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Topic: Reserve powers

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	Reserve power - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Reserve powers should not be confused with reserved powers, a term used in the United States to denote powers that are delegated to the states, or the people therein, in accordance with the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
		The Royal Powers Act 1953 was passed in order to address this anomaly, and enabled the Queen, when she was personally present in Australia, to exercise any power defined in an Act of the Australian parliament that is exercisable by her Governor-General.
		The abuse of sweeping reserve powers by Adolf Hitler, given to him by the frail and easily influenced President Paul von Hindenburg, has often been cited as an important factor in the failure of the Weimar Republic and the rise of Nazism in Germany in the 1930s.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reserve_powers (1839 words)

	City of Mountain View - Reserve Officers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Reserve officer testing requirements are the same as for regular officers.
		Reserve officers are covered under the city workers' comp policy, which covers all accidents or injuries while on the job.
		Reserve officers are responsible for their own dry cleaning costs.
	www.ci.mtnview.ca.us /city_hall/police/about_us/reserve_officers.asp (848 words)

	The Governor-General of New Zealand - Reserve Powers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Governor-General of New Zealand - Reserve Powers
		In a very few cases, the Governor-General may exercise a degree of personal discretion, under what are known as the “reserve powers” (and even then convention usually dictates what decision should be taken).
		Other reserve powers are to dismiss a Prime Minister, to force a dissolution of Parliament, to refuse a Prime Minister’s request for an election, and to refuse assent to legislation.
	www.gg.govt.nz /role/powers.htm (93 words)

	How the Reserve Powers Work by Sir John Young (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		His only personal power is what is known as the reserve power which for present purposes may be described as the power to dismiss a Premier who, for instance, lost an election and refused to resign or who proposed to act illegally.
		It is an inherent power in the Sovereign's representative derived from the Constitutional Monarchy and the retention of the power in the Sovereign or her representative to ensure that the ultimate power of the people should prevail.
		The disappearance of the reserve power upon becoming a republic (unless specifically enacted) highlights to my mind the absurdity of considering how a Head of State should be chosen or appointed without first deciding what powers the Head of State is to have or to exercise.
	www.ausconstitution.org /reserve_powers.php3?pf=1 (2526 words)

	Comments on the Republic Referendum Legislation
		The reserve powers and constitutional conventions attaching to the exercise of powers by the Governor-General and by the Governor-General in Council
		The executive power of the Commonwealth is vested in the President, and extends to the execution and maintenance of this Constitution, and of the laws of the Commonwealth.
		Where this Constitution explicitly confers a power on the President (as distinct from the President in Council) which may be a reserve power, the President may exercise that power in accordance with the constitutional conventions relating to the exercise of that power.
	members.tripod.com /~petergc/ConstRef/RefResponse.htm (13210 words)

	FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM: ITS PURPOSES AND FUNCTIONS
		Since the Federal Reserve authorities have the power to increase or decrease the supply of reserve funds and within limits to increase or decrease reserve requirements, they are able to exercise considerable influence over the amount of credit, in the aggregate, that banks may be in a position to extend.
		When the Federal Reserve Bank receives a deposit of gold(3) or when it makes a loan or a purchase of securities, and the resulting credits are entered on the reserve accounts of the member banks concerned, the additional reserve funds resulting from the transaction immediately lose their connection with the transaction.
		This power to establish loan values for securities is commonly spoken of as a power to establish "margin requirements," that is, the amount of collateral which must be put up by the borrower in excess of the amount of his loan.
	landru.i-link-2.net /monques/FRSpurfunct.html (19354 words)

	The Reserve Powers of the Governor-General (Research Note 25 1997-98)
		The Constitution provides the Governor-General with a number of express powers such as the command of the defence forces and the power to appoint judges to the High Court.(1) These seemingly far-reaching powers are in practice tempered by the convention that the Governor-General exercises them in accordance with Ministerial advice ('the principle of responsible government').
		It is argued that there is a convention which fetters the use of the Governor-General's power such that he or she is obliged to follow the advice of the resigning Prime Minister as to the suitable replacement.
		The arguments against codification are that express delimitation of the powers is almost impossible to achieve as, from a practical perspective, it would be extremely difficult to spell out the existing reserve powers given that there is considerable disagreement about what they are and where their limits lie.
	www.aph.gov.au /library/pubs/rn/1997-98/98rn25.htm (1188 words)

	Peter's Site - The Australian Republic and Constitutional Reform
		In other words, under current arrangements, the Head of State and the reserve powers are decoupled, yet republicans seem to be blinkered by a misconception that under a republican model the Head of State and the reserve powers must be coupled, with a President (elected or not) exercising the reserve powers.
		Powers of the Speaker include powers to appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister, dissolve the House of Representatives, dismiss the Chancellor, issue writs for elections for the House of Representatives, summon the Parliament and convene joint sittings, and recommend appropriation bills to Parliament.
		Reserve powers under the Constitutional Council model are essentially the same as under current arrangements, albeit with minimal codification so as to clarify, but not restrict, the reserve powers - and all are exercised by the Speaker:
	members.tripod.com /~petergc/ConstRef/CCsummary.htm (1646 words)

	British monarchy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Most prerogative powers are exercised not by the monarch personally, but by ministers acting on his or her behalf; examples such as the power to regulate the civil service and the power to issue passports.
		Stephen maintained a precarious hold on power for the rest of his life; however, he agreed to a compromise under which he would be succeeded by Matilda's son Henry, who accordingly became the first monarch of the Angevin or Plantagenet dynasty as Henry II in 1154.
		The decline of the influence of the monarch and the rise of the power of the Prime Minister and Cabinet continued during the reign of the next monarch, George II, but was halted during that of George III.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/British_monarchy (9899 words)

	Powers of the Governor-General of Australia
		Section 126: May appoint person or persons to be his deputy or deputies, exercising such powers as he assign, subject to limitations or directions given by the Queen.
		Most of these powers are exercised by the Governor-General on the advice of his ministers, through the Prime Minister of the day.
		Those powers relating to the dissolution of parliament and the appointment of ministers are known as reserve powers and are the subject of controversy, particularly since the actions of the Governor-General in dismissing Prime Minister Whitlam in 1975.
	www.australianpolitics.com /constitution/gg/powers.shtml (422 words)

	The Federal Reserve System: Its Purposes And Functions 1939
		The Federal Reserve Banks have the power to increase or decrease the supply of reserve funds, therefore they are in a position to exercise considerable influence (power) over the amount of credit, in the aggregate, that banks may be in a position to extend (to Customers).
		When the Federal Reserve Bank receives a deposit of gold or when it makes a loan or a purchase of securities, and the resulting credits are entered on the reserve accounts of the member banks concerned, the additional reserve funds resulting from the transaction immediately lose their connection with the transaction.
		Each bank could lend whatever reserves it had in excess of what it was required to have, and in the end the total additional loans and the total additional deposits would be several times as great as the total additional reserve grounds created by the Reserve authorities' purchase of securities.
	fly.hiwaay.net /~becraft/FRS-Adams.htm (14874 words)

	U.S. Dollar Policy: A Need for Clarification
		This delegation of power to Treasury left the structure of monetary responsibilities fragmented and ill-defined, particularly since part of the rationale for this delegation subsequently was removed by legislation in 1935.
		This delegation occurred because of the Federal Reserve's ineptness in conducting monetary policy and failure to serve as LOLR, together with the perception that Federal Reserve policy was controlled (or heavily influenced) by bankers unresponsive to the public will.
		Further, the passage of the 1935 Banking Act concentrated Federal Reserve powers in the Board of Governors (and away from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York), diminishing the role and influence of unelected bankers and, therefore, eliminating part of the original rationale for transferring power to the Treasury.
	www.house.gov /jec/fed/fed/dollar.htm (4310 words)

	Government House - Perth, Western Australia
		In virtually all instances the wide powers of the Governor are exercised on the advice of the Ministers of the Crown, principally the Premier.
		In these cases the Governor is said to be exercising the reserve powers.
		The reserve powers would only be exercised as a last resort.
	www.govhouse.wa.gov.au /powers.htm (340 words)

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