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Topic: Restriction endonucleases

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	Restriction enzyme - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Restriction enzymes therefore are believed to be a mechanism evolved by bacteria to resist viral attack and to help in the removal of viral sequences.
		The 1978 Nobel Prize in Medicine was awarded to Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans and Hamilton Smith for the discovery of restriction endonucleases, leading to the development of recombinant DNA technology.
		If a restriction enzyme can be found such that it cuts only one possible allele of a section of DNA (that is, the alternate nucleotide of the SNP causes the restriction site to no longer exist within the section of DNA), this restriction enzyme can be used to genotype the sample without completely sequencing it.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Restriction_enzyme (1048 words)

	Restriction Endonucleases Overview, New England Biolabs
		Restriction enzymes were discovered about 30 years ago during investigations into the phenomenon of host-specific restriction and modification of bacterial viruses.
		Restriction enzymes are exceedingly varied; they range in size from the diminutive PvuII (157 amino acids) to the giant CjeI (1250 amino acids) and beyond.
		Restriction enzymes protect bacteria from infections by viruses, and it is generally accepted that this is their role in nature.
	www.neb.com /nebecomm/tech_reference/restriction_enzymes/overview.asp (1202 words)

	The Science Creative Quarterly » RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASES: MOLECULAR SCISSORS FOR SPECIFICALLY CUTTING DNA
		Restriction endonucleases were discovered during experiments to determine the ability of a bacteriophage (the name given to viruses that infect bacteria) to infect two different laboratory strains of Escherichia coli called strain B and strain K [2].
		Where a restriction endonuclease cuts within a DNA molecule is one of the primary characteristics by which it is classified [2].
		Overall, restriction endonucleases are quite variable in the DNA ends that they produce upon cleavage, for example leaving overhangs at the 5′ (as in EcoRI in figure 2), a 3′ overhang, or no overhang at all (referred to as “blunt” ends).
	www.scq.ubc.ca /?p=249 (1924 words)

	RFLP Definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) is a technique in which organisms may be differentiated by analysis of patterns derived from cleavage of their DNA.
		Restriction endonucleases are enzymes that cleave DNA molecules at specific nucleotide sequences depending on the particular enzyme used.
		Restriction enzymes are isolated from a wide variety of bacterial genera and are thought to be part of the cell's defenses against invading bacterial viruses.
	vm.cfsan.fda.gov /~frf/rflp.html (300 words)

	Exercise #4B - Physical Mapping of Recombinant Plasmid DNA by Digestion with Restriction Endonucleases
		Restriction enzymes are site-specific endonucleases; that is, they cut DNA molecules only at sites where a specific sequence of bases occurs that the enzyme recognizes.
		Restriction endonucleases are enzymes that cleave both strands of double stranded DNA after recognizing specific nucleotide sequences on the molecule.
		Restriction enzymes "restrict" the host range of bacteriophage to strains of bacteria containing the identical set of restriction/modification genes present in the strain in which the virus was originally replicated.
	www.scs.unr.edu /~bioweb/bio395/Lab4b.htm (2067 words)

	The Molecular Perspective: Restriction Endonucleases -- Goodsell 7 (1): 82 -- The Oncologist
		Restriction endonucleases are the molecules that spawned the
		Restriction endonucleases are small and stable, built to perform their job with efficiency.
		Most restriction endonucleases are dimeric enzymes: they wrap around the DNA, and one subunit cleaves one strand and the other subunit cleaves the complementary strand.
	theoncologist.alphamedpress.org /cgi/content/full/7/1/82 (612 words)

	Software to perform restriction enzyme analysis
		Restriction enzyme analysis is to identify restriction mapping sites in DNA sequences using appropriate enzyme sets and enzyme filtering criteria as per specific experimental requirements.
		Restriction enzymes can be filtered from the enzyme set either by their properties such as recognition site and overhang types, or by selecting the enzymes manually.
		Restriction enzymes are bacterial enzymes which form a part of the restriction modification defense mechanism of bacteria against foreign DNA.
	www.premierbiosoft.com /plasmid_maps/glossary/restriction_enzyme_analysis.html (429 words)

	Restriction Endonuclease Selector for REF (REF Select) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Restriction Endonuclease Fingerprinting (REF) has been demonstrated as a rapid method for screening long test segments of DNA for sequence variants(1-4; 13; 14) with virtually 100% sensitivity(8; 10).
		A total of ten hypothetical restriction endonucleases (A-J) are used to generate 72 fragments (36 sense and 36 antisense) ranging in size from 50 to 450 bp.
		The range of buffer activity levels allowed in the restriction endonuclease property file is 0 to 100 which is consistent with activity levels normalized to a percentage of a maximum activity level.
	www.cityofhope.org /molgen/refsel.asp (3971 words)

	MCDB 2150 -- Lecture 14
		Restriction endonucleases: An endonuclease is an enzyme that can cleave the phosphodiester bonds of a nucleic acid at an internal site (as opposed to cleavage by an exonuclease, which can only remove nucleotides from one of the ends of a nucleic acid).
		Strictly speaking, the palindrome-specific restriction endonucleases that we will be dealing with should be called type II restriction endonucleases, but the other types are not very useful for recombinant DNA technology, and are generally ignored.
		Frequency of cutting: Because of their restriction site specificity, the restriction endonucleases cut DNA into fragments whose average length is determined by the number of base pairs in the restriction site (and to a lesser extent by the ratio of bases in the DNA).
	www.colorado.edu /MCDB/MCDB2150Fall/notes00/L0014.html (3379 words)

	Molecular Tools of Medicine
		The term restriction endonuclease was given to this class of bacterially derived enzymes since they were identified as being involved in restricting the growth of certain bacteriophages.
		Some restriction endonucleases make staggered symmetrical cuts away from the center of their recognition site within the DNA duplex, some make symmetrical cuts in the middle of their recognition site while still others cleave the DNA at a distance from the recognition sequence.
		The genomic DNA is first digested with restriction enzymes to generate fragments in the size range that are optimal for the vector being utilized for cloning.
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/mwking/molecular-medicine.html (4787 words)

	Restriction Endonucleases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Restriction endonucleases provide an anti-viral protection for bacteria by cleaving the DNA of invading bacteriophages.
		Type II restriction enzymes are homodimers, recognising palindromic sequences 4 to 8 base pairs long, although not all of these positions may be explicitly recognised.
		EcoRI isolated from Escherichia coli was the first restriction endonuclease to be described and the first whose structure was determined.
	www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk /bsm/xtal/teach/rest/endo.html (431 words)

	Use of restriction endonucleases against viruses, including HIV (US5523232)
		Restriction endonucleases are administered to a patient topically or internally to prevent or ameliorate viral infection.
		In addition, the endonucleases may be used in the manner of a disinfectant to inactivate viral contamination on objects.
		The endonucleases are used in their native form, modified to provide decreased immunoreactivity or increased ability to target a site of infection or both, and alone or in combination with a suitable excipient.
	www.delphion.com /details?pn10=US05523232 (401 words)

	restriction mapping lab
		At the heart of restriction mapping is the use of enzymes called restriction endonucleases.
		Restriction endonucleases are enzymes which cut DNA into discreet fragments by cleaving only at specific DNA sequences.
		If a restriction endonuclease is used on a DNA sample many times a characteristic set of fragments is obtained.
	www.uwrf.edu /~dc01/rmaplab.html (739 words)

	Biology and Activity of Restriction Endonucleases
		Restriction endonucleases are enzymes that cleave the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA.
		In almost all cases, a bacterium that makes a particular restriction endonuclease also synthesizes a companion DNA methyltransferase, which methylates the DNA target sequence for that restriction enzyme, thereby protecting it from cleavage.
		By convention, restriction enzymes are named after their host of origin.
	arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu /hbooks/genetics/biotech/enzymes/renzymes.html (830 words)

	Type I restriction-modification - useful references (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Organisation and nucleotide sequences of the restriction and modification genes.
		Piekarowicz, A. and Brzezinski, R. Cleavage and methylation of DNA by the restriction endonuclease HinfIII isolated from Haemophilus influenzae Rf.
		Tock, M.R., and Dryden, D.T. (2005) The biology of restriction and anti-restriction.
	homepage.ntlworld.com /firmank/restriction/r-m_refs.html (13792 words)

	Bio 572: Restriction Endonucleases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Restriction enzyme names are based on a species-of-origin.
		It is important that you recognize the differences between the three types of ends generated by restriction enzymes, and the three examples above are illustrative.
		Not all restriction enzymes recognize sequences that are palindromic.
	www.csun.edu /~hcbio027/biotechnology/lec2/RE/re.htm (1092 words)

	Restriction Enzymes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Restriction endonucleases are protein enzymes that recognize specific nucleotide sequences and cleave both strands of the DNA containing those sequences.
		Commonly used restriction enzymes always cleave the DNA strands at a fixed position relative to the recognition sequence.
		The overhangs produced by many restriction enzymes are used as sticky ends to "glue" DNA fragments from different sources together.
	opbs.okstate.edu /~melcher/MG/MGW4/MG421.html (217 words)

	Bio 572: Restriction Endonucleases
		Restriction enzymes that do not recognize palindromic sequences might therefore be described in some references using multiple sequences, since the top and bottom strand read differently.
		Some restriction enzymes exhibit what are called "relaxed" specificity or "star" activity when they are used under the wrong buffer conditions.
		Restriction enzymes that recognize the same sequence and are derived from different organisms are called
	escience.ws /b572/L5/L5.htm (2369 words)

	Restriction Enzyme Action of EcoRI
		Restriction enzymes, also called restriction nucleases (EcoRI in this example), surrounds the DNA molecule at the point it seeks(sequence GAATTC).
		It cuts one strand of the DNA double helix at one point and the second strand at a different, complementary point (between the G and the A base).
		EcoRI, one of many restriction enzymes, is obtained from the bacteria Escherichia coli.
	www.accessexcellence.org /RC/VL/GG/restriction.html (84 words)

	Restriction Digests (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Restriction Digestion is the process of cutting DNA molecules into smaller pieces with special enzymes called Restriction Endonucleases (sometimes just called Restriction Enzymes or RE's).
		Restriction Digests begin by mixing the DNA and the RE, but it's unfortunately not quite as simple as that.
		Once the Restriction Digest is completed, Agarose Gel Electrophoresis is performed to separate the digest fragments by size and visualize the fragments and perhaps purify them for further experiments.
	www.life.uiuc.edu /molbio/geldigest/digest.html (244 words)

	Restriction Enzymes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The number of cuts a restriction enzyme makes depends on the number of times a specific sequence is recongnized (appears) in the DNA.
		In a DNA sequence with a random distribution of nucleotides, there is a clear relationship between the number of nucleotide pairs in the recognition site and the frequency of cutting.
		Restriction enzymes make a cut between the 3' carbon of the deoxyribose sugar and the phosphate on the following deoxyribose in the chain.
	www.runet.edu /~rsheehy/genetics/recomb/restriction.html (472 words)

	BB331 Lecture 3
		A useful class of enzymes are site-specific endonucleases, also known as restriction enzymes, that recognize and cut DNA molecules at or near short nucleotide sequences (typically four to eight base pairs in length).
		Specific methylation (shown as asterisks in the Figure) protects DNA from cleavage by the restriction endonuclease.
		Restriction endonucleases cut DNA molecules into smaller fragments at specific nucleotide sequences.
	oregonstate.edu /instruction/bb331/lecture03/lecture03.html (1178 words)

	Restriction Endonucleases (Bioinformatics) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		There are a number of Type II restriction endonucleases that might appear to be entirely distinct but upon examination are quite similar.
		The Type II restriction endonuclease MboI with ↓GATC is shown to most likely have a common evolutionary origin as the following Type II restriction endonucleases (note that these restriction endonucleases have different "specificities" or types of cleavage).
		B structure: endonuclease and methyltransferase domains in the A subunit, target recognition domain in the B subunit.
	www.cybcon.com /~plasmid/endo.html (3142 words)

	Review Questions for Lecture 15
		Restriction endonucleases are widely used in recombinant DNA research.
		The frequency with which a particular restriction endonuclease can be expected to cut a random DNA is influenced by the overall base composition of the DNA.
		What is the rationale for using two different restriction endonucleases to prepare a DNA fragment for cloning.
	www.colorado.edu /MCDB/MCDB2150Fall/rq99/rq9915.html (875 words)

	RE Resource
		Restriction enzymes (REs) that are most useful for molecular biology applications possess two essential attributes: high sequence specificity and precision cutting.
		Our Restriction Enzymes Resource is an interactive tool, designed to speed your research applications, for identifying REs and RE recognition sites.
		The following sections of the Restriction Enzymes Resource contain general information relevant to all restriction enzymes, as well as functional groupings of enzymes with particular characteristics, procedures and applications for use, and enzyme-specific technical data.
	www.promega.com /guides/re_guide (212 words)

	Type I restriction endonucleases - EcoR124I stoichiometry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Type I restriction endonucleases are composed of three different subunits of which the HsdS subunit determines DNA specificity, the HsdM subunit is responsible for DNA methylation and the HsdR subunit is required for restriction.
		Our gel retardation analysis of the EcoR124I restriction endonuclease, bound to a 39-mer DNA oligoduplex containing one EcoR124I recognition site, revealed that the purified protein was a mixture of two complexes forming two different specific DNA-protein complexes (Figure 1).
		The endonuclease was reconstituted by mixing the methylase and HsdR in a molar ratio of 1:2.
	homepage.ntlworld.com /firmank/restriction/stoichiometry.html (754 words)

	Structure and function of type II restriction endonucleases -- Pingoud and Jeltsch 29 (18): 3705 -- Nucleic Acids ...
		The two subunits of the homodimeric restriction endonucleases are shown in yellow and green (for the homotetrameric NgoMIV the individual subunits are colored yellow and green, purple and cyan), the DNA is shown in blue.
		All restriction enzymes are composed of subdomains, one of
		Restriction endonucleases interact with DNA in a complex manner.
	nar.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/29/18/3705 (9084 words)

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