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	Endoplasmic reticulum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The endoplasmic reticulum or ER (endoplasmic means "within the cytoplasm," reticulum means "little net") is an organelle found in all eukaryotic cells.
		The endoplasmic reticulum serves many general functions, including the facilitation of protein folding, and the transport of proteins.
		Correct folding of newly made proteins is made possible by several ER proteins including: PDI, Hsp70 family, calnexin, calreticulin, and the peptidylpropyl isomerase family.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum (331 words)

	Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rich in a wide variety of enzymes, is most common in cells which are involved in the synthesis of lipids, triglycerides, lipoprotein complexes, and steroids.
		In striated muscles, which you use for lifting objects, the endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the conduction of contracting impulses from the surface membrane of the cell into the depths of the muscle cell filled with muscle filaments, which are the basis for muscle contraction.
		The smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes membrane phospholipids which go inward from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nuclear membrane to replace it, or outward to form the golgi complex, lysosomes, and the cell membrane.
	sun.menloschool.org /~cweaver/cells/e/smooth_er (340 words)

	Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is found in a variety of cell types and it serves different functions in each.
		In the case of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells, the vesicles and tubules serve as a store of calcium which is released as one step in the contraction process.
		The smooth endoplasmic reticulum serves to metabolize glycogen (which are deposited as fl rosettes over the area), and it contains enzymes needed to detoxify drugs.
	www.cytochemistry.net /Cell-biology/ser.htm (242 words)

	The Endoplasmic Reticulum
		The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membrane-enclosed tubules and sacs (cisternae) that extends from the nuclear membrane throughout the cytoplasm (Figure 9.1).
		The role of the endoplasmic reticulum in protein processing and sorting was first demonstrated by George Palade and his colleagues in the 1960s (Figure 9.2).
		Ribosomes engaged in the synthesis of proteins that are destined for secretion are then targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum by a signal sequence at the amino terminus of the growing polypeptide chain.
	www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.section.1466 (3962 words)

	Endoplasmic Reticulum
		Endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules, vesicles and sacs that are interconnected.
		Rough endoplasmic reticulum bears the ribosomes during protein synthesis.
		Rough endoplasmic reticulum forms a branched reticulum that expands as the cell becomes more active in protein synthesis.
	cellbio.utmb.edu /cellbio/rer1.htm (837 words)

	Endoplasmic Reticulum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Endoplasmic reticulum(ER) is a network of folded membranes that extend through the cytoplasm to the nuclear membrane.
		Endoplasmic reticulum is an extensive network of membranes that extends from the cell membrane through the cytoplasm to the nuclear membrane.
		Smooth ER is associated with regions of the cytoplasm involved in detoxification of poisons and lipid synthesis.
	www.winterwren.com /apbio/cellorganelles/er.html (276 words)

	Ribosomes on the Rough endoplasmic reticulum
		This is to allow the interaction of the signal sequence with a complex on the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
		Once the signal sequence is detected, protein synthesis resumes and the rest of the protein is inserted in the lumen.
		It shows the insertion of a double pass transmembrane protein with the loop inside the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
	cellbio.utmb.edu /cellbio/rer2.htm (1158 words)

	AAA-ATPase p97/Cdc48p, a Cytosolic Chaperone Required for Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Protein Degradation -- ...
		reticulum and to chaperone dislocation of ERAD substrates and
		Degradation of secretory IgM in B lymphocytes occurs in a post-endoplasmic reticulum compartment and is mediated by a cysteine protease.
		Ubiquitination is required for the retro-translocation of a short-lived luminal endoplasmic reticulum glycoprotein to the cytosol for degradation by the proteasome.
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/22/2/626 (6175 words)

	rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The term "endo" refers to within the cytoplasm and a reticulum is a network.
		Thus the endoplasmic reticulum is a series of interconnected, intracytoplasmic, membrane bounded sacs.
		results from the presence of ribosomes that are bound to the cytosolic side of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
	academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu /biology/bio4fv/page/rougher.htm (70 words)

	The buffer barrier hypothesis, [Ca2+]i homogeneity, and sarcoplasmic reticulum function in swine carotid artery -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		in unstimulated smooth muscle; (3) that the sarcoplasmic reticulum is important in removal of Ca from the centre of the cell; and (4) that Ca release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is crucial for the initial phase of agonist-induced contractions.
		Next, we evaluated the role of SERCA, the Ca pump located in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane, in refilling of the sarcoplasmic reticulum with Ca Tissues were treated as in Fig.
		Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca depletion by prior treatment with 100 µM histamine and CPA transiently attenuated the response to subsequent histamine stimulation (Fig.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/513/2/477 (8842 words)

	Dietary Energy Tissue-Specifically Regulates Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone Gene Expression in the Liver of Mice -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		endoplasmic reticulum chaperones ERp57 (37%), GRP170 (51%), ERp72
		ERp72 is an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone that binds denatured thyroglobulin in association with GRP78, GRP94 and PDI, in
		Lin H. Masso-Welch P., Di Y. Cai J. Shen J. Subjeck J. The 170-kDa glucose-regulated stress protein is an endoplasmic reticulum protein that binds immunoglobulin.
	www.nutrition.org /cgi/content/full/127/9/1758 (5050 words)

	Endoplasmic Reticulum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of folded membranes that form channels.
		All eukaryotic cells have endoplasmic reticulum except the red blood cells of mammals.
		The membranes of the ER are concentrated in the inner region of the cell, the endoplasmic region.
	www.fi.edu /qa97/biology/cells/cell5.html (353 words)

	Endoplasmic reticulum
		During the maturation of the oocyte, the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum changes.
		What is interesting is that at fertilization, there is also a change in the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum, and this change occurs during the first minute of sea urchin fertilization.
		Changes in the endoplasmic reticulum structure during fertilization in the sea urchin.
	zygote.swarthmore.edu /fert8a.html (501 words)

	Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is to synthesize and export proteins and glycoproteins.
		The rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is a series of connected vesicles and flattened sacs.
		These proteins are synthesized by the ribosome's on the outside of the Endoplasmic Reticulum and transported into the channels within the Endoplasmic Reticulum.
	sun.menloschool.org /~birchler/cells/animals/rough_er (215 words)

	Contraction and rigor mortis
		The sarcoplasmic reticulum initiates muscle contraction by releasing calcium ions when prompted to do so by the transverse tubular system.
		Communication between a transverse tubule carrying an action potential and the sarcoplasmic reticulum is mediated by protein bridges between the adjacent membranes of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the transverse tubule.
		Sequestering calcium ions takes a lot of energy, so when the sarcoplasmic reticulum is cooled down, its efficiency drops, and it cannot then mop up all the calcium ions released by reflex muscle activity during slaughter and by leakage through the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane.
	www.aps.uoguelph.ca /~swatland/ch5_1.htm (2165 words)

	Eukaryotic Cell Structure: The Endoplasmic Reticulum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The endoplasmic reticulum or ER is a maze of parallel membranous tubules and flattened sacs surrounding the nucleus that connects with the nuclear membrane and runs throughout the cytoplasm (see Fig.
		The endoplasmic reticulum connects to the pores of the nuclear envelope.
		The smooth endoplasmic reticulum forms transition vesicles to transfer molecules produced in the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus and other parts of the cell (see Fig.
	www.cat.cc.md.us /~gkaiser/biotutorials/eustruct/er.html (336 words)

	Is all of the endoplasmic reticulum created equal? The effects of the heterogeneous distribution of endoplasmic ...
		The endoplasmic reticulum is a heterogeneous compartment with
		Calreticulin, and not calsequestrin, is the major calcium binding protein of smooth muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum and liver endoplasmic reticulum.
		Identification of ERp29, an endoplasmic reticulum lumenal protein, as a new member of the thyroglobulin folding complex.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/160/4/475 (2805 words)

	Enhanced Binding to the Molecular Chaperone BiP Slows Thyroglobulin Export from the Endoplasmic Reticulum -- Muresan ...
		in increased retention of nonmutant Tg in the endoplasmic reticulum
		and prolonged Tg retention in the endoplasmic reticulum.
		Knittler MR, Dirks S, Haas IG 1995 Molecular chaperones involved in protein degradation in the endoplasmic reticulum: quantitative interaction of the heat shock cognate protein BiP with partially folded immunoglobulin light chains that are degraded in the endoplasmic reticulum.
	mend.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/12/3/458 (6202 words)

	Cell biology:Endoplasmic Reticulum - Wikibooks
		The endoplasmic reticulum (endoplasmic="within the cytoplasm", reticulum="little net"; short : ER) is an important organelle in all eukaryotic cells.
		The ER is the site of the translation and folding of and transport of proteins that are to become part of the cell membrane (e.g., transmembrane receptors and other integral membrane proteins) as well as proteins that are to be secreted or "exocytosed" from the cell (e.g., digestive enzymes).
		Figure 1 : Image of nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.
	en.wikibooks.org /wiki/Cell_biology:Endoplasmic_Reticulum (444 words)

	Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Causes Thyroglobulin Retention in this Organelle and Triggers Activation of Nuclear ...
		Thapsigargin and tunicamycin caused retention of Tg in the endoplasmic reticulum
		Alterations in the endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis cause misfolded
		Identification of an endoplasmic reticulum storage disease with induction of molecular chaperones.
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/143/6/2169 (5083 words)

	Cytoplasmic peptide:N-glycanase (PNGase) in eukaryotic cells: occurrence, primary structure, and potential functions -- ...
		Pilon, M., Schekman, R., Römisch, K. (1997) Sec61p mediates export of a misfolded secretory protein from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol for degradation.
		Halaban, R., Cheng, E., Zhang, Y., Moellmann, G., Hanlon, D., Michalak, M., Setaluri, V., Hebert, D. (1997) Aberrant retention of tyrosinase in the endoplasmic reticulum mediates accelerated degradation of the enzyme and contributes to the dedifferentiated phenotype of amelanotic melanoma cells.
		de Virgilio, M., Weninger, H., Ivessa, N. (1998) Ubiquitination is required for the retro-translocation of a short-lived luminal endoplasmic reticulum glycoprotein to the cytosol for degradation by the proteasome.
	www.fasebj.org /cgi/content/full/16/7/635 (4092 words)

	CELLS alive!
		Throughout the eukaryotic cell, especially those responsible for the production of hormones and other secretory products, is a vast amount of membrane called the endoplasmic reticulum, or ER for short.
		The rough ER appears rough due to the presence of ribosomes on the membrane surface.
		These proteins are then transferred to the Golgi in "transport vesicles" where they are further processed and packaged into lysosomes, peroxisomes, or secretory vesicles.
	www.cellsalive.com /cells/er.htm (180 words)

	The endoplasmic reticulum stress response is stimulated through the continuous activation of transcription factors ATF6 ...
		Haze, K., Yoshida, H., Yanagi, H., Yura, T. and Mori, K. (1999) Mammalian transcription factor ATF6 is synthesized as a transmembrane protein and activated by proteolysis in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.
		Mori, K., Kawahara, T., Yoshida, H., Yanagi, H. and Yura, T. (1996) Signalling from endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus: transcription factor with a basic-leucine zipper motif is required for the unfolded protein-response pathway.
		Ron, D. (2002a) Proteotoxicity in the endoplasmic reticulum: lessons from the Akita diabetic mouse.
	www.genestocellsonline.org /cgi/content/full/9/3/261 (4434 words)

	CELLS II: CELLULAR ORGANIZATION
		Rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER) is so-named because of its rough appearance due to the numerous ribosomes that occur along the ER.
		Rough endoplasmic reticulum is the area in a cell where ___ are synthesized.
		The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the area in a cell where ___ are synthesized.
	www.emc.maricopa.edu /faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html (2695 words)

	Protein Recycling from the Golgi Apparatus to the Endoplasmic Reticulum in Plants and Its Minor Contribution to ...
		Protein Recycling from the Golgi Apparatus to the Endoplasmic Reticulum in Plants and Its Minor Contribution to Calreticulin Retention -- Pagny et al.
		Andres, D.A., Rhodes, J.D., Meisel, R.L., and Dixon, J.E. (1990) Characterization of the carboxyl-terminal sequences responsible for protein retention in the endoplasmic reticulum.
		Herman, E.M., Tague, B.W., Hoffman, L.M., Kjemtrup, S.E., and Chrispeels, M.J. (1990) Retention of phytohemagglutinin with carboxy-terminal tetrapeptide KDEL in the nuclear envelope and the endoplasmic reticulum.
	www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/12/5/739 (8399 words)

	Structural organization of the endoplasmic reticulum -- Voeltz et al. 3 (10): 944 -- EMBO Reports (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Dayel, M.J. and Verkman, A.S. (1999) Diffusion of green fluorescent protein in the aqueous-phase lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum.
		Hobman, T.C., Zhao, B., Chan, H. and Farquhar, M.G. (1998) Immuno-isolation and characterization of a subdomain of the endoplasmic reticulum that concentrates proteins involved in COPII vesicle biogenesis.
		Waterman-Storer, C.M. and Salmon, E.D. (1998) Endoplasmic reticulum membrane tubules are distributed by microtubules in living cells using three distinct mechanisms.
	emboreports.npgjournals.com /cgi/content/full/3/10/944 (4702 words)

	Ribosome-translocon complex mediates calcium leakage from endoplasmic reticulum stores -- Van Coppenolle et al. 117 ...
		A protein of the endoplasmic reticulum involved early in polypeptide translocation.
		Heritage, D. and Wonderlin, W. Translocon pores in the endoplasmic reticulum are permeable to a neutral, polar molecule.
		Roy, A. and Wonderlin, W. The permeability of the endoplasmic reticulum is dynamically coupled to protein synthesis.
	jcs.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/117/18/4135 (4231 words)

	Reticulum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Reticulum was introduced by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in the mid 1700s, meant to commemorate the reticle, an instrument used by Lacaille to measure star positions.
		Reticulum is a very small and rather bleak constellation, with stars in the third to fifth magnitude range.
		Zeta Reticuli is a wide visual binary of two yellow stars: 5.2, 5.5; PA 222 degrees, separation 130".
	www.dibonsmith.com /ret_con.htm (145 words)

	Role of ubiquitin in proteasomal degradation of mutant alpha 1-antitrypsin Z in the endoplasmic reticulum -- Teckman et ...
		Role of ubiquitin in proteasomal degradation of mutant alpha 1-antitrypsin Z in the endoplasmic reticulum -- Teckman et al.
		Degradation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase in endoplasmic reticulum membranes is accelerated as a result of increased susceptibility to proteolysis.
		Sec61-mediated transfer of a membrane protein from the endoplasmic reticulum to the proteasome for destruction.
	ajpgi.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/278/1/G39 (4976 words)

	CONSTELLATION: RETICULUM
		The other Star would appear very bright in the night sky having a visual, or apparent, magnitude of —9 which is equivalent to 15% of the brightness of the Full Moon and would easily be visible during daylight.
		The Constellation Reticulum (English Name = “the Net”) is located in the center of the Figure 1 Star Chart.
		The Constellation Reticulum is located about halfway along an imaginary line drawn between the First Magnitude Stars Canopus, in the Constellation Carina (English Name = “Keel of the Ship of Argo”), and Achernar, in the Constellation Eridanus (the River Eridanus).
	www.gravitywarpdrive.com /Constellation__Reticulum.htm (884 words)

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