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Topic: Reserve clause

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	Reserve clause - BR Bullpen
		The reserve clause was (and is) a clause in player contracts that bound a player to a single team for a long term, even if the individual contracts he signed nominally covered only one season.
		The clause was widely believed to have been overturned in the 1970s, but in practice young players are still bound for up to 12 years (6 in the minors and 6 in the majors) before they have free agent rights.
		Because the reserve clause didn't explicitly state that it would be applied to the season played without a signed contract, he had to accept the players' interpretation that the clause only extended for one season and not in perpetuity.
	www.baseball-reference.com /bullpen/Reserve_clause (2012 words)

	Reserve clause - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The reserve clause is a term formerly employed in North American professional sports contracts.
		Most important were the establishment of the principles that items such as the reserve clause were a legitimate basis for negotiation in collective bargaining between players and owners, and also that the historic baseball antitrust exemption was valid for it only and not applicable to any other sport.
		Removing the reserve clause from player contracts became the primary goal of negotiations between the Major League Baseball Players Association and the owners; this was eventually accomplished and has led to the modern baseball era of free agency and high player salaries.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reserve_clause (802 words)

	Reserve activation clause - Memory Alpha, the Star Trek Wiki
		The reserve activation clause was a Starfleet regulation which was in force during the 2270s.
		Described as "little-known" and "seldom-used," the clause provided for the recall of a discharged or retired Starfleet officer to active duty in response to a crisis or emergency.
		In 2271, Fleet Admiral Nogura, at the request of Rear Admiral James T. Kirk, recalled Leonard McCoy to active duty in the Starfleet using the reserve activation clause.
	memory-alpha.org /en/wiki/Reserve_activation_clause (188 words)

	Curt Flood - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Believing that Major League Baseball's decades-old reserve clause was unfair in that it kept players beholden to the team with whom they originally signed for life, even though players had satisfied the terms and conditions of those contracts.
		Even though Flood was making $90,000 at the time, he likened the reserve clause to slavery.
		Ironically, even though Curt Flood lost the lawsuit, the reserve clause was struck down in 1975.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Curt_Flood (1112 words)

	NationMaster.com - Encyclopedia: Reserve clause (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Commerce Clause has been the subject of intense constitutional and political disagreement centering on the extent to...
		In North American professional sports, particularly baseball, football, and basketball, a free agent is a team player whose contract with a team has expired, and the player is able to sign a contract with another team.
		The term came into wide use after sports leagues stopped using a "reserve clause", which provided a repetitive option for the club to renew the contract for one more year, but did not allow the player to terminate his relationship with the team.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Reserve-clause (1935 words)

	HickokSports.com - History - The Reserve Clause
		Yet the clause remained in the standard player's contract until 1975, mainly because owners resisted any far-reaching court decision on the reserve clause, and no player was willing to push far enough to get such a decision.
		When a new Basic Agreement was signed in July of 1976, it freed players from the reserve clause after six years of major league experience and established a re-entry draft at the end of each season for players who could no longer be reserved by their teams.
		The reserve clause is still included in the standard player's contract, but it has lost most of its force because of free agency and arbitration.
	www.hickoksports.com /history/reservec.shtml (863 words)

	Reserve clause: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The reserve clause is a term formerly employed in North American North America quick summary:
		Article i, section 8, clause 3 of the united states constitution, known as the commerce clause, empowers the united states congress "to regulate commerce...
		Most important were the establishment of the principles that items such as the reserve clause were a legitimate basis for negotiation in collective bargaining collective bargaining quick summary:
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/r/re/reserve_clause.htm (1963 words)

	University Times Senate Matters
		In essence, the reserve clause, present in the contract of every player in professional baseball, provided that the team holding the contract had exclusive right to the services of the player.
		The key element of the reserve clause was that, even when the contract term ended, the clause remained in effect.
		The reserve clause is now dead except to the extent such limitations are allowed by the collective bargaining agreements between the teams and the players' unions.
	www.pitt.edu /utimes/issues/34/020516/senate.html (1096 words)

	The Harvard Crimson :: News :: Profit-Sharing and the National Pastime
		The issue, of course, is the reserve clause, a term that has been bandied about on the sports pages with nearly the same frequency as Watergate has on the news pages.
		The reserve clause is a term used to define the set of provisions pertaining to player retention.
		the reserve clause results in something resembling peonage of the baseball player...it is shockingly repugnant to moral principles that, at least since the War Between the States, have been basic in America.
	www.thecrimson.com /article.aspx?ref=107275 (2324 words)

	Workers World Sept. 12, 2002: Baseball players up against billionaire cartel
		In 1949, Brooklyn Dodgers executive Branch Rickey said the reserve clause was criticized only by "persons of Communist tendencies" who "deeply resent the continuance of our national pastime." In 1976 an arbitrator ruled that these contracts were illegal and that all baseball players were to be free agents after one year.
		The reserve clause was dead, but the owners have been trying to resurrect it in another form ever since.
		The arbitration decision against the reserve clause would never have happened in earlier decades; it would also be unlikely today in the current reactionary political atmosphere.
	www.workers.org /ww/2002/baseball0912.php (1898 words)

	ipedia.com: Reserve clause Article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Players, by now many of them members of minority groups, began to see the reserve clause as a virtual form of involuntary servitude -- slavery.
		Most important were that items such as the reserve clause were a legitimate basis for negotiation in collective bargaining between players and owners, and also that the baseball antitrust exemption was valid for it only and not applicable to any other sport.
		It is unlikely that the owners will give up this leverage without a concession from the players in return, such as a "luxury tax" on high payrolls or some variation of an overall salary cap.
	www.ipedia.com /reserve_clause.html (709 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		With the advent of the reserve clause, players had no choice but to play for the team with which they were currently signed.
		Disgruntled that he was powerless to affect his professional destiny, Flood challenged the reserve clause in court, arguing that it was a mechanism for depressing player salaries and denying the player the freedom to choose his employer.
		One-year contracts, which were almost always the case during the reserve clause era, place more of the risk on the player, since his income is not guaranteed for a period of time longer than a year.
	www.amherst.edu /~econ/major/SteveCollinsThesis.doc (6894 words)

	O'Reilly -- Royalty Reserve Policy
		My take on this is that the reserve accounts are monies held in reserve by the publisher so that the author is covering returns of books.
		Therefore, in many instances, publishers place a clause in their contracts informing the author that a reserve account will be held on the sales of their books.
		Holding a royalty reserve is by and large a fair system due to the fact that the author gets exactly (and sometimes more than) what he or she has earned.
	www.oreilly.com /pub/a/oreilly/ask_tim/2002/reserve_accts_0802.html (1093 words)

	Natural Heritage Trust of Australia Bill 1996 (Bills Digest, no. 110, 1995-96)
		Clause 19 inserts a requirement that prior to any amount being debited from the Reserve and given to a State, there must be a written agreement between the Commonwealth and the State.
		Clause 20 is similar to Clause 19 in that it requires a written agreement between the Commonwealth and a person or other body (other than a State), prior to the grant of financial assistance being given from the Reserve.
		Clause 25 provides that if a grant of financial assistance had been made from the Reserve and is repaid or partially repaid, the repayment will be transferred back into the Reserve.
	www.aph.gov.au /library/Pubs/bd/1995-96/96bd110.htm (2494 words)

	Daily
		Curt Flood may not have won his court case, but the aftereffects weighed heavily on the baseball world as the reserve clause was now being publicly scrutinized.
		Association leader Marvin Miller and the players wanted to ensure that a judge could not conclude that since the sides did not dispute the reserve system in their bargaining settlement the players were fine with it.
		Strangely enough, though the owners insisted that the reserve clause allowed them to renew a players contract as long as that player wished to play major league baseball, they had never allowed a player to go unsigned for one complete year.
	www.thefanview.com /baseball/base032305.html (967 words)

	Hotel & Motel Management: Negotiating replacement reserve helps cash-flow issues
		Some lenders, such as those providing commercial mortgage backed securities, have limited flexibility in negotiating replacement reserve escrow levels because their ability to resell the loans to end buyers is dependent on getting the debt rated by a credit-rating agency, such as Moody's or Standard and Poor's.
		The ability to negotiate this one clause might be the determining reason to borrow from an institution, as opposed to a CMBS loan reseller.
		Secondly, a major replacement reserve clause is the definition of exactly what you are able to draw money out to cover.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3072/is_21_219/ai_n9480811 (415 words)

	Labor Scope, Part l
		Players were indentured servants to their teams – bound by the “reserve” clause in their contract to be employed by their team, and only by their team for the duration of their career – unless traded.
		The reserve clause stated that if a player and his team did not come to terms, then the club had the right to renew the contract for a period of one year on the same terms.
		The reserve clause bound the player to the team, and cut off any chance the player had to move to a different team without the original team’s consent (such as if there were a trade).
	www.kcmets.com /LaborScopel.htm (3277 words)

	Fenwaynation Column
		In 1887, teams began including the reserve clause in individual player contracts -- essentially locking them forever to a team unless that team released him, traded him, or sold his contract to another team.
		Although courts often ruled against the reserve clause, it remained in practical effect for nearly three quarters of a century.
		But tactical errors on the part of the owners meant that the Flood case was, in fact, the beginning of the end of an effective reserve clause.
	www.fenwaynation.com /glaub/death.html (1485 words)

	Baseball Prospectus \| Articles \| Ending Baseball's Antitrust Exemption
		After the 1975 Andy Messersmith arbitration ruling in which the reserve clause was deemed to cover one, and only one, season, Major League Baseball and the Players Association eventually agreed on a structure for free agency, but the antitrust exemption remained.
		The reserve clause allows baseball to have deep minor-league systems by allowing the teams to retain the rights to many players who are not on their major-league rosters.
		If the clause were found to be a violation of antitrust law, baseball teams might have to forfeit the rights to some or even all of their minor-league players.
	www.baseballprospectus.com /article.php?articleid=1286 (1425 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The history of the reserve clause in professional baseball dates back to the 1800's, almost to the start of the game.
		One of the main points of the AA was the elimination of the reserve clause.
		This, then, left the NL with a monopoly status and the reserve clause as it was initially.
	www.cbaforfans.com /1800s.html (566 words)

	Bonham Group, sponsorship, sports, entertainment marketing, evaluation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Hulbert's reserve clause stated that each team could restrict five players from ever playing for another team unless the owner decided otherwise.
		By 1885, the reserve clause was expanded to include every player on the team.
		The reserve clause was in effect for almost a century -- until 1975 -- when free agency finally granted players a measure of mobility and real bargaining power, thereby changing the game every bit as much as Harry Wright had back in 1869.
	www.bonham.com /press/2001/0505.html (651 words)

	The Business of Baseball :: The Celler Hearings (1951) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Garver: My opinion of the reserve clause is this: I do not think baseball could exist as we know it now, without it.
		I would like to say first that in my opinion the reserve clause is a necessary and reasonable provision for the preservation of organized baseball...
		Boudreau: The reserve clause is a “must” in my opinion in organized baseball.
	www.businessofbaseball.com /cellerhearings1.htm (697 words)

	Baseball History: 19th Century Baseball: The Players: First Players Reserve List: 1880
		The Reserve Clause was intended to keep the owners from outbidding each other, reduce player salaries and increase profits.
		The Reserve Clause was born on September 29, 1879 and each National League team was allowed to "reserve" five players for the 1880 season.
		To help ensure their control over the players and help maximize their profits, the owners regularly increase the number of players that were allowed to be reserved.
	www.19cbaseball.com /players-first-players-reserve-list.html (1256 words)

	The Business of Baseball :: The Celler Hearings (1957) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Musial (St. Louis star): Sir, I don't believe I have heard one complaint about the reserve clause from our club, and I am sure in these various meetings that we attend that the reserve clause has never been brought up as a point of contention.
		Senator Kefauver: You testified, I believe, before the Celler committee that you thought a 10-year limit on the reserve clause might be a good thing.
		Mr Howton: As we stated, it appears that it is necessary in the livelihood of professional football, in the event the reserve clause were dropped, the teams with the wealth would naturally buy the best ballplayers.
	www.businessofbaseball.com /cellerhearings2.htm (1796 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - The Rise of Free-Agency and the Reserve Clause in Baseball
		The clause basically said that every player was property of their team for life and could not leave the team unless they chose to release, sell or trade that player (and his contract).
		However, the Reserve Clause managed to stay in the standard contract for nearly a century because no player was bold enough to strongly challenge it and baseball managers and owners resisted any such challenge.
		The case went to the US Supreme Court, where Flood argued against the Reserve Clause based on the 13th Amendment and Major League owners argued that this was not a matter for the court, rather a collective bargaining issue.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/collective/A2503351 (1013 words)

	Bill C-37: Claim Settlements (Alberta and Saskatchewan) Implementation Act (LS-415E)
		Clause 5(1) authorizes the Minister to set apart federal Crown lands as reserve lands in accordance with an agreement covered by the legislation.
		Clause 7 of Bill C-37 outlines measures for the ministerial issuance of permits on pre-reserve land that reflect the terms of section 28, while allowing for permits relating to existing or new third-party interests to be granted at any time in the reserve expansion/creation process (clause 7(1)).
		Clauses 9 and 10 of Bill C-37 amend sections 12 and 13 of the Manitoba TLE Act of 2000 by adding deeming provisions with respect to the taking effect of designations and permits that are analogous to those of clauses 6 and 7 outlined above.
	dsp-psd.communication.gc.ca /Collection-R/LoPBdP/LS/371/c37-e.htm (3035 words)

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