began to suggest a possible for role for women in the new republic-- the Republican Mother.
		Although they could not vote, women could shape the future of the nation by raising good republican sons and influencing their husbands.
		Republican Motherhood still focused on women's domestic role, but it offered them status and a way to participate in politics by training others for citizenship.
	fsweb.berry.edu /academic/hass/csnider/berry/hum200/rush.htm (1871 words)

	The Origins of Women's Activism: New York and Boston, 1797-1840, by Anne M. Boylan. Introduction. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Evangelical women themselves, drawn to republican motherhood by its affirmations of female virtue, indeed its "conflation of the virtuous with the feminine" (as Ruth Bloch put it), effectively blended republican and evangelical representations into a broadened compass of womanhood that permitted both individual and collective means of civic action.
		In explaining how the marriage of evangelicalism and republicanism worked, I focus on the simultaneous emergence of women's organizations and new domestic ideals, and the "turn" that many groups took toward evangelical goals during the crucial years between 1810 and 1820.
		Moreover, the radical potential of a republican femininity based on equality instead of subordination never fully disappeared, and by the 1830s it had reemerged in both secular and religious guises.
	www.uncpress.unc.edu /chapters/boylan_origins.html (4681 words)

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