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	Restrictive clause - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The relative clause serves to disambiguate; it defines the antecedent, restricts its reference, and is thus integrated into the basic idea of the main clause and is necessary if the main clause is to have its intended meaning.
		In English, a restrictive clause is not preceded by a comma, whereas a non-restrictive clause is separated from its referent by a comma.
		Some writers follow a normative rule that that should be used only in restrictive clauses and which should be used only in non-restrictive clauses, in cases where the antecedent is a non-human; for humans, who and whom would be used, depending on grammatical case, and irrespective of whether the clause is restrictive or non-restrictive.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Restrictive_clause (438 words)

	§ 62. that. 1. Grammar. The American Heritage Book of English Usage. 1996
		Thus, in the sentence The house that Jack built has been torn down, the clause that Jack built is a restrictive clause telling which specific house was torn down.
		The clause which is hard to follow is nonrestrictive in that it does not indicate which text is being complained about; even if it were omitted, we would know that the phrase the textbook refers to the text in Chemistry 101.
		You can omit that in a relative clause when the subject of the clause is different from the word or phrase the clause refers to.
	www.bartleby.com /64/C001/062.html (702 words)

	Restrictive clause -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This article covers restrictive clauses in grammar rather than the (Click link for more info and facts about legal) legal concept of a (Click link for more info and facts about restrictive covenant) restrictive covenant.
		Language learners most commonly encounter it in the context of (A clause introduced by a relative pronoun) relative clauses, where it is particularly problematic for learners of English, but linguists use the concept in a broader range of contexts.
		This is restrictive: that was born yesterday resolves ambiguity - by identifying to which of the two puppies one refers.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/r/re/restrictive_clause.htm (448 words)

	[No title]
		As I said, the non-restrictive clause is like an appositive, an aside, a clause which could include "by the way,..." It's not absolutely necessary for the meaning of the main clause.
		The restrictive clause, though, is necessary to restrict the meaning of the main clause.
		When the relative pronoun is the direct object of the clause, the gap occurs where a direct object would ordinarily go, after the verb: The friend [[who(m)] I saw ____ at the movies] left early.
	www.hamline.edu /personal/srundquist/Slec10.html (2972 words)

	Writing Summaries
		A restrictive clause is one that contains information essential to the meaning of the sentence; therefore, no commas are used around it.
		The clause "that was responsible for the boy's future" is essential to the meaning of the sentence.
		The clause "which was the identified agency" is not essential to the meaning of the sentence.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/ssw/write/handouts/thatwhich.html (351 words)

	Articles: Which versus that
		A restrictive clause is one which limits, or restricts, the scope of the noun it is referring to.
		Restrictive clauses are introduced by that and are not separated from the rest of the sentence by commas.
		In clauses that follow impersonal constructions, such as it is, that is preferred: “It was the dog that died”.
	www.worldwidewords.org /articles/which.htm (984 words)

	Articles - Relative clause (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Restrictive relative clauses, as their name indicates, restrict the reference of the main noun, that is, they make it definite, for which reason they are also called defining clauses.
		In meaning, the two are interchangeable; they are used regardless of whether the clause is modifying a human, regardless of their grammatical case in the relative clause, and regardless of whether the clause is restrictive.
		In Georgian, relative clauses are generally marked both with a particle outside the clause, which is declined to indicate the relative clause's role within the larger sentence, and with a relative pronoun, which is declined to indicate its own role within the relative clause.
	www.gaple.com /articles/Relative_clause (2100 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Restrictive relative clauses and restrictive nominal clauses restrict the reference of a noun phrase by identifying an individual or a subset of some larger set named by the noun phrase that is modified.
		In (1), the restrictive relative clause narrows the reference of the noun phrase "college students" to only those who spend four years on their degrees.
		In (7) the nominal clause is restrictive (without commas), signaling that the writer recognizes that the reader thinks that the subject in question (the he of "his") has more than one opinion.
	www.engl.niu.edu /dhardy/grammarbook/program4/cl_slide16.html (402 words)

	Tutorial
		A clause is a grammatical unit containing a subject and a predicate.
		A restrictive clause restricts the reference of the term it modifies (a clause).
		The subordinate clause restricts the reference of the term "Japanese" to a certain subclass of the Japanese people: those who eat lots of fish.
	www.wwnorton.com /college/phil/logic3/ch4/rel.htm (244 words)

	Phrases and clauses: A ten minute tour
		A clause is a group of words containing at least a subject and a verb (the baby ate), and frequently it lets its hair down by containing some kind of a complement as well (the baby ate the goldfish).
		A dependent clause has a subject and a verb, and looks exactly like an independent clause except for one small thing: it is introduced by either a relative pronoun or a subordinating conjunction, which makes the clause grammatically "dependent" on the rest of the sentence.
		Dependent clauses as nouns: Dependent clauses used as nouns can be introduced either by a relative pronoun or by a subordinating conjunction (that, whether).
	writing-program.uchicago.edu /resources/complex-sentences.htm (1328 words)

	[No title]
		A restrictive adjective clause is one that is necessary to identify the noun that it modifies.
		Notice that restrictive (essential) clauses can be introduced with that, who, whom, or which and that the object pronoun can be eliminated (ø) in examples b and d.1.
		A nonrestrictive clause is one that is not necessary to identify the noun that it modifies.
	www.longman.com /ae/download/azar/FC_Clauses_tableLB1.doc (354 words)

	that. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000.
		Used to introduce a noun clause that is usually the subject or object of a verb or a predicate nominative: “That contemporary American English is exuberantly vigorous is undeniable” (William Arrowsmith).
		Used to introduce a subordinate clause that is joined to an adjective or noun as a complement: was sure that she was right; the belief that rates will rise soon.
		The clause which is hard to follow is nonrestrictive in that it does not indicate which text is being complained about; even if the clause were omitted, we would know that the phrase the textbook refers to the text in Chemistry 101.
	www.bartleby.com /61/35/T0143500.html (880 words)

	abc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		According to these judgments, however, a restrictive clause may not require more votes to be obtained than the number justified by the potential danger ensuing from the splintering of parties.
		The restrictive clause was introduced for elections to the German Bundestag especially in view of developments under the Weimar Constitution, which did not contain a no restrictive clause.
		In the subsequent Bundestag elections, the restrictive clause was extended to the whole electoral area.
	www.bundeswahlleiter.de /abc/e/r6_e.htm (310 words)

	Relative clauses
		Clauses are usually thought of as containing two basic constituents: a subject (a noun phrase) and a predicate (a verb phrase plus what other things the particular verb type requires).
		Notice that if the relative clauses in the first three examples are erased, we do not know which student is being referred to; if the relative clause in the last example is erased, we can still point to the teacher.
		Restrictive relative clauses are not punctuated, but non-restrictive relative clauses are set off from the rest of the sentence by commas.
	www.csuchico.edu /~gt18/222/RelativeClauses.html (1640 words)

	Style Manual for Lafayette College (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A restrictive clause is one that is essential to the meaning of the sentence.
		The relative pronoun that should be used only with restrictive clauses and should not be preceded by a comma: The sawmill that burned down last night belonged to the Martells.
		Exception: Which may be used as a relative pronoun introducing an essential clause in a sentence in which that is used as a conjunction to begin another clause: Truman said that the sawmill which burned down last night was more than 100 years old.
	www.lafayette.edu /community/styleguide/a9.html (347 words)

	Adjective Clauses -- Overview
		Meaning: An essential or restrictive clause answers the question "Which __(noun)__?" If the noun is singular, it points to one particular person or thing when there is more than one possibility.
		Punctuation: A non-essential or non-restrictive clause is separated from the noun it modifies and from the rest of the sentence by commas, dashes, or parentheses.
		Clauses (restrictive or nonrestrictive) in which who, which, or that is the SUBJECT can be reduced to phrases by omitting the relative pronoun and the part of the verb that agrees with the subject:
	www.iei.uiuc.edu /structure/structure1/adjclause.html (827 words)

	Re: "Which" and "that"
		A restrictive clause is one that restricts, or limits, the meaning of the word(s) it modifies.
		A restrictive clause shouldn't have a comma at either end unless something else about the sentence requires a comma there.
		With a nonrestrictive clause, if there are too many "thats" around, use "which" instead of "that" to avoid a jingly jangle.
	www.phrases.org.uk /bulletin_board/8/messages/1079.html (497 words)

	Academic Center: Grammar and Punctuation Handouts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		First, it’s important to know that a relative clause is a special type of dependent clause that usually functions as an adjective modifying a noun or pronoun within the main clause.
		Note: A comma must be put before and after the nonrestrictive clause or phrase, unless of course it is at the end of a sentence, in which case the comma comes only before the non-restrictive clause.
		The relative clause or phrase called restrictive when it is needed to understand which specific person or thing the modified noun is. A restrictive clause is not set off with commas.
	www.vic.uh.edu /ac/grammar/relativeclauses.html (705 words)

	CONJUNCTION/CLAUSE PACKET (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Therefore, the difference between a phrase glob and a clause glob is that a clause glob has both a subject and a verb, and a phrase glob does not have both a subject and a verb.
		In other words, the main intersection between the two independent clauses must be marked by a bigger and better (stronger) sign than the minor intersections in either of the parts; a semicolon is a stronger mark of punctuation than the comma.
		The word "restrictive" means "necessary." The word "non-restrictive" means "not necessary." In this sentence a person could not identify clearly which "dip" unless the restrictive adjective clause "that contained onions and garlic" were placed in the sentence.
	readbygrade3.com /conj.html (2572 words)

	Lojban Reference Grammar: Chapter 8
		The difference between restrictive and incidental relative clauses is that restrictive clauses provide information that is essential to identifying the referent of the sumti to which they are attached, whereas incidental relative clauses provide additional information which is helpful to the listener but is not essential for identifying the referent of the sumti.
		In Example 4.2, the restrictive clause “poi blabi” specifies which dog is referred to, but the incidental clause “noi le mi pendo cu ponse” is mere incidental information: the listener is supposed to already have identified the dog from the “poi blabi”.
		A “poi” relative clause is said to be veridical, in the same sense that a description using “lo” or “loi” is: it is essential to the interpretation that the bridi actually be true.
	xahlee.org /lojban/hrefgram/chapter8.html (6665 words)

	Supporting English Acquisition
		In grammatical terms, this kind of relative clause is known as a “restrictive” relative clause because the relative clause “restricts” or limits the meaning of a noun phrase in some way.
		A second kind of relative clause is known as a “nonrestrictive” (or “appositive”) relative clause.
		In addition to the important meaning differences associated with restrictive and nonrestrictive relative clauses, notice that it is only the nonrestrictive relative clause that is surrounded by commas in written English.
	www.rit.edu /~seawww/relativeclausepages/rcgsfunctions.html (376 words)

	[No title]
		A restrictive relative clause restricts to a certain group.
		Two other distinctions between the two types are, one, a non-restrictive relative clause will always begin with a WH relative pronoun, never 'that'.
		And two, the relative pronoun in the non-restrictive relative clause is never omitted.
	www.hamline.edu /~aschramm/Slec10.html (2983 words)

	ESL Glossary: Definitons of common ESL/EFL terms: Restrictive Clauses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		If you take the restrictive clause out of the sentence, the meaning of the sentence changes.
		Note: Restrictive clauses are NOT puncuated with commas.
		Restrictive clauses can be contrasted to nonrestrictive clauses, which are punctuated with commas and are not essential to a sentence.
	bogglesworld.com /glossary/restrictiveclause.htm (116 words)

	: : << I N D U S >> : : July 2003
		In the above sentence, the subordinate clause “that she had won for her essay on corruption” is essential to the meaning of the sentence.
		In the above sentence, the clause “which was built by his grandfather” is not essential to the meaning of the sentence.
		Besides, it’s not always easy to determine whether a phrase is restrictive or non-restrictive (as we have seen in the “stomach tumors” example).
	www.stc-india.org /indus/072003/fred.htm (623 words)

	that - yourDictionary.com - American Heritage Dictionary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Used to introduce a noun clause that is usually the subject or object of a verb or a predicate nominative:
		the clause that Jack built is a restrictive clause identifying the specific house that was torn down.
		Such constructions are often considered cumbersome, however, and it may be best to recast the sentence completely to avoid the problem.·That is often omitted in a relative clause when the subject of the clause is different from the word that the clause refers to.
	www.yourdictionary.com /ahd/t/t0143500.html (600 words)

	May 2005 GrammarCheck
		An "adjective clause" is a "dependent" clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun.
		A restrictive clause is sometimes called an "essential" clause because it provides information that, if deleted, would change the meaning of the word(s) it modifies and thus would change the meaning of the sentence.
		A nonrestrictive adjective clause is sometimes called a "nonessential" clause because it does not change the meaning of the word(s) it modifies.
	www.grammarcheck.com /archives/05-2005.htm (2372 words)

	Grammar Handbook: Relative Clauses
		A relative clause acts as a clause that modifies a noun or pronoun.
		A restrictive relative clause is essential in order to complete the meaning of the main clause.
		A nonrestrictive relative clause adds definition to the main clause, but is not necessary for meaning.
	www.english.uiuc.edu /cws/wworkshop/writer_resources/grammar_handbook/relative_clauses.htm (139 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Removal i~tios u-to exist in your loc likely in, the immediate future due 12.) This frat~elnity has passed a tion, by-laws, regul primarily to strong opposition from re~solution nationally that is resti'ic- codes, why were t1 southern chapters and alumni groups.
		This fraternity has a clause in althougheitsprticiption of' membeen its national by-laws -that Iimits mere- more or less passive.
		There has 'been at least n ity -have,'s so-called restrictive on fresbmen'atti tudie, and one instance where a potential pledge or selective clause in its na- freshmen asked'if the frai wzas lost due to the restrictive clause.
	www-tech.mit.edu /archives/VOL_074/TECH_V074_S0032_P003.txt (1090 words)

	Restrictive Clause Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Looking For restrictive clause - Find restrictive clause and more at Lycos Search.
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	www.artisticnudity.com /encyclopedia/Restrictive_clause (583 words)

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