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Topic: Reservoirs and dams in Romania

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	Dam - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Rock-fill dams are embankments of loose rock with either a watertight upstream face of concrete slabs or timber or a watertight core.
		Earth dams, also called earthen and earth-fill dams, are constructed as a simple homogeneous embankment of well-compacted earth, sometimes with a watertight concrete or clay core or upstream face, or sometimes with a hydraulic fill to produce a watertight core.
		A type of temporary earth dam occasionally used in high latitudes is the frozen-core dam, in which a coolant is circulated through pipes inside the dam to maintain a watertight region of permafrost within it.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Dams (1894 words)

	List of reservoirs and dams - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The List of reservoirs and dams is a link page for any reservoir or dam in the world.
		Reservoirs and dams in the Commonwealth of Independent States
		Malpasset Dam, collapsed in 1959, killing over 400 people in and around Fréjus.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/List_of_reservoirs_and_dams (153 words)

	Vidra lake - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Vidra lake is an artificial dam lake, located in Parâng mountains group, on the Lotru river, in Romania.
		The dam and the hydro plant were built between 1965 and 1972.
		It is the second largest hydro plant in Romania, after Iron Gates.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vidra_lake (110 words)

	Dam - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Two types of single-arch dams are in use, namely the constant-angle and the constant-radius dam.
		The constant-radius type employs the same face radius at all elevations of the dam, which means that as the channel grows narrower towards the bottom of the dam the central angle subtended by the face of the dam becomes smaller.
		It was the inadequate design of the spillway that caused the overtopping of a dam that caused the infamous Johnstown Flood.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Dam (1894 words)

	Hydroelectricity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The upper reservoir and dam of the Ffestiniog Pumped-Storage Scheme in north Wales.The power station at the lower reservoir has four water turbines which can generate 360 megawatts of electricity within 60 seconds of the need arising.
		For instance, studies have shown that dams along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America have reduced salmon populations by preventing access to spawning grounds upstream, even though most dams in salmon habitat have fish ladders installed.
		In boreal reservoirs of Canada and Northern Europe, however, greenhouse gas emissions are typically only 2 to 8% of any kind of conventional thermal generation.
	home.cc.umanitoba.ca /~umwieb43/cgi-bin/nph-proxy.cgi/010110A/http/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_energy (1522 words)

	Romania
		Romania’s relief is split threefold: 31% mountainous; 36% hills/plateaus; 33% plains; and is arranged in a ring and amphitheatre structure.
		Romania’s climate is mild, temperate-continental with four distinct seasons, most precipitation in the warm season and some Mediterranean influence to the south.
		Romania is poor in water resources, with 1700 m³/inhabitant/year, ranking it 13th in Europe.
	www.icpdr.org /icpdr-pages/romania.htm (1067 words)

	Dam Did You Mean dam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow, often creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment.
		Oroville Dam is an example of an earth dam, and is the tallest dam in the United States.
		In a constant-angle dam, also known as a variable radius dam, this subtended angle is kept a constant and the variation in distance between the abutments at various levels are taken care of by varying the radii.
	www.did-you-mean.com /Dam.html (1788 words)

	Danube - Search View - MSN Encarta
		The delta of the Danube is a region of desolate marshes and swamps, broken by tree-covered elevations.
		However, in 1989 Hungary abandoned the project, claiming that the dams and the network of canals and reservoirs surrounding them would change the flow of the river and thus damage the surrounding environment.
		Czechoslovakia proceeded with the construction of the Gabčíkovo dam, despite angry protests from the Hungarian government, which demanded that the international boundary between the two countries be redrawn to reflect the Danube’s northward shift.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761553799__1/Danube.html (904 words)

	Vital Water Graphics, United Nations Environment Programme (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The countries with the greatest number of large dams under construction, in order of significance, are Turkey, China, Japan, Iraq, Iran, Greece, Romania and Spain, and countries in the Parana basin in South America.
		The river basins with the most large dams under construction are the Yangtze with 38, the Tigris and Euphrates, with 19 each, and the Danube, with 11 (Revenga et al., 2000).
		Damming and flood control can have negative impacts, such as declining fish catches, loss of freshwater biodiversity, increases in the frequency and severity of floods, loss of soil nutrients on floodplains, and increases in diseases such as schistosomiasis and malaria.
	www.unep.org /vitalwater/23.htm (645 words)

	DAMS AND RESERVOIRS
		Hydraulic works in the form of dams and reservoirs are found in all mountainous areas of the Danube basin, while most navigation canals, dyke and irrigation networks concentrate on the lowlands along the central and lower Danube.
		The biggest hydropower dam and reservoir system along the entire Danube is located at the Djerdap (Iron Gate) gorge (117 km long).
		The reservoirs (volume 3.2 billion m³; length: 270 km) catch some 20 million tons of sediments per year, thus serving both as an important nutrient sink and a deposit of hazardous and toxic matter for pollution originating in the upstream Danube catchment.
	www.undp-drp.org /drp/danube_dams_and_reservoirs.html (419 words)

	Water Resources eAtlas - Watersheds of the World
		Rivers with multiple dams, canals and water transfers, or those that have considerable water withdrawals for irrigation and industrial use can become little more than chains of connected reservoirs, with consequent changes in the living functions of the riverine ecosystem.
		Dams provide unquestionable benefits to society—from water supply to power generation—but they disrupt the hydrological cycle profoundly, suppressing natural flood cycles, disconnecting rivers from their wetlands and floodplains, disrupting fish migrations, and altering the deposition of sediments downstream.
		The river basins with the most, large dams under construction were the Yangtze in China, with 38 dams under construction, the Tigris and Euphrates with 19, and the Danube with 11.
	www.iucn.org /themes/wani/eatlas/html/gm17.html (543 words)

	Dams & Structures
		Dams and reservoirs have been built in nearly all mountainous areas of the Danube Basin; while navigation channels, dykes and irrigation networks are more widespread in the lowlands along the middle and lower reaches of the Danube.
		The reservoirs have a total volume of 3.2 billion m³, and a total length of 270 km.
		The dam is located near an area that used to form one of the region's largest wetlands.
	www.icpdr.org /icpdr-pages/dams_structures.htm (1224 words)

	Information for Action
		We need dams and the many benefits that their reservoirs offer all over the world, by their storing of water in times of surplus, and dispensing it in times of short supply.
		The impact of dams and reservoirs on this environment is inevitable and undeniable; land is flooded, people re-settle, the continuity of aquatic life along a river is interrupted, and its runoff modified and often reduced by diversions.
		Dams are expensive to build, and in prolonged drought may become useless, or produce much less power than originally planned.
	www.informaction.org /cgi-bin/gPage.pl?menu=menua.txt&main=watersupply_causes.txt&s=Water (1430 words)

	DTK :: Symposium: TURKISH POSITION TO THE DAMS
		Dams are the sole structures to tame the rivers so to hardness their water and energy.
		The report "Dam and Development: A New Framework for Decision- Making", prepared by the World Commission on Dams (WCD), by using the results obtained from analysis of case studies, countries’ reviews and cross-check survey of 125 existing dams all around the world, recognizes that the benefit of dams are "considerable".
		It is clear that overall approach is negative concerning the role of dams, mainly generalizing adverse aspects, unsatisfactory social and economic benefits by ignoring or under-estimating the benefits especially for power generation and irrigation.
	www.talsperrenkomitee.de /symposium/index.cgi/page/turfan (2458 words)

	Energy in Romania
		Since wind energy is traditionally established in Romania and some research units have built new and efficient plants the wind energy option is interesting not only regarding the production of cheap and clean energy but it can also contribute to the development of a new industrial sub-sector in Romania.
		Romania's climate is temperate-continental with oceanic influences from the west, Mediterranean ones from southwest and continental-excessive ones from the northeast.
		Together with Poland and the Slovak Republic Romania is a transition country where the energy intensity of the industry sector remaines constant, but that of other sectors of the economy has improved.
	www.protectia-mediului.ro /en/nuclear/cernavoda2npp/energy.html (5651 words)

	[No title]
		In some of the large dams, fish cultivation in net cages could be carried out, although a lot of machinery is required to use this method.
		The expan-sion of arable land was due mostly to the plowing of pasture land, deforestation, and drainage of the Danubian floodplain.
		The state funds for soil conservation were devoted mainly to hydrotechnical reinforcement of torrential streams, terrace construction, riverbed correction, small dam construction, planting of grasses, afforestation, and improvements of pasture land (fencing, clearing of stones and bushes, the filling of small gullies, ditch construction, sod improvement, fertilization, etc.).
	www.worldwildlife.org /bsp/publications/europe/bulgaria/bulgaria24.html (11619 words)

	WCD Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Different to this, a recently published study of the dam promoting company was presented as an environment impact assessment which proved to be particularly weak in the ecology and hydrology impact assessment.
		The biggest hydropower dam in Romania is located at the Djerdap (Iron Gate) gorge (117 km long) and constitutes a joint object together with the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
		The dam creates a reservoir which flooded land, the towns of Orsova and Doni-Milanovac, the Ada-Kaleh isle, roads, railways, bridges, telecommunications, industrial enterprises, historical monuments, etc. The new places were built near the old ones.
	www.dams.org /commission/forum/forum_prague_zinke.htm (4606 words)

	portland imc - 2004.06.24 - Klamath Tribes and Fishers Say Dams Must Go!
		this is not the same as dredging the reservoirs directly behind the dams, though it is likely that the government would also be interested in taking any mineral compounds/elements they feel would be of value to them or corporations.
		The purpose of the dam is to raise the water surface 25 feet and provide controlled gravity flow of water into the All-American and Gila Gravity Main Canals.
		To meet the irrigation diversion requirements at Imperial Dam, the flow of water in the Colorado River arriving at the dam is controlled by releases from Parker Dam, 150 miles upstream.
	portland.indymedia.org /en/2004/06/291347.shtml (1001 words)

	[No title]
		Especially in parts of Romania, Ukraine and Moldova, high applications rates of phosphorus are required to compensate for soil erosion on agricultural fields.
		Another impact of the reservoirs is in the modification of the Danube's hydrological and sediment regimes.
		In Romania, the water supply for Craiova, Galati, along the Jiul river and some of other tributaries is based on bank-filtered aquifers.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~iea/TreatyTexts/1994-StrategicActionPlanDanubeRiver.EN.txt (19048 words)

	Danube - MSN Encarta
		The Danube is navigable by ocean vessels to Brăila, Romania, and by river craft as far as Ulm in Germany, a distance of 2,600 km (1,600 mi).
		Important cities on the river include Ulm, Regensburg, and Passau, in Germany; Linz and Vienna, in Austria; Bratislava, Slovakia; Budapest, Hungary; Belgrade, Serbia; and Galaţi and Brăila, in Romania.
		Canals link the Danube to the Main, Rhine, and Odra (Oder) rivers, providing a commercial route between the Black and North seas.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761553799/Danube.html (879 words)

	Seminar on Integrated Water Management in the Tisza River Basin - Final Report
		The watershed is shared by the five countries: Romania (46.2%), Hungary (29.4%), Slovakia (9.7%), Ukraine (8.1%), and Serbia-Montenegro (6.6%).
		The mission of CF is to promote social stability, economic progress in the border regions of Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Ukraine.
		Future transborder cooperation on the TRB is suggested to be focused on the general objectives of integrated water management: water supply and distribution network improvement, flood prevention and control, and conservation of biodiversity.
	www.fao.org /regional/SEUR/Tisza/tisza12_en.htm (2160 words)

	Petrol consumption rate y dams deplete future : AZ IMC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Fast rate of petroleum consumption leads to peak oil, dams on Rio colorado prevent formation of crude oil in the future..
		The dams on Rio Colorado are preventing the formation of new petroleum deposits in del mar de cortez.
		Pemex isn't really too happy about the dams either, though they would only be effected a few hundred years in the future..
	arizona.indymedia.org /news/2004/08/21283.php (515 words)

	EAWAG Research/dams_e (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Throughout Switzerland and Europe damming has seriously disrupted the natural river flow in almost all major waterways, which in turn are already heavily affected by anthropogenic activities.
		As a result, the general loss of biodiversity in the major large rivers in Europe is enormous and many dams and reservoirs are in regions of great natural beauty and of high ecological value.
		The goal of our projects is to evaluate and understand the functioning of a system (river system, reservoirs, catchment) and to develop ways of "wise use" and sustainable management of natural water resources.
	www.eawag.ch /research_e/apec/dams_e.html (212 words)

	Planet Ark : Romania and Hungary discuss cyanide spill
		He and Pal toured the smelter's tailings dam, used to contain the toxic slurry waste, and later held talks with Aurul managers.
		The incident has embarrassed Romania as it tries to clean up its record as a major post-communist polluter, and was set to cloud the launch of accession talks with the European Union.
		Romanian authorities dispatched teams of experts to monitor the Danube, which flows into Romania from Serbia and ends in a delta which is one of Europe's leading nature reserves.
	www.planetark.org /dailynewsstory.cfm?newsid=5703 (830 words)

	ICID Publications Catalogue : Irrigation and Drainage, The Indus Basin - History of Irrigation, Drainage and Flood ...
		In Romania, plant cultivation was practiced in the south-west of the Carpathian – Danubian - Pontic zone from the end of the 6th millennium and the beginning of 5th century BC simultaneously with the first Neolithic expansion.
		Oldest dams attested archaeologically in Romania are the earth dams forming ponds on the minor hydrographical network on the south-west Transylvania plain.
		Covering the history of dam building in several of present day countries, this book is a useful and authentic compilation of hydraulic engineering feats for storage of water through structures of various types and sizes.
	www.icid.org /book_detl.html (7684 words)

	MRF-Environment - News Archive - January - May 2000
		Heavy rainfall and melting snow caused the dams to break and, as a result, some 200 tons of fish were killed and water supplies for many towns were rendered problematic.
		The plant was assessed as being of "regular risk" on the basis of a description of the plant as a "closed-loop" that would not leak any cyanides during the treatment of the tailings to recover precious metals.
		UNEP and the OCHA/UNDAC were approached by the governments of Romania, Hungary and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, to assist in providing a rapid, independent and objective description of the spill, the situation and events causing it, and its impact on the environment.
	www.mineralresourcesforum.org /news_events/archive/news0001.htm (5053 words)

	Bulgaria Encyclopedia Articles @ FatOne.net (Fat One)
		It borders the Black Sea to the east, Greece and Turkey to the south, Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia to the west, and Romania to the north mostly along the river Danube.
		It borders the Black Sea to the east, Greece and Turkey to the south, Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia to the west, and Romania to the north, mostly along the Danube.
		The defeat led to new territorial losses (the Western Outlands to Serbia, Western Thrace to Greece and the re-conquered Southern Dobruja to Romania.
	www.fatone.net /encyclopedia/Bulgaria (2978 words)

	[No title]
		Hydroelectric power is generated by capturing the kinetic energy of water as it moves from one elevation to a lower elevation by passing it through a turbine.
		Pumped storage hydro plants pump water from a lower reservoir to a reservoir at a higher elevation where it is stored for release during peak electrical demand periods.
		In a more positive light, resulting reservoirs from dams are valuable recreation areas and dams assist in the efforts of flood control, thereby preventing economic hardship to local agriculture and municipalities.
	ebrdrenewables.com /sites/renew/hydro.aspx (1000 words)

	Universities and institutes
		The study group "dam engineering" in general is concerned with design, analysis, construction, material and operating behaviour of dams.
		Iso- and non-isothermal consolidation of fully and partially saturated porous media, drying phenomena, land subsidence in connection with groundwater withdrawal, above geothermal and exploited gas reservoirs at large scale and the effects of hygral and thermal gradients on the mechanical behaviour of concrete at microscale are considered.
		The main research topics include: Earthquake and static analysis of hydraulic structures especially of dams, dam safety, finite element analyses, optimisation of hydraulic structures, statistical models and neural networks applied in surveying of hydraulic structures and s.o.
	nw-ialad.uibk.ac.at /Partners/Universities (1496 words)

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